1
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Hesham HM, Dokla EME, Elrazaz EZ, Lasheen DS, Abou El Ella DA. FLT3-PROTACs for combating AML resistance: Analytical overview on chimeric agents developed, challenges, and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116717. [PMID: 39094274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The urgent and unmet medical demand of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients has driven the drug discovery process for expansion of the landscape of AML treatment. Despite the several agents developed for treatment of AML, more than 60 % of treated patients undergo relapse again after re-emission, thus, no complete cure for this complex disease has been reached yet. Targeted oncoprotein degradation is a new paradigm that can be employed to solve drug resistance, disease relapse, and treatment failure in complex diseases as AML, the most lethal hematological malignancy. AML is an aggressive blood cancer form and the most common type of acute leukemia, with bad outcomes and a very poor 5-year survival rate. FLT3 mutations occur in about 30 % of AML cases and FLT3-ITD is associated with poor prognosis of this disease. Prevalent FLT3 mutations include internal tandem duplication and point mutations (e.g., D835) in the tyrosine kinase domain, which induce FLT3 kinase activation and result in survival and proliferation of AML cells again. Currently approved FLT3 inhibitors suffer from limited clinical efficacy due to FLT3 reactivation by mutations, therefore, alternative new treatments are highly needed. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a bi-functional molecule that consists of a ligand of the protein of interest, FLT3 inhibitor in our case, that is covalently linked to an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand. Upon FLT3-specific PROTAC binding to FLT3, the PROTAC can recruit E3 for FLT3 ubiquitination, which is subsequently subjected to proteasome-mediated degradation. In this review we tried to address the question if PROTAC technology has succeeded in tackling the disease relapse and treatment failure of AML. Next, we explored the latest FLT3-targeting PROTACs developed in the past few years such as quizartinib-based PROTACs, dovitinib-based PROTACs, gilteritinib-based PROTACs, and others. Then, we followed with a deep analysis of their advantages regarding potency improvement and overcoming AML drug resistance. Finally, we discussed the challenges facing these chimeric molecules with proposed future solutions to circumvent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Hesham
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M E Dokla
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Z Elrazaz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Deena S Lasheen
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalal A Abou El Ella
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Wang X, DeFilippis RA, Leung YK, Shah NP, Li HY. N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-6-(7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine is an inhibitor of the FLT3-ITD and BCR-ABL pathways, and potently inhibits FLT3-ITD/D835Y and FLT3-ITD/F691L secondary mutants. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106966. [PMID: 37995643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations within FLT3 make up 30 % of all newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, with the most common mutation being an internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) in the juxtamembrane region (25 %). Currently, two generations of FLT3 kinase inhibitors have been developed, with three inhibitors clinically approved. However, treatment of FLT3-ITD mutated AML is limited due to the emergence of secondary clinical resistance, caused by multiple mechanism including on-target FLT3 secondary mutations - FLT3-ITD/D835Y and FLT3-ITD/F691L being the most common, as well as the off-target activation of alternative pathways including the BCR-ABL pathway. Through the screening of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine (compound 1) was identified as an inhibitor of both the FLT3-ITD and BCR-ABL pathways. Compound 1 potently inhibits clinically related leukemia cell lines driven by FLT3-ITD, FLT3-ITD/D835Y, FLT3-ITD/F691L, or BCR-ABL. Studies indicate that it mediates proapoptotic effects on cells by inhibiting FLT3 and BCR-ABL pathways, and other possible targets. Compound 1 is more potent against FLT3-ITD than BCR-ABL, and it may have other possible targets; however, compound 1 is first step for further optimization for the development of a balanced FLT3-ITD/BCR-ABL dual inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed FLT3-ITD mutated AML with multiple secondary clinical resistant subtypes such as FLT3-ITD/D835Y, FLT3-ITD/F691L, and cells co-expressing FLT3-ITD and BCR-ABL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rosa Anna DeFilippis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Neil P Shah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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3
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Darici S, Jørgensen HG, Huang X, Serafin V, Antolini L, Barozzi P, Luppi M, Forghieri F, Marmiroli S, Zavatti M. Improved efficacy of quizartinib in combination therapy with PI3K inhibition in primary FLT3-ITD AML cells. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 89:100974. [PMID: 37245251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by uncontrolled clonal proliferation of abnormal myeloid progenitor cells, with poor outcomes. The internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation of the Fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) (FLT3-ITD) represents the most common genetic alteration in AML, detected in approximately 30% of AML patients, and is associated with high leukemic burden and poor prognosis. Therefore, this kinase has been regarded as an attractive druggable target for the treatment of FLT3-ITD AML, and selective small molecule inhibitors, such as quizartinib, have been identified and trialled. However, clinical outcomes have been disappointing so far due to poor remission rates, also because of acquired resistance. A strategy to overcome resistance is to combine FLT3 inhibitors with other targeted therapies. In this study, we investigated the preclinical efficacy of the combination of quizartinib with the pan PI3K inhibitor BAY-806946 in FLT3-ITD cell lines and primary cells from AML patients. We show here that BAY-806946 enhanced quizartinib cytotoxicity and, most importantly, that this combination increases the ability of quizartinib to kill CD34+ CD38-leukemia stem cells, whilst sparing normal hematopoietic stem cells. Because constitutively active FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase is known to boost aberrant PI3K signaling, the increased sensitivity of primary cells to the above combination can be the mechanistic results of the disruption of signaling by vertical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihanur Darici
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy; Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Heather G Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology Oncology and Immunology Section University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ludovica Antolini
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy.
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
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4
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Bogush D, Schramm J, Ding Y, He B, Singh C, Sharma A, Tukaramrao DB, Iyer S, Desai D, Nalesnik G, Hengst J, Bhalodia R, Gowda C, Dovat S. Signaling pathways and regulation of gene expression in hematopoietic cells. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 88:100942. [PMID: 36621151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are regulated by signal transduction pathway networks consisting of protein-modifying enzymes that control the activity of many downstream proteins. Protein kinases and phosphatases regulate gene expression by reversible phosphorylation of transcriptional factors, which are their direct substrates. Casein kinase II (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a large number of proteins that have critical roles in cellular proliferation, metabolism and survival. Altered function of CK2 has been associated with malignant transformation, immunological disorders and other types of diseases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase, which regulates the phosphorylation status of many proteins that are essential for cellular functions. IKAROS is a DNA-binding protein, which functions as a regulator of gene transcription in hematopoietic cells. CK2 directly phosphorylates IKAROS at multiple phosphosites which determines IKAROS activity as a regulator of gene expression. PP1 binds to IKAROS via the PP1-consensus recognition site and dephosphorylates serine/threonine residues that are phosphorylated by CK2. Thus, the interplay between CK2 and PP1 signaling pathways have opposing effects on the phosphorylation status of their mutual substrate - IKAROS. This review summarizes the effects of CK2 and PP1 on IKAROS role in regulation of gene expression and its function as a tumor suppressor in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bogush
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Joseph Schramm
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Yali Ding
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Bing He
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Chingakham Singh
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | | | - Soumya Iyer
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Gregory Nalesnik
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Jeremy Hengst
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Riya Bhalodia
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Chandrika Gowda
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA.
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA.
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5
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De Stefano A, Marvi MV, Fazio A, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Ratti S, Ramazzotti G, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Follo MY. Advances in MDS/AML and inositide signalling. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100955. [PMID: 36706610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling pathways regulating proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can contribute to disease pathogenesis and neoplastic growth. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are inositol phospholipids that are implicated in the regulation of critical signaling pathways: aberrant regulation of Phospholipase C (PLC) beta1, PLCgamma1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway play essential roles in the pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Stefano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Song MK, Park BB, Uhm JE. Clinical Efficacies of FLT3 Inhibitors in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012708. [PMID: 36293564 PMCID: PMC9604443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3 mutations are the most common genomic alteration detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a worse clinical prognosis. The highly frequent FLT3 mutations, together with the side effects associated with clinical prognosis, make FLT3 promising treatment targets and have provoked the advancement of FLT3 inhibitors. Recently, numerous FLT3 inhibitors were actively developed, and thus the outcomes of this aggressive subtype of AML were significantly improved. Recently, midostaurin and gilteritinib were approved as frontline treatment of AML and as therapeutic agents in the recurred disease by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Recently, numerous promising clinical trials attempted to seek appropriate management in frontline settings, in relapsed/refractory disease, or after stem cell transplantation in AML. This review follows numerous clinical trials about the usefulness of FLT3 inhibitors as frontline therapy, as relapsed/refractory conditioning, and as maintenance therapy of stem cell transplantation. The cumulative data of FLT3 inhibitors would be important clinical evidence for further management with FLT3 inhibitors in AML patients with FLT3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Kon Song
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hanyang University Hanmaeum Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51497, Korea
| | - Byeong-Bae Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-8114; Fax: +82-2-2290-7112
| | - Ji-Eun Uhm
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
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7
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Kooijman JJ, van Riel WE, Dylus J, Prinsen MBW, Grobben Y, de Bitter TJJ, van Doornmalen AM, Melis JJTM, Uitdehaag JCM, Narumi Y, Kawase Y, de Roos JADM, Willemsen-Seegers N, Zaman GJR. Comparative kinase and cancer cell panel profiling of kinase inhibitors approved for clinical use from 2018 to 2020. Front Oncol 2022; 12:953013. [PMID: 36185300 PMCID: PMC9516332 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.953013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, kinase inhibitors have become the major drug class for targeted cancer therapy. Although the number of approved kinase inhibitors increases rapidly, comprehensive in vitro profiling and comparison of inhibitor activities is often lacking in the public domain. Here we report the extensive profiling and comparison of 21 kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA for oncology indications since June 2018 and 13 previously approved comparators on panels of 255 biochemical kinase assays and 134 cancer cell line viability assays. Comparison of the cellular inhibition profiles of the EGFR inhibitors gefitinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib identified the uncommon EGFR p.G719S mutation as a common response marker for EGFR inhibitors. Additionally, the FGFR inhibitors erdafitinib, infigratinib, and pemigatinib potently inhibited the viability of cell lines which harbored oncogenic alterations in FGFR1-3, irrespective of the specific clinical indications of the FGFR inhibitors. These results underscore the utility of in vitro kinase inhibitor profiling in cells for identifying new potential stratification markers for patient selection. Furthermore, comparison of the in vitro inhibition profiles of the RET inhibitors pralsetinib and selpercatinib revealed they had very similar biochemical and cellular selectivity. As an exception, an NTRK3 fusion-positive cell line was potently inhibited by pralsetinib but not by selpercatinib, which could be explained by the targeting of TRK kinases in biochemical assays by pralsetinib but not selpercatinib. This illustrates that unexpected differences in cellular activities between inhibitors that act through the same primary target can be explained by subtle differences in biochemical targeting. Lastly, FLT3-mutant cell lines were responsive to both FLT3 inhibitors gilteritinib and midostaurin, and the PI3K inhibitor duvelisib. Biochemical profiling revealed that the FLT3 and PI3K inhibitors targeted distinct kinases, indicating that unique dependencies can be identified by combined biochemical and cellular profiling of kinase inhibitors. This study provides the first large scale kinase assay or cell panel profiling study for newly approved kinase inhibitors, and shows that comprehensive in vitro profiling of kinase inhibitors can provide rationales for therapy selection and indication expansion of approved kinase inhibitors.
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8
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Stengel S, Petrie KR, Sbirkov Y, Stanko C, Ghazvini Zadegan F, Gil V, Skopek R, Kamiński P, Szymański Ł, Brioli A, Zelent A, Schenk T. Suppression of MYC by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition in combination with all-trans retinoic acid treatment for therapeutic gain in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:338-348. [PMID: 35468223 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activity of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR [PAM]) pathway, as well as suppressed retinoic acid signalling, contribute to enhanced proliferation and the differentiation blockade of immature myeloid cells in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Inhibition of the PAM pathway was shown to affect especially mixed-lineage leukaemia-rearranged AML. Here, we sought to test a combined strategy using small molecule inhibitors against members of the PAM signalling pathway in conjunction with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to target a larger group of different AML subtypes. We find that ATRA treatment in combination with inhibition of PI3K (ZSTK474), mTOR (WYE132) or PI3K/mTOR (BEZ235, dactolisib) drastically reduces protein levels of the proto-oncogene MYC. In combination with BEZ235, ATRA treatment led to almost complete eradication of cellular MYC, G1 arrest, loss of clonal capacity and terminal granulocytic differentiation. We demonstrate that PAM inhibitor/ATRA treatment targets MYC via independent mechanisms. While inhibition of the PAM pathway causes MYC phosphorylation at threonine 58 via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and subsequent degradation, ATRA reduces its expression. Here, we present an approach using a combination of known drugs to synergistically reduce aberrant MYC levels, thereby effectively blocking proliferation and enabling differentiation in various AML subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stengel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin R Petrie
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Clara Stanko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Faezeh Ghazvini Zadegan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Veronica Gil
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Rafał Skopek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Paweł Kamiński
- Department of Gynecology and Oncological Gynecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Annamaria Brioli
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Arthur Zelent
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Tino Schenk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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