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Huang L, Riihioja I, Tanska P, Ojanen S, Palosaari S, Kröger H, Saarakkala SJ, Herzog W, Korhonen RK, Finnilä MAJ. Early changes in osteochondral tissues in a rabbit model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2556-2567. [PMID: 33580730 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent osteoarthritic (OA) manifestations in bone and cartilage are poorly known. To shed light on this issue, this study aims to investigate changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage at two time points after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in a rabbit model. 2 (N = 16) and 8 (N = 10) weeks after ACLT, the subchondral bone structure, cartilage thickness, Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, fixed charged density (FCD), and collagen orientation angle were analyzed. OA related changes were evaluated by comparing the ACLT to the contralateral (C-L) and control knees. Already 2 weeks after ACLT, higher trabecular number in the medial femoral condyle and femoral groove, greater OARSI score in the femoral condyles, and thinner trabeculae in the lateral tibial plateau and femoral groove were observed in ACLT compared to C-L knees. Only minor changes of cartilage collagen orientation in the femoral condyles and femoral groove and smaller FCD in the femoral condyles, medial tibial plateau, femoral groove and patella were observed. 8 weeks post-ACLT, the surgical knees had thinner subchondral plate and trabeculae, and smaller trabecular bone volume fraction in most of the knee locations. OARSI score was greater in the femoral condyle and lateral tibial plateau cartilage. FCD loss was progressive only in the femoral condyle, femoral groove, and patellar cartilage, and minor changes of cartilage collagen orientation angle were present in the femoral condyles, femoral groove, and lateral tibial plateau. We conclude that ACLT induces progressive subchondral bone loss, during which proteoglycan loss occurs followed by their partly recovery, as indicated by FCD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilari Riihioja
- Medical Research Center, Bone and Stem Cell Biology Research Group, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Ojanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Palosaari
- Medical Research Center, Bone and Stem Cell Biology Research Group, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo J Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human performance laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Linus A, Ebrahimi M, Turunen MJ, Saarakkala S, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Koistinen A, Finnilä MA, Afara IO, Mononen ME, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. High-resolution infrared microspectroscopic characterization of cartilage cell microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:252-260. [PMID: 34365039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lateral resolution of infrared spectroscopy has been inadequate for accurate biochemical characterization of the cell microenvironment, a region regulating biochemical and biomechanical signals to cells. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of a high-resolution Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) to characterize the collagen content of this region. Specifically, we focus on the collagen content in the cartilage cell (chondrocyte) microenvironment of healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Human tibial cartilage samples (N = 28) were harvested from 7 cadaveric donors and graded for OA severity (healthy, early OA, advanced OA). HR-FTIR-MS was used to analyze the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment of five distinct zones across the tissue depth. HR-FTIR-MS successfully showed collagen content distribution across chondrocytes and their environment. In zones 2 and 3 (10 - 50% of the tissue thickness), we observed that collagen content was smaller (P < 0.05) in early OA compared to the healthy tissue in the vicinity of cells (pericellular region). The collagen content loss was extended to the extracellular matrix in advanced OA tissue. No significant differences in the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment were observed between the groups in the most superficial (0-10%) and deep zones (50-100%). HR-FTIR-MS revealed collagen loss in the early OA cartilage pericellular region before detectable changes in the extracellular matrix in advanced OA. HR-FTIR-MS-based compositional assessment enables a better understanding of OA-related changes in tissues. This technique can be used to identify new disease mechanisms enabling better intervention strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability. While significant progress has been made in OA research, OA pathogenesis is still poorly understood and current OA treatments are mainly palliative. This study demonstrates that high-resolution FTIR microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) can characterize OA-induced compositional changes in the cell microenvironment (pericellular matrix) during the early disease stages before tissue changes in the extracellular matrix become apparent. This technique may further enable the identification of new OA mechanisms and improve our current understanding of OA pathogenesis, thus, enabling the development of better treatment methods.
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Orozco GA, Bolcos P, Mohammadi A, Tanaka MS, Yang M, Link TM, Ma B, Li X, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. Prediction of local fixed charge density loss in cartilage following ACL injury and reconstruction: A computational proof-of-concept study with MRI follow-up. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1064-1081. [PMID: 32639603 PMCID: PMC7790898 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to develop three-dimensional patient-specific mechanobiological knee joint models to simulate alterations in the fixed charged density (FCD) around cartilage lesions during the stance phase of the walking gait. Two patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed knees were imaged at 1 and 3 years after surgery. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were used for segmenting the knee geometries, including the cartilage lesions. Based on these geometries, finite element (FE) models were developed. The gait of the patients was obtained using a motion capture system. Musculoskeletal modeling was utilized to calculate knee joint contact and lower extremity muscle forces for the FE models. Finally, a cartilage adaptation algorithm was implemented in both FE models. In the algorithm, it was assumed that excessive maximum shear and deviatoric strains (calculated as the combination of principal strains), and fluid velocity, are responsible for the FCD loss. Changes in the longitudinal T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were postulated to be related to changes in the cartilage composition and were compared with the numerical predictions. In patient 1 model, both the excessive fluid velocity and strain caused the FCD loss primarily near the cartilage lesion. T1ρ and T2 relaxation times increased during the follow-up in the same location. In contrast, in patient 2 model, only the excessive fluid velocity led to a slight FCD loss near the lesion, where MRI parameters did not show evidence of alterations. Significance: This novel proof-of-concept study suggests mechanisms through which a local FCD loss might occur near cartilage lesions. In order to obtain statistical evidence for these findings, the method should be investigated with a larger cohort of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Corresponding author: Gustavo A. Orozco, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, FI, Tel: +358 50 3485018,
| | - Paul Bolcos
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthew S. Tanaka
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingrui Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin Ma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Elastic, Viscoelastic and Fibril-Reinforced Poroelastic Material Properties of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Tibial Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:953-966. [PMID: 30690688 PMCID: PMC8494710 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage constituents (collagen, proteoglycans, fluid) are significantly altered during osteoarthritis (OA). A fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) material model can separate the contribution of each constituent on the mechanical response of cartilage. Yet, these properties and their OA related alterations are not known for human tibial cartilage. To answer this gap in the knowledge, we characterized the FRPE as well as elastic and viscoelastic properties of healthy and osteoarthritic human tibial cartilage. Tibial osteochondral explants (n = 27) harvested from 7 cadavers were mechanically tested in indentation followed by a quantification of elastic, viscoelastic and FRPE properties. Then they were histopathologically OARSI graded for the severity of OA. FRPE modeling revealed that non-fibrillar matrix modulus was higher in the healthy group compared to the early OA (p = 0.003) and advanced OA (p < 0.001) groups. The initial fibril network modulus was also higher in the healthy group compared to the early OA (p = 0.009) and advanced OA (p < 0.001) groups. The permeability correlated with the OARSI grade (p = 0.002, r = 0.56). For the first time, the FRPE properties were characterized for human tibial cartilage. This knowledge is crucial to improve the accuracy of computational knee joint models.
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