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Robinson A, Zheng B, von Kleeck BW, Tan J, Gayzik FS. Holistic shape variation of the rib cage in an adult population. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1432911. [PMID: 39359263 PMCID: PMC11445027 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1432911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to the thorax are a common occurrence, and given the disparity in outcomes, injury risk is non-uniformly distributed within the population. Rib cage geometry, in conjunction with well-established biomechanical characteristics, is thought to influence injury tolerance, but quantifiable descriptions of adult rib cage shape as a whole are lacking. Here, we develop an automated pipeline to extract whole rib cage measurements from a large population and produce distributions of these measurements to assess variability in rib cage shape. Ten measurements of whole rib cage shape were collected from 1,719 individuals aged 25-45 years old including angular, linear, areal, and volumetric measures. The resulting pipeline produced measurements with a mean percent difference to manually collected measurements of 1.7% ± 1.6%, and the whole process takes 30 s per scan. Each measurement followed a normal distribution with a maximum absolute skew value of 0.43 and a maximum absolute excess kurtosis value of 0.6. Significant differences were found between the sexes (p < 0.001) in all except angular measures. Multivariate regression revealed that demographic predictors explain 29%-68% of the variance in the data. The angular measurements had the three lowest R2 values and were also the only three to have little correlation with subject stature. Unlike other measures, rib cage height had a negative correlation with BMI. Stature was the dominant demographic factor in predicting rib cage height, coronal area, sagittal area, and volume. Subject weight was the dominant demographic factor for rib cage width, depth, axial area, and angular measurements. Age was minimally important in this cohort of adults from a narrow age range. Individuals of similar height and weight had average rib cage measurements near the regression predictions, but the range of values across all subjects encompassed a large portion of their respective distributions. Our findings characterize the variability in adult rib cage geometry, including the variation within narrow demographic criteria. In future work, these can be integrated into computer aided engineering workflows to assess the influence of whole rib cage shape on the biomechanics of the adult human thorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - B Wade von Kleeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Josh Tan
- Department of Radiology - Imaging Informatics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - F Scott Gayzik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest Center for Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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2
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Grünwald ATD, Roy S, Lampe R. Measurement of distances and locations of thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies from CT scans in cases of spinal deformation. BMC Med Imaging 2024; 24:109. [PMID: 38745329 PMCID: PMC11094998 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-024-01293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal deformations, except for acute injuries, are among the most frequent reasons for visiting an orthopaedic specialist and musculoskeletal treatment in adults and adolescents. Data on the morphology and anatomical structures of the spine are therefore of interest to orthopaedics, physicians, and medical scientists alike, in the broad field from diagnosis to therapy and in research. METHODS Along the course of developing supplementary methods that do not require the use of ionizing radiation in the assessment of scoliosis, twenty CT scans from females and males with various severity of spinal deformations and body shape have been analysed with respect to the transverse distances between the vertebral body and the spinous process end tip and the skin, respectively, at thoracic and lumbar vertebral levels. Further, the locations of the vertebral bodies have been analysed in relation to the patient's individual body shape and shown together with those from other patients by normalization to the area encompassed by the transverse body contour. RESULTS While the transverse distance from the vertebral body to the skin varies between patients, the distances from the vertebral body to the spinous processes end tips tend to be rather similar across different patients of the same gender. Tables list the arithmetic mean distances for all thoracic and lumbar vertebral levels and for different regions upon grouping into mild, medium, and strong spinal deformation and according to the range of spinal deformation. CONCLUSIONS The distances, the clustering of the locations of the vertebral bodies as a function of the vertebral level, and the trends therein could in the future be used in context with biomechanical modeling of a patient's individual spinal deformation in scoliosis assessment using 3D body scanner images during follow-up examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T D Grünwald
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Digital Health and Technology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics, Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Paediatric Neuroorthopaedics, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Digital Health and Technology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics, Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Paediatric Neuroorthopaedics, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Renée Lampe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Digital Health and Technology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics, Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Paediatric Neuroorthopaedics, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany.
- Markus Würth Professorship, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Bellina E, Laurino ME, Perego A, Pezzinga A, Carpenedo L, Ninarello D, La Barbera L. Assessment of a fully-parametric thoraco-lumbar spine model generator with articulated ribcage. J Biomech 2024; 164:111951. [PMID: 38310005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The present paper describes a novel user-friendly fully-parametric thoraco-lumbar spine CAD model generator including the ribcage, based on 22 independent parameters (1 posterior vertebral body height per vertebra + 4 sagittal alignment parameters, namely pelvic incidence, sacral slope, L1-L5 lumbar lordosis, and T1-T12 thoracic kyphosis). Reliable third-order polynomial regression equations were implemented in Solidworks to analytically calculate 56 morphological dependent parameters and to automatically generate the spine CAD model based on primitive geometrical features. A standard spine CAD model, representing the case-study of an average healthy adult, was then created and positively assessed in terms of spinal anatomy, ribcage morphology, and sagittal profile. The immediate translation from CAD to FEM for relevant biomechanical analyses was successfully demonstrated, first, importing the CAD model into Abaqus, and then, iteratively calibrating the constitutive parameters of one lumbar and three thoracic FSUs, with particular interest on the hyperelastic material properties of the IVD, and the spinal and costo-vertebral ligaments. The credibility of the resulting lumbo-sacral and thoracic spine FEM with/without ribcage were assessed and validated throughout comparison with extensive in vitro and in vivo data both in terms of kinematics (range of motion) and dynamics (intradiscal pressure) either collected under pure bending moments and complex loading conditions (bending moments + axial compressive force).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bellina
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elvira Laurino
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Perego
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Pezzinga
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Carpenedo
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ninarello
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi La Barbera
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Larsson KJ, Iraeus J, Holcombe S, Pipkorn B. Influences of human thorax variability on population rib fracture risk prediction using human body models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1154272. [PMID: 37034266 PMCID: PMC10078960 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rib fractures remain a common injury for vehicle occupants in crashes. The risk of a human sustaining rib fractures from thorax loading is highly variable, potentially due to a variability in individual factors such as material properties and geometry of the ribs and ribcage. Human body models (HBMs) with a detailed ribcage can be used as occupant substitutes to aid in the prediction of rib injury risk at the tissue level in crash analysis. To improve this capability, model parametrization can be used to represent human variability in simulation studies. The aim of this study was to identify the variations in the physical properties of the human thorax that have the most influence on rib fracture risk for the population of vehicle occupants. A total of 15 different geometrical and material factors, sourced from published literature, were varied in a parametrized SAFER HBM. Parametric sensitivity analyses were conducted for two crash configurations, frontal and near-side impacts. The results show that variability in rib cortical bone thickness, rib cortical bone material properties, and rib cross-sectional width had the greatest influence on the risk for an occupant to sustain two or more fractured ribs in both impacts. Therefore, it is recommended that these three parameters be included in rib fracture risk analysis with HBMs for the population of vehicle occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Larsson
- Autoliv Research, Vårgårda, Sweden
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karl-Johan Larsson,
| | - Johan Iraeus
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Holcombe
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bengt Pipkorn
- Autoliv Research, Vårgårda, Sweden
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Corrales MA, Bolte J, Malcolm S, Pipkorn B, Cronin DS. Methodology to geometrically age human body models to average and subject-specific anthropometrics, demonstrated using a small stature female model assessed in a side impact. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35980145 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aged population has been associated with an increased risk of injury in car-crash, creating a critical need for improved assessment of safety systems. Finite element human body models (HBMs) have been proposed, but require representative geometry of the aged population and high mesh quality. A new hybrid Morphing-CAD methodology was applied to a 26-year-old (YO) 5th percentile female model to create average 75YO and subject-specific 86YO HBMs. The method achieved accurate morphing targets while retaining high mesh quality. The three HBMs were integrated into a side sled impact test demonstrating similar kinematic response but differing rib fracture patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Corrales
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - J Bolte
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Malcolm
- Honda R&D Americas, Raymond, OH, USA
| | - B Pipkorn
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Autoliv Research, Vårgårda, Sweden
| | - D S Cronin
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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6
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Vergari C, Skalli W, Clavel L, Demuynck M, Valentin R, Sandoz B, Similowski T, Attali V. Functional analysis of the human rib cage over the vital capacity range in standing position using biplanar X-ray imaging. Comput Biol Med 2022; 144:105343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Adolescent scoliosis is one of the common pediatric spinal diseases which has a high risk of progression due to the rapid growth of the skeleton during the growing stage therefore needs regular clinical monitoring including X-rays. Because X-rays could lead to ionizing radiation-related health problems, an ionizing radiation-free, non-invasive method is presented here to estimate the degree of scoliosis and to potentially support the medical assessment.
Methods
The radiation-free body scanner provides a 3D surface scan of the torso. A basic 3D structure of the human ribcage and vertebral column was modeled and simulated with computer-aided design software and finite element method calculation. For comparison with X-rays, courses of vertebral columns derived from 3D torso images and 3D models were analyzed with respect to their apex positions and angles.
Results
The methods show good results in the estimation of the apex positions of scoliosis. Strong correlations (R = 0.8924) were found between the apex and Cobb angle from X-rays. Similar correlations (R = 0.8087) was obtained between the apex angles extracted from X-rays and the combination of torso scan images with 3D model simulations. Promising agreement was obtained between the spinal trajectories extracted from X-ray and 3D torso images.
Conclusions
Very strong correlations suggest that the apex angle could potentially be used for scoliosis assessment in follow-up examinations in complement to the Cobb angle. However, further improvements of the methods and tests on a larger number of data set are necessary before their introduction into the clinical application.
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8
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Grünwald ATD, Roy S, Alves-Pinto A, Lampe R. Assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from body scanner image by finite element simulations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243736. [PMID: 33566808 PMCID: PMC7875351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature and axial rotation around the vertical body axis of the spine, the cause of which is yet unknown. The fast progression entails regular clinical monitoring, including X-rays. Here we present an approach to evaluate scoliosis from the three-dimensional image of a patient’s torso, captured by an ionizing radiation free body scanner, in combination with a model of the ribcage and spine. A skeletal structure of the ribcage and vertebral column was modelled with computer aided designed software and was used as an initial structure for macroscopic finite element method simulations. The basic vertebral column model was created for an adult female in an upright position. The model was then used to simulate the patient specific scoliotic spine configurations. The simulations showed that a lateral translation of a vertebral body results in an effective axial rotation and could reproduce the spinal curvatures. The combined method of three-dimensional body scan and finite element model simulations thus provide quantitative anatomical information about the position, rotation and inclination of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae within a three-dimensional torso. Furthermore, the simulations showed unequal distributions of stress and strain profiles across the intervertebral discs, due to their distortions, which might help to further understand the pathogenesis of scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. D. Grünwald
- Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susmita Roy
- Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Alves-Pinto
- Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Renée Lampe
- Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Markus Würth Professorship, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Holcombe SA, Agnew AM, Derstine B, Wang SC. Comparing FE human body model rib geometry to population data. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2227-2239. [PMID: 32444978 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Finite element human body models (HBMs) are used to assess injury risk in a variety of impact scenarios. The ribs are a key structural component within the chest, so their accuracy within HBMs is vitally important for modeling human biomechanics. We assessed the geometric correspondence between the ribs defined within five widely used HBMs and measures drawn from population-wide studies of rib geometry, focusing on (1) rib global shape, (2) rib cross-sectional size and shape, and (3) rib cortical bone thickness. A parametric global shape model fitted to all HBM ribs was compared to expected rib parameters calculated for each HBM's subject demographic using population reference data. The GHBMC M50 and THUMS M50 male HBMs showed 24% and 50% of their fitted rib shape parameters (6 parameters per each 12 ribs) falling outside 1SD from population expected values, respectively. For female models the GHBMC F05, THUMS F05, and VIVA F50 models had 21%, 26%, and 19% of their rib shape parameters falling outside 1SD, respectively. Cross-sectional areas and inertial moments obtained along the HBM ribs were compared to average ± 1SD corridors for male and female ribs drawn from reference population data. The GHBMC M50, THUMS M50, and VIVA F50 model ribs were all larger in overall cross-sectional area than their targeted average population values by 0.9SDs (average across the rib's full length), 1.7SDs, and 1.3SDs, respectfully. When considering cortical bone cross-sectional area, the THUMS and VIVA models-which each define a constant bone thickness value across the entire rib-overestimated bone content on average by 1.1SDs and 1.2SDs, respectively. HBMs have traditionally performed poorly when predicting rib fracture onset or fracture site, and in all HBMs in this study the rib regions with the most extreme cortical bone thickness and cross-sectional area discrepancies (compared to average reference data) corresponded to regions toward the sternal end of the ribs where rib fractures most frequently occur. Results from this study highlight geometrical components of current HBM ribs that differ from the rib geometry that would be expected from within those models' target demographics, and help researchers prioritize improvements to their biofidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Holcombe
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda M Agnew
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Derstine
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stewart C Wang
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Beresheim AC, Pfeiffer S, Grynpas M. Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs. J Anat 2019; 236:448-462. [PMID: 31729033 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable variation in the gross morphology and tissue properties among the bones of human infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Using 18 known-age individuals (nfemale = 8, nmale = 9, nunknown = 1; birth to 21 years old), from a well-documented cemetery collection, Spitalfields Christ Church, London, UK, this study explores growth-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. Micro-CT scans of mid-shaft middle thoracic ribs are used for quantitative analysis. Results are then compared to previously quantified conventional histomorphometry of the same sample. Total area (Tt.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and the major (Maj.Dm) and minor (Min.Dm) diameters of the rib demonstrate positive correlations with age. Pore density (Po.Dn) increases, but age-related changes to cortical porosity (Ct.Po) appear to be non-linear. Trabecular thickness (Tb.th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increase with age, whereas trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), structural model index (SMI), and connectivity density (Conn.D) decrease with age. Sex-based differences were not identified for any of the variables included in this study. Some samples display clear evidence of diagenetic alteration without corresponding changes in radiopacity, which compromises the reliability of bone mineral density (BMD) data in the study of past populations. Cortical porosity data are not correlated with two-dimensional measures of osteon population density (OPD). This suggests that unfilled resorption spaces contribute more significantly to cortical porosity than do the Haversian canals of secondary osteons. Continued research using complementary imaging techniques and a wide array of histological variables will increase our understanding of age- and sex-specific ontogenetic patterns within and among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beresheim
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Susan Pfeiffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Tachihara H, Hamada J. Characteristic Movement of the Ribs, Thoracic Vertebrae while Elevating the Upper Limbs - Influences of Age and Gender on Movements. Open Orthop J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874325001913010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
The rib cage, such as the thoracic spine and ribs, influences glenohumeral mobility and the development of shoulder disorders.
Objective:
To evaluate movements of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae during bilateral arm elevation and to clarify the characteristic influences of age and gender.
Methods:
Subjects comprised 33 healthy individuals divided into a young group (10 males, 7 females; mean age, 25 years) and a middle-aged group (8 males, 8 females; mean age, 52 years). Chest CT was performed with two arm positions: arms hanging downwards; and arms elevated at 160°. Images were three-dimensionally reconstructed to evaluate rib movement, extension angle of thoracic vertebrae.
Results:
Maximal movement was observed at the fifth rib, and rib movement decreased with increasing distance from the fifth rib in both the groups. In males, movement of the second to fourth ribs was smaller in the middle-aged group than in the young group (p < 0.05). Movement of the first to ninth ribs was smaller in females than in males (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the extension angle of the thoracic vertebrae was found.
Conclusion:
Fifth rib movement is the largest among all ribs during bilateral arm elevation. Reduction of upper rib movement initially arises as an age-related degradation in males. Women exhibit less rib movement during bilateral arm elevation.
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12
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Hostetler ZS, Stitzel JD, Weaver AA. Comparing rib cortical thickness measurements from computed tomography (CT) and Micro-CT. Comput Biol Med 2019; 111:103330. [PMID: 31276944 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare cortical thickness of rib specimens scanned with clinical computed tomography (clinical-CT) at 0.5 and 1.0 mm slice thickness versus micro-CT at 0.05 mm slice thickness. Cortical thickness variation and accuracy was explored by anatomical region (anterior vs. lateral) and cross-sectional quadrants (superior, interior, inferior, and exterior). METHODS A validated cortical thickness algorithm was applied to clinical-CT and micro-CT scans of 17 rib specimens from six male post mortem human subjects aged 42-81 years. Each rib specimen was segmented and the thickness measurements were partitioned into cross-sectional quadrants in the anterior and lateral regions of the rib. Within each rib quadrant, the following were calculated: average thickness ± standard deviation, mean thickness difference between clinical-CT and micro-CT, and a thickness ratio between clinical-CT and micro-CT. Correlations from linear regression and paired-t tests were determined for paired clinical-CT and micro-CT results. RESULTS On average, the 0.5 mm clinical-CT underestimated the micro-CT thickness by 0.005 mm, while the 1.0 mm clinical-CT overestimated the micro-CT thickness by 0.149 mm. Thickness derived from 0.5 mm clinical-CT showed greater significant linear correlations (p < 0.05) with micro-CT thickness compared to 1.0 mm clinical-CT. CONCLUSIONS The small mean differences and thickness ratios near 1 show validation for the cortical thickness algorithm when applied to rib clinical-CT scans. Using clinical-CT scans as way to accurately measure rib cortical thickness offers a non-invasive way to analyze millions of CT scans collected each year from males and females of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Hostetler
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Joel D Stitzel
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Ashley A Weaver
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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13
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Nawayseh N, Sinan HA, Alteneiji S, Hamdan S. Effect of gender on the biodynamic responses to vibration induced by a whole-body vibration training machine. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2019; 233:383-392. [PMID: 30887901 DOI: 10.1177/0954411919830122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body vibration training machines are used by both male and female users. However, studies investigating the biodynamic responses to vibration during training have used either mixed-gender subjects or male subjects. No study has investigated the effect of gender on the biodynamic responses under vibration training conditions. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of gender on the apparent mass and the vibration of the head of standing people during exposure to vibration. A total of 40 subjects (20 females and 20 males) were exposed to vertical vibration at six frequencies in the range 20-45 Hz and vibration acceleration in the range 10.8-20.9 m/s2 (peak). The subjects stood on a force platform mounted on the vibrating plate of the machine adopting an upright standing posture with their knees unlocked and their arms straight along their bodies. The vertical acceleration and force at the interface between the vibrating plate and the feet were measured and used to calculate the apparent mass. The accelerations of the head in the x-, y- and z-directions were also measured and used to calculate the transmissibility to the head. The apparent mass of males was found higher than that of females. The transmissibility to the head in all directions was found higher in females than males. The differences in the biodynamic responses between males and females were attributed to the differences in body properties and structure of the two genders. The results of this study imply the need for gender-specific vibration training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Nawayseh
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hawra Al Sinan
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamma Alteneiji
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sadeque Hamdan
- 2 Sustainable Engineering Asset Management (SEAM) Research Group, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Agnew AM, Murach MM, Dominguez VM, Sreedhar A, Misicka E, Harden A, Bolte JH, Kang YS, Stammen J, Moorhouse K. Sources of Variability in Structural Bending Response of Pediatric and Adult Human Ribs in Dynamic Frontal Impacts. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2018; 62:119-192. [PMID: 30608995 DOI: 10.4271/2018-22-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite safety advances, thoracic injuries in motor vehicle crashes remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality, and rib fractures are the most prevalent of thoracic injuries. The objective of this study was to explore sources of variation in rib structural properties in order to identify sources of differential risk of rib fracture between vehicle occupants. A hierarchical model was employed to quantify the effects of demographic differences and rib geometry on structural properties including stiffness, force, displacement, and energy at failure and yield. Three-hundred forty-seven mid-level ribs from 182 individual anatomical donors were dynamically (~2 m/s) tested to failure in a simplified bending scenario mimicking a frontal thoracic impact. Individuals ranged in age from 4 - 108 years (mean 53 ± 23 years) and included 59 females and 123 males of diverse body sizes. Age, sex, body size, aBMD, whole rib geometry and cross-sectional geometry were explored as predictors of rib structural properties. Measures of cross-sectional rib size (Tt.Ar), bone quantity (Ct.Ar), and bone distribution (Z) generally explained more variation than any other predictors, and were further improved when normalized by rib length (e.g., robustness and WBSI). Cortical thickness (Ct.Th) was not found to be a useful predictor. Rib level predictors performed better than individual level predictors. These findings moderately explain differential risk for rib fracture and with additional exploration of the rib's role in thoracic response, may be able contribute to ATD and HBM development and alterations in addition to improvements to thoracic injury criteria and scaling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Agnew
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University
| | | | | | | | - Elina Misicka
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Angela Harden
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University
| | - John H Bolte
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Yun-Seok Kang
- Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Jason Stammen
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Research and Test Center
| | - Kevin Moorhouse
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Research and Test Center
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15
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Houri J, Karunamuni R, Connor M, Pettersson N, McDonald C, Farid N, White N, Dale A, Hattangadi-Gluth JA, Moiseenko V. Analyses of regional radiosensitivity of white matter structures along tract axes using novel white matter segmentation and diffusion imaging biomarkers. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018; 6:39-46. [PMID: 33458387 PMCID: PMC7807616 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain radiotherapy (RT) can cause white matter damage and downstream neurocognitive decline. We developed a computational neuroimaging tool to regionally partition individual white matter tracts, then analyze regional changes in diffusion metrics of white matter damage following brain RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS RT dose, diffusion metrics and white matter tract structures were extracted and mapped to a reference brain for 49 patients who received brain RT, and underwent diffusion tensor imaging pre- and 9-12 months post-RT. Based on their elongation, 23 of 48 white matter tracts were selected. The Tract-Crawler software was developed in MATLAB to create cross-sectional slice planes normal to a tract's computed medial axis. We then performed slice- and voxel-wise analysis of radiosensitivity, defined as percent change in mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) as a function of dose relative to baseline. RESULTS Distinct patterns of FA/MD radiosensitivity were seen for specific tracts, including the corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, and inferior cerebellar peduncle, in particular at terminal ends. These patterns persisted for corresponding tracts in left and right hemispheres. Local sensitivities were as high as 40%/Gy (e.g., voxel-wise: -39 ± 31%/Gy in right corticospinal tract FA, -45 ± 25%/Gy in right inferior cerebellar peduncle FA), p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Tract-Crawler, a novel tool to visualize and analyze cuts of white matter structures normal to medial axes, was used to demonstrate that particular white matter tracts exhibit significant regional variations in radiosensitivity based on diffusion biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Houri
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roshan Karunamuni
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Connor
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Pettersson
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carrie McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nikdokht Farid
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan White
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jona A. Hattangadi-Gluth
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vitali Moiseenko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Holcombe SA, Wang SC, Grotberg JB. The effect of age and demographics on rib shape. J Anat 2017; 231:229-247. [PMID: 28612467 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly populations have a higher risk of rib fractures and other associated thoracic injuries than younger adults, and the changes in body morphology that occur with age are a potential cause of this increased risk. Rib centroidal path geometry for 20 627 ribs was extracted from computed tomography (CT) scans of 1042 live adult subjects, then fitted to a six-parameter mathematical model that accurately characterizes rib size and shape, and a three-parameter model of rib orientation within the body. Multivariable regression characterized the independent effect of age, height, weight, and sex on the rib shape and orientation across the adult population, and statistically significant effects were seen from all demographic factors (P < 0.0001). This study reports a novel aging effect whereby both the rib end-to-end separation and rib aspect ratio are seen to increase with age, producing elongated and flatter overall rib shapes in elderly populations, with age alone explaining up to 20% of population variability in the aspect ratio of mid-level ribs. Age was not strongly associated with overall rib arc length, indicating that age effects were related to shape change rather than overall bone length. The rib shape effect was found to be more strongly and directly associated with age than previously documented age-related changes in rib angulation. Other demographic results showed height and sex being most strongly associated with rib size, and weight most strongly associated with rib pump-handle angle. Results from the study provide a statistical model for building rib shapes typical of any given demographic by age, height, weight, and sex, and can be used to help build population-specific computational models of the thoracic rib cage. Furthermore, results also quantify normal population ranges for rib shape parameters which can be used to improve the assessment and treatment of rib skeletal deformity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Holcombe
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stewart C Wang
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James B Grotberg
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Holcombe SA, Wang SC, Grotberg JB. Age-related changes in thoracic skeletal geometry of elderly females. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:S122-S128. [PMID: 28332867 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1309526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both females and the elderly have been identified as vulnerable populations with increased injury and mortality risk in multiple crash scenarios. Particularly in frontal impacts, older females show higher risk to the chest and thorax than their younger or male counterparts. Thoracic geometry plays a role in this increase, and this study aims to quantify key parts of that geometry in a way that can directly inform human body models that incorporate the concept of person age. METHODS Computed tomography scans from 2 female subject groups aged 20-35 and 65-99 were selected from the International Center for Automotive Medicine scan database representing young and old female populations. A model of thoracic skeletal anatomy was built for each subject from independent parametric models of the spine, ribs, and sternum, along with further parametric models of those components' spatial relationships. Parameter values between the 2 groups are directly compared, and average parameter values within each group are used to generate statistically average skeletal geometry for young and old females. In addition to the anatomic measures explicitly used in the parameterization scheme, key measures of rib cage depth and spine curvature are taken from both the underlying subject pool and from the resultant representative geometries. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were seen between the young and old groups' spine and rib anatomic components, with no significant differences in local sternal geometry found. Vertebral segments in older females had higher angles relative to their inferior neighbors, providing a quantification of the kyphotic curvature known to be associated with age. Ribs in older females had greater end-to-end span, greater aspect ratio, and reduced out-of-plane deviation, producing an elongated and overall flatter curvature that leads to distal rib ends extending further anteriorly in older individuals. Combined differences in spine curvature and rib geometry led to an 18-mm difference in anterior placement of the sternum between young and old subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new geometric data regarding the variability in anthropometry of adult females with age and has utility in advancing the veracity of current human body models. A simplified scaffold representation of underlying 3-dimensional bones within the thorax is presented, and the reported young and old female parameter sets can be used to characterize the anatomic differences expected with age and to both validate and drive morphing algorithms for aged human body models. The modular approach taken allows model parameters to hold inherent and intuitive meaning, offering advantages over more generalized methods such as principal component analysis. Geometry can be assessed on a component level or a whole thorax level, and the parametric representation of thorax shape allows direct comparisons between the current study and other individuals or human body models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Holcombe
- a Department of Biomechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- b International Center for Automotive Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Stewart C Wang
- b International Center for Automotive Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - James B Grotberg
- a Department of Biomechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
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18
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Heinrich D, Holzmann C, Wagner A, Fischer A, Pfeifer R, Graw M, Schick S. What are the differences in injury patterns of young and elderly traffic accident fatalities considering death on scene and death in hospital? Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1023-1037. [PMID: 28180986 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Older traffic participants have higher risks of injury than the population up to 65 years in case of comparable road traffic accidents and further, higher mortality rates at comparable injury severities. Rib fractures as risk factors are currently discussed. However, death on scene is associated with hardly survivable injuries and might not be a matter of neither rib fractures nor age. As 60% of traffic accident fatalities are estimated to die on scene, they are not captured in hospital-based trauma registries and injury patterns remain unknown. Our database comprises 309 road traffic fatalities, autopsied at the Institute of Legal Medicine Munich in 2004 and 2005. Injuries are coded according to Abbreviated Injury Scale, AIS© 2005 update 2008 [1]. Data used for this analysis are age, sex, site of death, site of accident, traffic participation mode, measures of injury severity, and rib fractures. The injury patterns of elderly, aged 65+ years, are compared to the younger ones divided by their site of death. Elderly with death on scene more often show serious thorax injuries and pelvic fractures than the younger. Some hints point towards older fatalities showing less frequently serious abdominal injuries. In hospital, elderly fatalities show lower Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) compared to the younger. The number of rib fractures is significantly higher for the elderly but is not the reason for death. Results show that young and old fatalities have different injury patterns and reveal first hints towards the need to analyze death on scene more in-depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Heinrich
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Legal Medicine, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christopher Holzmann
- Department of Accident and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the RWTH University Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Wagner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Legal Medicine, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Fischer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Legal Medicine, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Accident and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the RWTH University Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Head of the Institute of Legal Medicine, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Schick
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Legal Medicine, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Holcombe SA, Wang SC, Grotberg JB. The Effect of Rib Shape on Stiffness. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2016; 60:11-24. [PMID: 27871092 DOI: 10.4271/2016-22-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the isolated effect of rib shape on the mechanical characteristics of ribs subjected to multiple forms of loading. It aims to measure the variation in stiffness due to shape that is seen throughout the population and, in particular, provide a tool for researchers to better understand the influence of shape on resulting stiffness. A previously published six-parameter shape model of the central axis of human ribs was used. It has been shown to accurately model the overall rib path using intrinsic geometric properties such as size, aspect ratio, and skewness, through shapes based on logarithmic spirals with high curvature continuity. In this study the model was fitted to 19,500 ribs from 989 adult female and male CT scans having demographic distributions matching the US adult population. Mechanical loading was simulated through a simplified finite element model aimed at isolating rib shape from other factors influencing mechanical response. Four loading scenarios were used representing idealized free and constrained loading conditions in axial (body-anterior) and lateral directions. Characteristic rib stiffness and maximum stress location were tracked as simulation output measures. Regression models of rib stiffness found that all shape model parameters added information when predicting stiffness under each loading condition, with their linear combination able to account for 95% of the population stiffness variation due to shape in midlevel ribs for free axial loading, and 92%-98% in other conditions. Full regression models including interactive terms explained up to 99% of population variability. Results allow researchers to better evaluate the differences in stiffness results that are obtained from physical testing by providing a framework with which to explain variation due to rib shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Holcombe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan.,International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan
| | - Stewart C Wang
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan
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