1
|
MacKechnie-Guire R, Williams JM, Fisher D, Nankervis K. The Role of Equestrian Professionals in Saddle Fit for Horses and Riders in the United Kingdom. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2495. [PMID: 39272280 PMCID: PMC11394139 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The horse owner and the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) are responsible for safeguarding horse welfare by ensuring the equipment being used is correctly fitted. The aim of this study was to investigate how saddle fit is assessed, managed, and acted upon by equestrian professionals. Participants (n = 483) completed an online questionnaire, which was split into three major sections: (1) participant demographics; (2) saddle fit for the horse; and (3) saddle fit for the rider. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed (p < 0.05). Inductive content analysis identified themes from open-question responses. From the UK responses (n = 377), 184 saddle fitters, 77 therapists, and 116 coaches completed the survey. Compared to coaches, saddle fitters and therapists asked more frequently when their clients last had their saddle fitted (p = 0.0004). Saddle fitters typically assessed the saddle statically and dynamically vs. therapists, where it was dependent on the circumstances of the assessment (p = 0.0004). Saddle fitters experienced the saddle being out of balance more than therapists (p = 0.032) and made more alterations to the saddle than therapists and coaches (p = 0.0004). This study highlights opportunities for professions within the MDT to better support each other and horseowners to achieve improvements in overall fit for horses and riders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane M Williams
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK
| | - Diana Fisher
- Woolcroft Equine Services, May Lane, Wisbech PE13 5BU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clayton HM, MacKechnie-Guire R, Hobbs SJ. Riders' Effects on Horses-Biomechanical Principles with Examples from the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3854. [PMID: 38136891 PMCID: PMC10741103 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Movements of the horse and rider in equestrian sports are governed by the laws of physics. An understanding of these physical principles is a prerequisite to designing and interpreting biomechanical studies of equestrian sports. This article explains and explores the biomechanical effects between riders and horses, including gravitational and inertial forces, turning effects, and characteristics of rider technique that foster synchronous movement with the horse. Rider symmetry, posture, and balance are discussed in the context of their relationship to rider skill level and their effects on the horse. Evidence is presented to support the feasibility of improving equestrian performance by off-horse testing followed by unmounted therapy and exercises to target the identified deficiencies. The elusive quality of harmony, which is key to a true partnership between riders and horses, is explored and described in biomechanical terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Mary Clayton
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury House, Gloucester, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK;
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egenvall A, Engström H, Byström A. Back motion in unridden horses in walk, trot and canter on a circle. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1831-1843. [PMID: 37127806 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Equine back function is of concern to riders, as well as to veterinarians and physiotherapists; these groups may benefit from knowledge about spinal motion on the circle. This descriptive and comparative study aimed to quantify equine neck, back and pelvic motion in walk, trot and canter on a 9 m circle. Sixteen healthy horses in training, of varying breed and conformation, were measured using optical motion capture (150 Hz), with optical markers on the poll, withers, T15, tubera coxae and lumbosacral joint. Cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar flexion-extension and lateral bending, and pelvic roll, pitch and yaw, were statistically evaluated using mixed models. Motion patterns showed distinct differences between gaits, but were generally similar between horses. The thoracolumbar back was bent towards the inside of the circle (stride mean 5-6º for all gaits). The cervicothoracic spine was more flexed in walk (18°), and more extended in canter (-4--8°), compared to trot (6-7°), whereas the thoracolumbar spine was slightly less extended in canter than in walk. Thoracolumbar flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) increased from walk (4°) to canter (9°), as did pelvic pitch ROM (walk 7° and canter 15-16°), while back lateral bending ROM and pelvic yaw ROM were lowest in trot. Taken together, the study findings suggest that neck and back motion patterns on the circle reflect an interaction between the constraints of circular movement, and the mechanics and characteristics of each gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Anna Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang TJ, Ward T, Nguyen HT, Hurwitz EL. Equestrian-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries Presenting to a Chiropractic Practice: A Retrospective Chart Review of 19 Patients. J Chiropr Med 2023; 22:103-106. [PMID: 37346236 PMCID: PMC10280082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the types of equestrian-related musculoskeletal injuries and their management. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients who presented with injuries from equestrian activities at a chiropractic practice from December 2000 to December 2020. Deidentified data were extracted from the charts and summarized. Results Of the 19 patients, 42.3% presented with acute trauma, 38.5% had overuse injuries, and 19.2% had chronic injuries as a result of previous trauma. We found that 90% of overuse injuries and 18.2% of acute injuries led to chronic conditions that needed ongoing management. Conclusion From this sample of patients, there was a high percentage of overuse and chronic injuries for patients who participated in equestrian activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina J. Wang
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Toni Ward
- Private practice, Hacienda Heights, California
| | - Hang T. Nguyen
- Clinical Education Department, Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, California
| | - Eric L. Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clark L, Bradley EJ, Mackechnie-Guire R, Taylor A, Ling J. Trunk Kinematics of Experienced Riders and Novice Riders During Rising Trot on a Riding Simulator. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104163. [PMID: 36343830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry of horses and humans is widely acknowledged, but the influence of one upon the other during horse riding is poorly understood. Riding simulators are popular for education of beginners and analysis of rider biomechanics. This study compares trunk kinematics and saddle forces of 10 experienced riders (ER) and 10 novice riders (NR) performing rising trot on a simulator. Markers were placed on the 4th lumbar (L4) and 7th cervical (C7) spinous processes, and both acromion processes. Displacements in three axes of motion were tracked using 10 high-speed video cameras sampling at 240 Hz. Displacement trajectories at L4 and C7 were similar between both groups, displaying an asymmetrical butterfly pattern in the frontal plane, which reversed when changing diagonal. Comparison between groups, NR displayed greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces at L4 (P = .034), greater amplitude of medio-lateral displacement on the right diagonal between C7 and L4, and on the right diagonal while seated they rotated left (acromion processes) while the ER rotated right. Within group comparison demonstrated that on the right diagonal both groups produced significantly greater medio-lateral displacement at L4, and NR displayed significantly greater medio-lateral displacement between C7 and L4. On the left diagonal NR produced significantly greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces. The findings of this study suggest that ER were more stable, symmetrical, and had lower impact force on the saddle. These issues could be addressed in beginners using a simulator to avoid unnecessary stresses on horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Clark
- Functional Physiotherapy, Darlington, UK; Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK.
| | - Eddie J Bradley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Abbie Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Jonathan Ling
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baragli P, Alessi A, Pagliai M, Felici M, Ogi A, Hawson L, Gazzano A, Padalino B. Rider Variables Affecting the Stirrup Directional Force Asymmetry during Simulated Riding Trot. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233364. [PMID: 36496885 PMCID: PMC9737979 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Riders’ asymmetry may cause back pain in both human and equine athletes. This pilot study aimed at documenting in a simple and quick way asymmetry in riders during a simulation of three different riding positions on wooden horseback using load cells applied on the stirrup leathers and identifying possible associations between riders’ asymmetry and their gender, age, level of riding ability, years of riding experience, riding style, motivation of riding, primary discipline and handedness. After completing an interview to obtain the previously mentioned information, 147 riders performed a standardized test on a saddle fixed on a wooden horseback-shaped model. The riding simulation was split into three phases of 1 min each: (1) sit in the saddle, (2) standing in the stirrups and (3) rising trot. The directional force on the left and the right stirrup leathers was recorded every 0.2 s. A paired t-test was performed on the recorded data to test the difference (i.e., asymmetry) in each phase. In phases 1, 2 and 3, 99.3% (53.4% heavier on the right (R)), 98% (52.8% heavier on the left (L)) and 46.3% (51.5% heavier on the left (L)) of the riders were asymmetrical, respectively. Chi-square tests showed a significant association between riding ability and riding experience, but no significant association between reported handedness and calculated leg-sidedness (p > 0.05). Univariate logistic (1: asymmetry, 0: symmetry) regression analysis was performed only on the phase 3 data. One-hand riders were found twice more likely to be asymmetrical than two-hand riders (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.18, Confidence Interval (CI): 1.1−4.29; p = 0.024). This preliminary study confirmed that the majority of the riders are asymmetrical in load distribution on stirrups and suggested the riding style as a possible risk factor for asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Martina Felici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Asahi Ogi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lesley Hawson
- Harness Racing Victoria, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
BOHARA G, LANCASTER B, RANDLE H. THE EFFECT OF ELASTIC REINS ON REIN TENSION AND PERFORMANCE IN DRESSAGE HORSES. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
8
|
Pfau T, Scott WM, Sternberg Allen T. Upper Body Movement Symmetry in Reining Quarter Horses during Trot In-Hand, on the Lunge and during Ridden Exercise. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050596. [PMID: 35268165 PMCID: PMC8909210 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary lameness examinations often comprise assessing ridden horses. Quantitative movement symmetry measurements can aid evidence-based decision making. While these are available for ‘English’ style riding, they are not for ‘Western’ style riding. This quantitative observational study quantified movement symmetry in reining Quarter Horses (QHs). Movement symmetry of the head, withers and sacrum (differences between minima, maxima and upward amplitudes) were quantified with inertial sensors in N = 30 medium/high level reining QHs during trot in-hand, on the lunge and ridden by one experienced rider (straight-line/circles) on reining-purpose riding surfaces. Mixed linear models for movement symmetry assessed the effects of ridden exercise and movement direction (fixed factors), stride time (covariate) and horse (random factor): single factors and two-way interactions with Bonferroni correction at p < 0.05. Three withers and pelvic parameters showed marginally more symmetrical movement when ridden (p ≤ 0.044; 1−5 mm differences). Three withers, three sacrum and one head parameter were significantly affected by movement direction (all p ≤ 0.026), five showed increased asymmetry on the inside rein, and two, quantifying vertical displacement maximum difference, showed the opposite. Riding QHs in ‘Western’ style showed small movement symmetry differences. Circular exercise confirmed increases in weight bearing asymmetry on the inside rein and in pushoff asymmetry on the outside rein. This should be further investigated for differentiating between different causes of lameness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - W. Michael Scott
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Tabitha Sternberg Allen
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cameron L, Burbage J, Lewis V, Dumbell L, Billingsley E, Young K, King-Urbin C, Goater F. Breast biomechanics, exercise induced breast pain (mastalgia), breast support condition and its impact on riding position in female equestrians. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Breast biomechanics, exercise-induced breast pain (EIBP) and performance effects in female athletes are established. Wearing sports bras during exercise reduces breast movement and EIBP. Despite the prevalence of female equestrians, little investigation of breast movement during horse riding exists, yet excessive breast movement, embarrassment and EIBP are reported. Breast movement relative to the torso is linked to EIBP, associated with magnitude and direction of forces generated. Equestrians may experience novel breast and upper-body movement patterns in response to large vertical excursions of the horse. This study aimed to establish relative vertical breast displacement (RVBD), EIBP and positional changes in three support conditions: ‘no support’, ‘low support’ and ‘high support’. Thirty-eight female equestrians rode a Racewood™ Equine Simulator in each breast support condition in medium walk, medium trot (sitting) and medium canter. Trials were filmed and analysed using Quintic® Biomechanics V29. Significant reductions in RVBD (P<0.001) and EIBP (P<0.001) were identified with increased breast support in all gaits. In medium trot (sitting) a significant reduction in range of movement (ROM) of shoulder-elbow-wrist (P<0.001) was seen from low to high support. ROM of torso-vertical angles were reduced from no support to low support (P<0.001) and further by high support (P<0.001). This reduction in ROM was significantly greater in large breasted riders (cup size DD-FF) (n=21) (P<0.001) compared to small breasted (cup size AA-D) (n=17). These results suggest that appropriate breast support positively impacts EIBP and riding position in female riders possibly enhancing performance. As RVBD and reported EIBP were not wholly comparative with results in female runners, further research is warranted to establish breast movement in equestrianism in three dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Cameron
- University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 2NF, United Kingdom
- Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Burbage
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - V. Lewis
- Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - L. Dumbell
- Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - E. Billingsley
- University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 2NF, United Kingdom
| | - K. Young
- University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 2NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - F. Goater
- University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 2NF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clark L, Bradley E, Nankervis K, Ling J. Repeatability vs complexity: kinematic comparison between a dressage simulator and real horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Riding simulators are designed to replicate movement of a horse for the purpose of assessment and training of horse riders, but little is known about their similarity in replicating movement of horses. This study tested the validity of a dressage simulator, by measuring cycle/stride duration, range and symmetry of displacement of the simulator and comparing displacement vectors to that of real horses trotting on a treadmill. A reflective marker was placed on the midline of the simulator at the estimated level of the 18th thoracic vertebrae (T18), and over the T18 spinous process of ten horses. The simulator displacement was recorded in trot mode, while the real horses trotted at a comfortable speed on a treadmill. Displacements in three axes of motion were measured using 10 high-speed video cameras sampling at 240 Hz. Correlation tests showed high levels of statistical repeatability and symmetry of the simulator between multiple runs. Mean cycle/stride duration of the simulator was significantly faster than the group of horses by 0.17 s. Significant differences between the simulator and horses were shown in overall displacement in two axes, the simulator displaying 70% greater displacement in the mediolateral axis, 22% greater displacement in the craniocaudal axis, but displaying 12% less movement in the dorsoventral axis, which was not statistically significant. Displacement trajectories showed similarities in the frontal plane, displaying a butterfly-shaped sequence, but clear differences in the sagittal plane, with the horses showing an oval pattern of displacement and the simulator a clear linear displacement. Caution must therefore be taken with assumptions that riders will move in the same way on a simulator as they would on a real horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Clark
- Functional Physiotherapy, 73 Teesway, Neasham, Darlington DL21QT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - E.J. Bradley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - K. Nankervis
- Hartpury University, Hartpury House, Gloucester GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Ling
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Challinor C, Randle H, Williams J. Understanding rider:horse bodyweight ratio trends, weight management practices and rider weight perceptions within leisure and amateur riders in the UK. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Horse riders in the UK have a legal responsibility for the welfare of the horses in their care, outlined by the Animal Welfare Act (2006). Understanding weight management factors that influence rider: horse bodyweight (RHBW) ratio is key to safeguarding horse welfare as human obesity rates increase. Recent high-profile incidents have seen riders being asked to dismount for being too heavy, demonstrating an awareness of the possible impact of excessive rider weight, threatening the equestrian industry’s social licence to operate. This study investigated RHBW trends within the UK leisure and amateur rider population to understand rider perception of ‘ideal’ RHBW and factors influencing rider and horse weight management. An online survey (SurveyMonkey®) was distributed via UK equine-related Facebook™ groups and collected information on horse and rider demographics, rider weight management strategies and respondents’ views on the importance of rider weight on horse welfare. Kruskal-Wallis analyses with Mann Whitney U post-hoc tests identified whether differences in respondent views differed between RHBW groups. A total of 971 riders completed the survey; respondents were aged between 18-65+ years old and 88% (n=953) were experienced riders. RHBWs were calculated for 764 (79%) of respondents as 21.2% (n=206) did not know either their own and/or their horses’ weight. Weight tapes (44.5%; n=432) and weigh bridges (29.5%; n=286) were common horse weight estimation methods. RHBWs ranged from 4.9% to 21.88%, mean: 12.5%±2.7%. Riders with lower RHBW thought about their own weight less and measured their horses’ weight less often than those with higher ratios (P<0.005, P<0.0004, respectively). The majority of riders who participated were weight conscious and recognised potential detrimental impacts associated with increased rider weight. Development of RHBW guidelines supported by equestrian governing bodies would highlight the need for riders to consider the impact of weight and support them in choosing suitable horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Challinor
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - H. Randle
- Charles Sturt University, Veterinary School, Building 229 Room 151, Wagga Wagga, 2678, NSW, Australia
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Differential rotational movement and symmetry values of the thoracolumbosacral region in high-level dressage horses when trotting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251144. [PMID: 33956858 PMCID: PMC8101941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level dressage horses regularly perform advanced movements, requiring coordination and force transmission between front and hind limbs across the thoracolumbosacral region. This study aimed at quantifying kinematic differences in dressage horses when ridden in sitting trot-i.e. with additional load applied in the thoracolumbar region-compared with trotting in-hand. Inertial sensors were glued on to the midline of the thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) spine at T5, T13, T18, L3 and middle of the left and right tubera sacrale of ten elite dressage horses (Mean±SD), age 11±1 years, height 1.70±0.10m and body mass 600±24kg; first trotted in-hand, then ridden in sitting trot on an arena surface by four Grand Prix dressage riders. Straight-line motion cycles were analysed using a general linear model (random factor: horse; fixed factor: exercise condition; covariate: stride time, Bonferroni post hoc correction: P<0.05). Differential roll, pitch and yaw angles between adjacent sensors were calculated. In sitting trot, compared to trotting in-hand, there was increased pitch (mean±S.D), (in-hand, 3.9 (0.5°, sitting trot 6.3 (0.3°, P = <0.0001), roll (in-hand, 7.7 (1.1°, sitting trot 11.6 (0.9°, P = 0.003) and heading values (in-hand, 4.2 (0.8), sitting trot 9.5 (0.6°, P = <0.0001) in the caudal thoracic and lumbar region (T18-L3) and a decrease in heading values (in-hand, 7.1 (0.5°, sitting trot 5.2 (0.3°, P = 0.01) in the cranial thoracic region (T5-T13). Kinematics of the caudal thoracic and lumbar spine are influenced by the rider when in sitting trot, whilst lateral bending is reduced in the cranial thoracic region. This biomechanical difference with the addition of a rider, emphasises the importance of observing horses during ridden exercise, when assessing them as part of a loss of performance assessment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Marlin D, Martin H, Hughes S, Williams J. Stirrup forces during approach, take-off and landing in horses jumping 70 cm. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stirrups aid the rider to stabilise their lower leg allowing it to be used effectively for communication and in maintaining their position in the saddle. Relatively few studies have investigated stirrup forces and to the best our knowledge no studies have reported stirrup forces in jumping. The aim of the present study was to measure stirrup forces in five showjumping horses ridden by the same professional rider. All horses were in regular training and competition jumping at least 30 cm higher than the fence used for the study. The fence chosen was a 70 cm upright with a pole at the top and a groundline. Right and left stirrup forces were measured using wireless load cells placed between the stirrup leathers and the stirrup. The signals were transmitted and digitised at 100 Hz and synchronised with video from a webcam using an inertial measurement unit. After warming-up, including over jumps, each horse attempted the jump three times from each rein in canter (3 horses left then right rein; 2 horses right then left rein). Mean peak total (sum of left and right) stirrup force for the approach (n=5 strides per horse per jump), take-off and landing phase of the jump was 1,034±110, 1,042±284 and 1,447±256 N (range 905 to 1,815 N), respectively (mean ± standard deviation). There was no significant difference between right or left mean peak stirrup force during approach or take-off, but mean peak force was consistently higher on the right stirrup during the early phase of landing on either the right or left rein (right: 827±320 N; left: 615±336 N; P<0.05). In conclusion, the mean total peak stirrup forces measured in the present study in the same rider jumping five different horses over a 70 cm single upright fence are similar to previous reports of peak stirrup forces in gallop and consistent with observations of asymmetric loading of the saddle and horses’ backs by riders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.J. Marlin
- AnimalWeb Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0WZ, United Kingdom
| | - H.P. Martin
- Higher Durston, Taunton, TA3 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - S. Hughes
- Wilby, Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 2UQ, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, Gl19 3BE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
MacKechnie-Guire R, Pfau T. Differential Rotational Movement of the Thoracolumbosacral Spine in High-Level Dressage Horses Ridden in a Straight Line, in Sitting Trot and Seated Canter Compared to In-Hand Trot. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030888. [PMID: 33804702 PMCID: PMC8003829 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing back dysfunction is a key part of the investigative process of "loss of athletic performance" in the horse and quantitative data may help veterinary decision making. Ranges of motion of differential translational and rotational movement between adjacent inertial measurement units attached to the skin over thoracic vertebrae 5, 13 and 18 (T5, T13, T18) lumbar vertebra 3 (L3) and tuber sacrale (TS) were measured in 10 dressage horses during trot in-hand and ridden in sitting trot/canter. Straight-line motion cycles were analysed using a general linear model (random factor: horse; fixed factor: exercise condition; Bonferroni post hoc correction: p < 0.05). At T5-T13 the differential heading was smaller in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 5.1° (0.2)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 3.2° (0.2)) compared to trotting in-hand (7.4° (0.4)). Compared to trotting in-hand (3.4° (0.4)) at T18-L3 differential pitch was higher in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 7.5° (0.3)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 6.3° (0.3)). At L3-TS, differential pitch was increased in canter (6.5° (0.5)) compared to trotting in-hand (p = 0.006, 4.9° (0.6)) and differential heading was higher in sitting trot (4° (0.2)) compared to canter (p = 0.02, 2.9° (0.3)). Compared to in-hand, reduced heading was measured in the cranial-thoracic area and increased in the caudal-thoracic and lumbar area. Pitch increased with ridden exercise from the caudal-thoracic to the sacral area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics, 25 Oaktree Close, Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire CV35 9BB, UK
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookman’s Park, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookman’s Park, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
MacKechnie-Guire R, Fisher M, Pfau T. Effect of a Half Pad on Pressure Distribution in Sitting Trot and Canter Beneath a Saddle Fitted to Industry Guidelines. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103307. [PMID: 33349411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a half pad beneath a saddle can be beneficial for improving saddle fit. However, there is a paucity of evidence on half pad use when used beneath a correctly fitted saddle. The aim was to quantify the effect that three different half pads have on pressure distribution beneath a saddle fitted following industry guidelines. Twelve nonlame horses were ridden by experienced riders in sitting trot and canter on each rein (three repeats). Saddle fit, with a high-withered cotton saddle cloth (control) compared with three half pads (viscoelastic gel, wool, and medical-grade, closed-cell foam), was evaluated by five qualified saddle fitters. A Pliance (Novel) pressure mat determined saddle pressures. Mean and peak pressures (kPa) beneath the saddle were compared using a general linear mixed model with horse as a random factor and half pad type and rein as fixed factors with a Bonferroni post hoc correction (P ≤ .05). In sitting trot, in the cranial region, peak (P = .008) and mean pressures (P = .03) were highest when using the gel half pad compared with the control. In the caudal region in sitting trot, mean pressures were lowest when using the wool half pad (P = .0002). In canter, increased peak (P = .04) and mean (P = .02) pressures were found in the cranial region of the saddle with the gel half pad. In canter, with the foam half pad, reduced mean pressure (P = .002) in the caudal region was found. It is essential that the use and type of a half pad, to be used beneath a well-fitted saddle, is discussed with a qualified saddle fitter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics, Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
| | | | - Thilo Pfau
- Royal Veterinary College, Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Effect of Tree Width on Thoracolumbar and Limb Kinematics, Saddle Pressure Distribution, and Thoracolumbar Dimensions in Sports Horses in Trot and Canter. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100842. [PMID: 31640213 PMCID: PMC6827167 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Determining the correct saddle fit is essential in order to optimise the interaction between the horse and rider dyad, and to reduce the risk of back-related problems or loss of performance as a result of incorrect saddle fit. Although there are industry guidelines (Society of Master Saddlers) on correct saddle fit, some saddle fitters (and others) choose to fit saddles that are wider than industry guidelines on the assumption that increased saddle width will enhance equine locomotion and allow the horses’ thoracolumbar spine to function unhindered. This study quantified the effect that a saddle that was one width fitting wider and narrower (based on the Society of Master Saddlers industry guidelines) had on the kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine, thoracolumbar epaxial musculature profiles, equine locomotion, and saddle pressure distribution. It was found that a saddle that was one width fitting wider and narrower affected the kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine, resulting in concavities in epaxial musculature at T13 when using the wide saddle and at T18 when using the narrow saddle. The wide saddle caused areas of high pressures in the cranial region of the saddle and the narrow saddle caused areas of high pressures in the caudal region of the saddle. It is essential that the correct saddle fit is achieved for each horse and rider combination in order to optimise the horse-rider system and reduce the risk of back-related problems or loss of performance that may occur as a result of incorrect saddle fit. Abstract This study evaluated the effect of saddle tree width on thoracolumbar and limb kinematics, saddle pressure distribution, and thoracolumbar epaxial musculature dimensions. Correctly fitted saddles were fitted by a Society of Master Saddler Qualified Saddle Fitter in fourteen sports horses (mean ± SD age 12 ± 8.77 years, height 1.65 ± 0.94 m), and were altered to one width fitting wider and narrower. Horses were equipped with skin markers, inertial measurement units, and a pressure mat beneath the saddle. Differences in saddle pressure distribution, as well as limb and thoracolumbosacral kinematics between saddle widths were investigated using a general linear model with Bonferroni adjusted alpha (p ≤ 0.05). Compared with the correct saddle width, in trot, in the wide saddle, an 8.5% increase in peak pressures was found in the cranial region of the saddle (p = 0.003), a 14% reduction in thoracolumbar dimensions at T13 (p = 0.02), and a 6% decrease in the T13 range of motion in the mediolateral direction (p = 0.02). In the narrow saddle, a 14% increase in peak pressures was found in the caudal region of the saddle (p = 0.01), an 8% decrease in the range of motion of T13 in the mediolateral direction (p = 0.004), and a 6% decrease in the vertical direction (p = 0.004) of T13. Compared with the correct saddle width, in canter, in the wide saddle, axial rotation decreased by 1% at T5 (p = 0.03) with an 5% increase at T13 (p = 0.04) and a 5% increase at L3 (p = 0.03). Peak pressures increased by 4% (p = 0.002) in the cranial region of the wide saddle. Altering the saddle fit had an effect on thoracolumbar kinematics and saddle pressure distribution; hence, correct saddle fit is essential to provide unhindered locomotion.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Quantitative gait analysis in the lame horse has gained in popularity, likely related to the potential to remove bias from the clinical decision-making process. Its implementation into clinical practice is, however, not without challenges. This review visits some of the challenges related to the use of thresholds and guideline values in the context of clinical decision making, as well as when applied to scientific studies based on relevant published studies: issues such as ‘normal day-to-day variation’, conformational asymmetry and the often limited number of parameters that are being quantified. Emphasis is put on outlining the basic underlying principles relating to head nod and hip hike, which are explained in the context of Newtonian mechanics associating reduced vertical acceleration of the upper body to reduced force production with the limb that is in contact with the ground during that time period. Further to quantifying what can be seen ‘by eye’, the review also visits phenomena such as asymmetries in weight bearing or pushoff and compensatory mechanisms, with emphasis on measurement of withers movement and thoughts about multilimb lameness. The review concludes with thoughts about additional parameters such as limb movement and movement of the thoraco-lumbo-sacral area, which may provide additional insights into lameness and poor performance but are at current less frequently included into clinical gait analysis in the horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Greve L, Dyson S. What can we learn from visual and objective assessment of non‐lame and lame horses in straight lines, on the lunge and ridden? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Greve
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones OY, Raschke SU, Riches PE. Inertial properties of the German Shepherd Dog. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206037. [PMID: 30339688 PMCID: PMC6195294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most popular dog breeds deployed by both the police and military has been the German Shepherd yet little is known about the morphology or body segment parameters of this breed. Such measures are essential for developing biomechanical models which, in turn, may guide clinicians in developing surgical interventions, injury treatment and prevention procedures. This paper provides a complete set of body segment parameters and inertial properties for the German Shepherd. Morphometric measures and 3-dimensional inertial properties, including mass, centre of mass, moment of inertia and volume, were measured from 17 segments from 6 German Shepherd police service dog cadavers. Using whole body mass and geometric modelling, 11 regression equations were developed for predicting segment masses, and 33 equations were developed for predicting moments of inertia. Using these data, inverse dynamic analyses may be applied in future investigations of canine mechanics, guiding surgical procedures, rehabilitation and training especially for the German Shepherd breed but potentially for other breeds too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Yvette Jones
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia U. Raschke
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip E. Riches
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mackechnie-Guire R, Mackechnie-Guire E, Fisher M, Mathie H, Bush R, Pfau T, Weller R. Relationship Between Saddle and Rider Kinematics, Horse Locomotion, and Thoracolumbar Pressures in Sound Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Influence of seating styles on head and pelvic vertical movement symmetry in horses ridden at trot. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195341. [PMID: 29621299 PMCID: PMC5886531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of how a rider’s seating style and riding on a circle influences the movement symmetry of the horse’s head and pelvis may aid rider and trainer in an early recognition of low grade lameness. Such knowledge is also important during both subjective and objective lameness evaluations in the ridden horse in a clinical setting. In this study, inertial sensors were used to assess how different rider seating styles may influence head and pelvic movement symmetry in horses trotting in a straight line and on the circle in both directions. A total of 26 horses were subjected to 15 different conditions at trot: three unridden conditions and 12 ridden conditions where the rider performed three different seating styles (rising trot, sitting trot and two point seat). Rising trot induced systematic changes in movement symmetry of the horses. The most prominent effect was decreased pelvic rise that occurred as the rider was actively rising up in the stirrups, thus creating a downward momentum counteracting the horses push off. This mimics a push off lameness in the hindlimb that is in stance when the rider sits down in the saddle during the rising trot. On the circle, the asymmetries induced by rising trot on the correct diagonal counteracted the circle induced asymmetries, rendering the horse more symmetrical. This finding offers an explanation to the equestrian tradition of rising on the ‘correct diagonal.’ In horses with small pre-existing movement asymmetries, the asymmetry induced by rising trot, as well as the circular track, attenuated or reduced the horse’s baseline asymmetry, depending on the sitting diagonal and direction on the circle. A push off hindlimb lameness would be expected to increase when the rider sits during the lame hindlimb stance whereas an impact hindlimb lameness would be expected to decrease. These findings suggest that the rising trot may be useful for identifying the type of lameness during subjective lameness assessment of hindlimb lameness. This theory needs to be studied further in clinically lame horses.
Collapse
|
22
|
Prin-Conti D, Bertucci W, Debray K. Finite element model and ergonomic pertinent choice for stirrup sensors location. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:163-164. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Bertucci
- GRESPI, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
| | - K. Debray
- GRESPI, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Pfau T, Simons V, Rombach N, Stubbs N, Weller R. Effect of a 4-week elastic resistance band training regimen on back kinematics in horses trotting in-hand and on the lunge. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:829-835. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - V. Simons
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | | | - N. Stubbs
- Department of Equine Sports Medicine; Tierklinik Lüsche; Germany and Samorin, Napoli Slovak Equestrian Club Ślovak
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martin P, Cheze L, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Duray L, Chateau H. Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|