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Wongin-Sangphet S, Chotiyarnwong P, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Reduced Cell Migration in Human Chondrocyte Sheets Increases Tissue Stiffness and Cartilage Protein Production. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024:10.1007/s13770-024-00662-0. [PMID: 39037474 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM) is usually used to maintain chondrogenic activity during chondrocyte sheet production. However, tissue qualities remain to be determined as to what factors improve cell functions. Moreover, the relationship between CDM and cell migration proteins has not been reported. METHOD In this study, the effect of CDM on the behavior of chondrocyte sheets was investigated. Structural analysis, mechanical testing and proteomics were performed to observe tissue qualities. The relationship between CDM and cell migration proteins were investigated using time-lapse observations and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS During 48 h, CDM affected the chondrocyte behaviors by reducing cell migration. Compared to the basal medium, CDM impacted the contraction of monolayered chondrocyte sheets. At day 7, the contracted sheets increased tissue thickness and improved tissue stiffness. Cartilage specific proteins were also upregulated. Remarkedly, the chondrocyte sheets in CDM displayed downregulated proteins related to cell migration. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that TGFβ1 was shown to be associated with cartilage functions and cell migration. Pathway analysis of chondrocyte sheets in CDM also revealed the presence of a TGFβ pathway without activating actin production, which might be involved in synthesizing cartilage-specific proteins. Cell migration pathway showed MAPK signaling in both cultures of the chondrocyte sheets. CONCLUSION Reduced cell migration in the chondrocyte sheet affected the tissue quality. Using CDM, TGFβ1 might trigger cartilage protein production through the TGFβ pathway and be involved in cell migration via the MAPK signaling pathway. Understanding cell behaviors and their protein expression would be beneficial for developing high-quality tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopita Wongin-Sangphet
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
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Wongin S, Waikakul S, Chotiyarnwong P, Siriwatwechakul W, Kino-Oka M, Kim MH, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Maintenance of human chondrogenic phenotype on a dendrimer-immobilized surface for an application of cell sheet engineering. BMC Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 29540167 PMCID: PMC5853058 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during cell expansion is one of the barriers in tissue construction for cartilage repair. To understand chondrocyte behavior and improve cell expansion in monolayer culture, this study investigated the effects of morphological changes and cellular aggregation on the maintenance of chondrogenic capacity by observing the expression patterns of chondrogenic (collagen type II and aggrecan) and dedifferentiation (collagen type I) markers. Primary human chondrocytes were cultured on either a polystyrene surface (PS) or a polyamidoamine dendrimer surface with a fifth-generation (G5) dendron structure to create a one-step process of cell expansion and the maintenance of chondrogenic activities prior to the construction of cell sheets. RESULTS During the first two passages (P0 - P2), the relative mRNA level of collagen type II decreased in all cultures, while that of collagen type I increased. Remarkably, the level of collagen type II was higher and aggrecan was retained in the chondrocytes, forming cell aggregates and showing some round-shaped cells with less production of stress fibers on the G5 surface compared to fibroblast-like chondrocytes with abundant stress fibers on the PS surface. The numbers of P2 chondrocytes on the G5 and PS surfaces were nearly the same and sufficient for construction of chondrocyte sheets using a temperature-responsive plate. Without a supporting material during cell sheet manipulation, chondrocyte sheets spontaneously detached and exhibited a honeycomb-like structure of stress fibers. Unlike the chondrocyte sheets constructed from cells on the PS surface, the chondrocyte sheets from cells on the G5 surface had higher chondrogenic activities, as evidenced by the high expression of chondrogenic markers and the low expression of dedifferentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS The one-step process of cell expansion and maintenance of chondrogenic activity could be obtained using the G5 surface. Human chondrocyte sheets were successfully constructed with high chondrogenic activity. These findings may lead to an alternative cultivation technique for human chondrocytes that offers high clinical potential in autologous chondrocyte implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopita Wongin
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Saranatra Waikakul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Siriwatwechakul
- School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Wongin S, Waikakul S, Chotiyarnwong P, Siriwatwechakul W, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Effect of Cell Sheet Manipulation Techniques on the Expression of Collagen Type II and Stress Fiber Formation in Human Chondrocyte Sheets. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:469-478. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sopita Wongin
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranatra Waikakul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Siriwatwechakul
- School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Casanellas I, Lagunas A, Tsintzou I, Vida Y, Collado D, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Rodríguez-Pereira C, Magalhaes J, Gorostiza P, Andrades JA, Becerra J, Samitier J. Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation. J Vis Exp 2018:56347. [PMID: 29443025 PMCID: PMC5908668 DOI: 10.3791/56347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations having a major effect. Here we present a method to obtain large-scale uneven nanopatterns of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-functionalized dendrimers that permit the nanoscale control of local RGD surface density. Nanopatterns are formed by surface adsorption of dendrimers from solutions at different initial concentrations and are characterized by water contact angle (CA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning probe microscopy techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The local surface density of RGD is measured using AFM images by means of probability contour maps of minimum interparticle distances and then correlated with cell adhesion response and differentiation. The nanopatterning method presented here is a simple procedure that can be scaled up in a straightforward manner to large surface areas. It is thus fully compatible with cell culture protocols and can be applied to other ligands that exert concentration-dependent effects on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Casanellas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Department of Engineering Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB)
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER); Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST);
| | - Iro Tsintzou
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Instituto de Investigacin Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Málaga (UMA); Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND
| | - Daniel Collado
- Instituto de Investigacin Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Málaga (UMA); Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Instituto de Investigacin Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Málaga (UMA); Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pereira
- Unidad de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Grupo de Reumatolog ía, Instituto de Investigación Biomèdica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC)
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER); Unidad de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Grupo de Reumatolog ía, Instituto de Investigación Biomèdica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC)
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
| | - José A Andrades
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA); Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER)
| | - José Becerra
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA); Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER); Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBER); Department of Engineering Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB)
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FUKUDA T, MIURA Y. Biofunctional Characteristics of Dendritic Glycocluster Modified Surfaces. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2017. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro FUKUDA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Toyama College
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshiko MIURA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University
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Sefat F, Youseffi M, Khaghani SA, Soon CF, Javid F. Effect of transforming growth factor-β3 on mono and multilayer chondrocytes. Cytokine 2016; 83:118-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Switching between self-renewal and lineage commitment of human induced pluripotent stem cells via cell–substrate and cell–cell interactions on a dendrimer-immobilized surface. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5670-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim MH, Sawada Y, Taya M, Kino-Oka M. Influence of surface topography on the human epithelial cell response to micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 25045401 PMCID: PMC4084502 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying the cellular response to topographical surface features will extend our knowledge regarding the regulation of cell functions. Analyzing the cellular response to different topographical features, over multiple temporal and spatial scales, is central to understanding and guiding several biological functions. We used micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures to evaluate the behaviors of human epithelial cells on these substrates. Results Pillar and pit substrates caused heterogeneous spatial growth and distribution, with differences in cell density, over 48 h. Regional densities and distribution were significantly increased at pillar sidewalls, and at pit sidewalls and bottoms compared with those on flat unpatterned areas. Time-lapse observations revealed that different mechanisms of cell migration were dependent upon pillar and pit features. Cells on pillar substrate migrated towards the sidewall, whereas cells on pit substrate tended to move towards the sidewalls and bottom. Cytoskeletal staining of F-actin and vinculin showed that this migration can be attributed to difference in spatial reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, and the formation of focal adhesions at various points on the at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. Cells cultured on the pillar substrate had stress fibers with extended filopodia and immature focal contacts at the sidewalls and convex corners, similar to those on the flat unpatterned substrate. Cells at the sidewalls and concave corners of pit substrate had more contractile stress fibers and stable focal contacts compared with cells on the pillar substrate. We also found that the substrate structures affect cell-cell contact formation via E-cadherin, and that this was associated with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton at the sidewall, and at the convex and concave corners of the substrate. Conclusion Migration is an important factor affecting spatial growth and distribution. Heterogeneity at various locations was caused by different migratory behaviors at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. We propose that this investigation is a valuable method for understanding cell phenotypes and the heterogeneity during spatial growth and distribution of epithelial cells during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sawada
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Taya
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kim MH, Ogawa Y, Yamada K, Taya M, Kino-oka M. Directed differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells toward a cardiomyogenic fate commitment through formation of cell aggregates. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Otaka A, Takahashi K, Takeda YS, Kambe Y, Kuwana Y, Tamada Y, Tomita N. Quantification of cell co-migration occurrences during cell aggregation on fibroin substrates. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:671-80. [PMID: 24341914 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative analytical method was proposed for measuring cell co-migration, which was defined as two or more cells migrating together. To accurately identify and quantify this behavior, cell migration on fibroin substrates was analyzed with respect to intercellular distance. Specifically, cell size was characterized by major diameter, and then, based on these measurements and cell center data, a specific threshold distance for defining co-migration was determined after analyzing cell motion using the Voronoi diagram method. The results confirmed that co-migration occurrences of rounded cells were significantly more stable on fibroin than on ProNectin substrates under the present experimental conditions. The cell co-migration analysis method in this article was shown to be successful in evaluating the stability of cell co-migration and also suggested the presence of "critical distance" where two cells interact on fibroin substrates. With further research, the cell co-migration analysis method and "critical distance" may prove to be capable of identifying the aggregation behavior of other cells on different materials, making it a valuable tool that can be used in tissue engineering design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Otaka
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
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Otaka A, Kachi ND, Hatano N, Kuwana Y, Tamada Y, Tomita N. Observation and Quantification of Chondrocyte Aggregation Behavior on Fibroin Surfaces Using Voronoi Partition. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:396-404. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Otaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi D. Kachi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Tamada
- National Institutes of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naohide Tomita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Maruyama N, Saito A, Sawa Y, Taya M. Cardiomyogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells by altered Rho family GTPase expression on dendrimer-immobilized surface with D-glucose display. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7666-77. [PMID: 20659766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The commitment of stem cells to different lineages is regulated by many cues in the intercellular signals from the microenvironment system. In the present study, we found that alterations in Rho family GTPase activities derived from cytoskeletal formation can lead to guidance of cardiomyogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during in vitro culture. To regulate the cytoskeletal formation of hMSCs, we employed a dendrimer-immobilized substrate that displayed D-glucose. With an increase in the dendrimer generation number, the cells exhibited active migration, accompanied by cell morphological changes of stretching and contracting. Fluorescence microscopy for F-actin, vinculin and glucose transporter1 (GLUT1) clarified the localization of integrin-mediated and GLUT-mediated anchoring, introducing the idea that the morphological changes of the cells were responsive to variations in the generation number of the dendrimer with d-glucose display. On the 5th-generation dendrimer surface, in particular, the cells exhibited RhoA down-regulation and Rac1 up-regulation during the culture, associated with alterations in the cellular morphology and migratory behaviors. It was found that cell aggregation was promoted on this surface, supporting the notion that an increase in N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts and Wnt signaling regulate hMSC differentiation into cardiomyocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Taya M. Designing culture surfaces based on cell anchoring mechanisms to regulate cell morphologies and functions. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Saito A, Sawa Y, Taya M. Myogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells by culture on dendrimer-immobilized surface with d-glucose display. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:55-61. [PMID: 20129083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Culture surfaces were designed by immobilizing dendrimer with d-glucose display, that is, 1st-generation (G1) and 3rd-generation (G3) dendrimer surfaces. In the cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), the effect of the prepared culture surfaces was examined in terms of regulating cell morphology and differentiation. The time-lapse observation revealed that the cells on the G3 surface showed more dynamic behaviors of temporal stretching and contracting associated with stimulated migration, as compared with the cells on the G1 and plain surfaces. On the G3 surface, moreover, a frequency of round-shaped cells increased, and spreading of the cells was appreciably suppressed. From the cytoskeletal staining of F-actin, it was found that the immature stress fibers were of significance in the cells on the G3 surface. In addition, the cells on the G3 surface expressed RhoA inactivation and Rac1 activation during the culture, indicating that the G3 surface permits the regulation of RhoA and Rac1 expression associated with altering in cellular morphology and migratory behaviors. It was also found that desmin expression was, in particular, promoted on the G3 surface, thus supporting the consideration that a balance of Rho family GTPases activation induces myogenesis in hMSCs. The current results suggest that the dendrimer surface can be a potential tool for the guided differentiation of hMSCs directing to myocyte-like cells in the absence of an aqueous myogenesis-inducing factor.
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