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Van Greenen JD, Hockman D. FGF20. Differentiation 2024; 139:100737. [PMID: 38007375 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) is a neurotrophic factor and a member of the FGF9 subfamily. It was first identified in Xenopus embryos and was isolated shortly thereafter from the adult rat brain. Its receptors include FGFR4, FGFR3b, FGFR2b and the FGFRc splice forms. In adults it is highly expressed in the brain, while it is expressed in a variety of regions during embryonic development, including the inner ear, heart, hair placodes, mammary buds, dental epithelium and limbs. As a result of its wide-spread expression, FGF20 mouse mutants exhibit a variety of phenotypes including congenital deafness, lack of hair, small kidneys and delayed mammary ductal outgrowth. FGF20 is also associated with human diseases including Parkinson's Disease, cancer and hereditary deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Van Greenen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Heilala M, Lehtonen A, Arasalo O, Peura A, Pokki J, Ikkala O, Nonappa, Klefström J, Munne PM. Fibrin Stiffness Regulates Phenotypic Plasticity of Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301137. [PMID: 37671812 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM)-regulated phenotypic plasticity is crucial for metastatic progression of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). While ECM faithful cell-based models are available for in situ and invasive tumors, such as cell aggregate cultures in reconstituted basement membrane and in collagenous gels, there are no ECM faithful models for metastatic circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Such models are essential to represent the stage of metastasis where clinical relevance and therapeutic opportunities are significant. Here, CTC-like DU4475 TNBC cells are cultured in mechanically tunable 3D fibrin hydrogels. This is motivated, as in circulation fibrin aids CTC survival by forming a protective coating reducing shear stress and immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity and promotes several stages of late metastatic processes at the interface between circulation and tissue. This work shows that fibrin hydrogels support DU4475 cell growth, resulting in spheroid formation. Furthermore, increasing fibrin stiffness from 57 to 175 Pa leads to highly motile, actin and tubulin containing cellular protrusions, which are associated with specific cell morphology and gene expression patterns that markedly differ from basement membrane or suspension cultures. Thus, mechanically tunable fibrin gels reveal specific matrix-based regulation of TNBC cell phenotype and offer scaffolds for CTC-like cells with better mechano-biological properties than liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Heilala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Arttu Lehtonen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, Aalto, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Ossi Arasalo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, Aalto, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Aino Peura
- Finnish Cancer Institute and FICAN South, Helsinki University Hospital & Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Juho Pokki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. Box 12200, Aalto, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Juha Klefström
- Finnish Cancer Institute and FICAN South, Helsinki University Hospital & Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Pauliina M Munne
- Finnish Cancer Institute and FICAN South, Helsinki University Hospital & Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Muksuris K, Scarisbrick DM, Mahoney JJ, Cherkasova MV. Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Animal Models. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5448. [PMID: 37685514 PMCID: PMC10487610 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mainstay treatments for Parkinson's Disease (PD) have been limited to pharmacotherapy and deep brain stimulation. While these interventions are helpful, a new wave of research is investigating noninvasive neuromodulation methods as potential treatments. Some promising avenues have included transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and focused ultrasound (FUS). While these methods are being tested in PD patients, investigations in animal models of PD have sought to elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms. In this rapid review, we assess the available animal literature on these noninvasive techniques and discuss the possible mechanisms mediating their therapeutic effects based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Muksuris
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - David M. Scarisbrick
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James J. Mahoney
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mariya V. Cherkasova
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Abdalkader R, Chaleckis R, Fujita T. Early Differentiation Signatures in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Determined by Non-Targeted Metabolomics Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:706. [PMID: 37367864 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possess immense potential as a valuable source for the generation of a wide variety of human cells, yet monitoring the early cell differentiation towards a specific lineage remains challenging. In this study, we employed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis technique to analyze the extracellular metabolites present in samples as small as one microliter. The hiPSCs were subjected to differentiation by initiating culture under the basal medium E6 in combination with chemical inhibitors that have been previously reported to direct differentiation towards the ectodermal lineage such as Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β kinase/activin receptor, alone or in combination with bFGF, and the inhibition of glycogen kinase 3 (GSK-3), which is commonly used for the diversion of hiPSCs towards mesodermal lineage. At 0 h and 48 h, 117 metabolites were identified, including biologically relevant metabolites such as lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and amino acids. By determining the expression of the pluripotency marker OCT3/4, we were able to correlate the differentiation status of cells with the shifted metabolites. The group of cells undergoing ectodermal differentiation showed a greater reduction in OCT3/4 expression. Moreover, metabolites such as pyruvic acid and kynurenine showed dramatic change under ectodermal differentiation conditions where pyruvic acid consumption increased 1-2-fold, while kynurenine secretion decreased 2-fold. Further metabolite analysis uncovered a group of metabolites specifically associated with ectodermal lineage, highlighting the potential of our findings to determine the characteristics of hiPSCs during cell differentiation, particularly under ectodermal lineage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Romanas Chaleckis
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
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5
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Jin C, Yan K, Wang M, Song W, Kong X, Zhang Z. Identification, Characterization and Functional Analysis of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Black Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043626. [PMID: 36835037 PMCID: PMC9958866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are short polypeptides that play essential roles in various cellular biological processes, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as tissue regeneration, immune response, and organogenesis. However, studies focusing on the characterization and function of FGF genes in teleost fishes are still limited. In this study, we identified and characterized expression patterns of 24 FGF genes in various tissues of embryonic and adult specimens of the black rockfish (Sebates schlegelii). Nine FGF genes were found to play essential roles in myoblast differentiation, as well as muscle development and recovery in juvelines of S. schlegelii. Moreover, sex-biased expression pattern of multiple FGF genes was recorded in the species' gonads during its development. Among them, expression of the FGF1 gene was recorded in interstitial and sertoli cells of testes, promoting germ-cell proliferation and differentiation. In sum, the obtained results enabled systematic and functional characterization of FGF genes in S. schlegelii, laying a foundation for further studies on FGF genes in other large teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kai Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengya Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Weihao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangfu Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence:
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Md Dom ZI, Satake E, Skupien J, Krolewski B, O'Neil K, Willency JA, Dillon ST, Wilson JM, Kobayashi H, Ihara K, Libermann TA, Pragnell M, Duffin KL, Krolewski AS. Circulating proteins protect against renal decline and progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/600/eabd2699. [PMID: 34193611 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its major clinical manifestation, progressive renal decline that leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), are a major health burden for individuals with diabetes. The disease process that underlies progressive renal decline comprises factors that increase risk as well as factors that protect against this outcome. Using untargeted proteomic profiling of circulating proteins from individuals in two independent cohorts with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and varying stages of DKD followed for 7 to 15 years, we identified three elevated plasma proteins-fibroblast growth factor 20 (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.88), angiopoietin-1 (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.91), and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.95)-that were associated with protection against progressive renal decline and progression to ESRD. The combined effect of these three protective proteins was demonstrated by very low cumulative risk of ESRD in those who had baseline concentrations above median for all three proteins, whereas the cumulative risk of ESRD was high in those with concentrations below median for these proteins at the beginning of follow-up. This protective effect was shown to be independent from circulating inflammatory proteins and clinical covariates and was confirmed in a third cohort of diabetic individuals with normal renal function. These three protective proteins may serve as biomarkers to stratify diabetic individuals according to risk of progression to ESRD and might also be investigated as potential therapeutics to delay or prevent the onset of ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaipul I Md Dom
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eiichiro Satake
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jan Skupien
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bozena Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristina O'Neil
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jill A Willency
- Diabetes and Complication Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Simon T Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Diabetes and Complication Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katsuhito Ihara
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Towia A Libermann
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kevin L Duffin
- Diabetes and Complication Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Andrzej S Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Chen J, Wang X, Hu J, Du J, Dordoe C, Zhou Q, Huang W, Guo R, Han F, Guo K, Ye S, Lin L, Li X. FGF20 Protected Against BBB Disruption After Traumatic Brain Injury by Upregulating Junction Protein Expression and Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590669. [PMID: 33568994 PMCID: PMC7868342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the cerebral inflammatory response occurring after traumatic brain injury (TBI) facilitate further brain damage, which leads to long-term complications of TBI. Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), a neurotrophic factor, plays important roles in brain development and neuronal homeostasis. The aim of the current study was to assess the protective effects of FGF20 on TBI via BBB maintenance. In the present study, recombinant human FGF20 (rhFGF20) reduced neurofunctional deficits, brain edema, Evans blue extravasation and neuroinflammation in a TBI mouse model. In an in vitro TNF-α-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) model of BBB disruption, rhFGF20 reduced paracellular permeability and increased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Both in the TBI mouse model and in vitro, rhFGF20 increased the expression of proteins composing in BBB-associated tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), and decreased the inflammatory response, which protected the BBB integrity. Notably, rhFGF20 preserved BBB function by activating the AKT/GSK3β pathway and inhibited the inflammatory response by regulating the JNK/NFκB pathway. Thus, FGF20 is a potential candidate treatment for TBI that protects the BBB by upregulating junction protein expression and inhibiting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingting Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiulin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
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Niu J, Xie J, Guo K, Zhang X, Xia F, Zhao X, Song L, Zhuge D, Li X, Zhao Y, Huang Z. Efficient treatment of Parkinson's disease using ultrasonography-guided rhFGF20 proteoliposomes. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1560-1569. [PMID: 30043675 PMCID: PMC6060384 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1482972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-20 (FGF20) is a paracrine member of the FGF family that is preferentially expressed in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Previous studies have demonstrated that FGF20 enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons suggesting the potential use of FGF20 to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the reduced solubility of the bacterial recombinant human FGF20 (rhFGF20) and the absence of efficient strategies to transport rhFGF20 across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) have halted its clinical application. In the present study, we have examined the efficiency of fuzing a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to rhFGF20 to enhance its soluble expression and further investigated the efficacy of FUS-guided, rhFGF20-liposome transport across the BBB. We also examined the bioavailability and behavioral improvement in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD following 2 weeks’ FUS-liposomal combinatorial treatment. Our results showed that, in contrast with rhFGF20 or LIP-FGF20, the FUS-LIP-rhFGF20 treatment could significantly improve the apomorphine-induced rotations by protecting against the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc. Our Results suggest that our combinatorial method would help overcome key challenges that hinder the currently available methods for the use of rhFGF20 in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlou Niu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Junjun Xie
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Feng Xia
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lintao Song
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Deli Zhuge
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Sequential Application of Discrete Topographical Patterns Enhances Derivation of Functional Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9567. [PMID: 29934644 PMCID: PMC6014983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder attributed to death of mesencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Pluripotent stem cells have great potential in the study for this late-onset disease, but acquirement of cells that are robust in quantity and quality is still technically demanding. Biophysical cues have been shown to direct stem cell fate, but the effect of different topographies in the lineage commitment and subsequent maturation stages of cells have been less examined. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we applied topographical patterns sequentially during differentiation stages and examined their ability to influence derivation yield and functionality of regionalized subtype-specific DA neurons. Gratings showed higher yield of DA neurons and may be beneficial for initial lineage commitment. Cells derived on pillars in the terminal differentiation stage have increased neuronal complexity, and were more capable of firing repetitive action potentials, showing that pillars yielded better network formation and functionality. Our topography platform can be applied to patient-derived iPSCs as well, and that cells harbouring LRRK2 mutation were more functionally mature when optimal topographies were applied sequentially. This will hopefully accelerate development of robust cell models that will provide novel insights into discovering new therapeutic approaches for Parkinson’s Disease.
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Caprnda M, Kubatka P, Gazdikova K, Gasparova I, Valentova V, Stollarova N, La Rocca G, Kobyliak N, Dragasek J, Mozos I, Prosecky R, Siniscalco D, Büsselberg D, Rodrigo L, Kruzliak P. Immunomodulatory effects of stem cells: Therapeutic option for neurodegenerative disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:60-69. [PMID: 28448871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the capability of self-renewal and can differentiate into different cell types that might be used in regenerative medicine. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) currently lack effective treatments. Although stem cell therapy is still on the way from bench to bedside, we consider that it might provide new hope for patients suffering with neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we will give an overview of recent studies on the potential therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and perinatal stem cells to neurodegenerative disorders and we will describe their immunomodulatory mechanisms of action in specific therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia; Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Gazdikova
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Iveta Gasparova
- Institute of Biology, Genetics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vanda Valentova
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Nadezda Stollarova
- Catholic University in Ružomberok, Faculty of Pedagogy, Department of Biology and Ecology, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo and Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Nazarii Kobyliak
- Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jozef Dragasek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ioana Mozos
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Robert Prosecky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Merciful Brotherś Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine,St. Annés University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Zhu B, Caldwell M, Song B. Development of stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2016; 126:955-62. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2016.1148034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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High production in E. coli of biologically active recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 20 and its neuroprotective effects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3023-34. [PMID: 26603761 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) has a wide range of biological activities; its expression is most pronounced in neural tissues where it has functions in development and neuroprotection. Given these activities, interest in the clinical applications of FGF20 is rising, which will lead to increasing demand for active recombinant human FGF20 (rhFGF20). To improve the production of rhFGF20, an artificial gene encoding fgf20 was cloned into pET3a and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. By optimizing induction conditions, we successfully induced large amounts of insoluble rhFGF20. Following solubilization and refolding of the rhFGF20 from inclusion bodies, it was purified by HiTrap heparin affinity chromatography to a purity of over 96% with a yield of 218 mg rhFGF20/100 g wet cells. The purified rhFGF20 could stimulate proliferation of both NIH 3T3 cells and PC-12 cells, measured by the MTT assay. In a model of Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis on PC-12 cells, rhFGF20 had a clear protective effect. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related genes and proteins revealed that the FGF20-derived protective mechanism was likely due to the relief of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). In conclusion, the approach described here may be a better means to produce active rhFGF20 in good quantity, thereby allowing for its future pharmacological and clinical use.
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13
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Liu J, Zhu B, Zhang G, Wang J, Tian W, Ju G, Wei X, Song B. Electric signals regulate directional migration of ventral midbrain derived dopaminergic neural progenitor cells via Wnt/GSK3β signaling. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:113-21. [PMID: 25265211 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) replacement therapy is a promising treatment for neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). It requires a controlled directional migration and integration of NPCs, for example dopaminergic (DA) progenitor cells, into the damaged host brain tissue. There is, however, only limited understanding of how to regulate the directed migration of NPCs to the diseased or damaged brain tissues for repair and regeneration. The aims of this study are to explore the possibility of using a physiological level of electrical stimulation to regulate the directed migration of ventral midbrain NPCs (NPCs(vm)), and to investigate their potential regulation via GSK3β and associated downstream effectors. We tested the effects of direct-current (DC) electric fields (EFs) on the migration behavior of the NPCs(vm). A DC EF induced directional cell migration toward the cathode, namely electrotaxis. Reversal of the EF polarity triggered a sharp reversal of the NPC(vm) electrotaxis. The electrotactic response was both time and EF voltage dependent. Pharmacologically inhibiting the canonical Wnt/GSK3β pathway significantly reduced the electrotactic response of NPCs(vm), which is associated with the down-regulation of GSK3β phosphorylation, β-catenin activation and CLASP2 expression. This was further proved by RNA interference of GSK3β, which also showed a significantly reduced electrotactic response in association with reduced β-catenin activation and CLASP2 expression. In comparison, RNA interference of β-catenin slightly reduced electrotactic response and CLASP2 expression. Both pharmacological inhibition of Wnt/GSK3β and RNA interference of GSK3β/β-catenin clearly reduced the asymmetric redistribution of CLASP2 and its co-localization with α-tubulin. These results suggest that Wnt/GSK3β signaling contributes to the electrotactic response of NPCs(vm) through the coordination of GSK3β phosphorylation, β-catenin activation, CLASP2 expression and asymmetric redistribution to the leading edge of the migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Bangfu Zhu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Gaofeng Zhang
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weiming Tian
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Bing Song
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK; Department of Dermatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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14
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Xu XX, Zhang LH, Xie X. Somatostatin receptor type 2 contributes to the self-renewal of murine embryonic stem cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1023-30. [PMID: 24998255 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in stem cell biology remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify GPCRs that might contribute to the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). METHODS The expression levels of pluripotent genes and GPCR gene were detected in E14 mESCs using PCR array and RT-PCR. Immunofluorescent staining was used to examine the expression of pluripotent markers and the receptor translocation. Western blot analysis was used to detect phosphorylation of signal proteins. Knock-down of receptor was conducted to confirm its role in pluripotency maintenance. RESULTS In leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-free medium, mESCs lost the typical morphology of pluripotency, accompanied by markedly decreases in expression of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), as well as the pluripotency biomarkers Oct4, Sox2, Rex1 and Nanog. Addition of the SSTR2 agonist octreotide or seglitide (0.1-30 μmol/L) in LIF-free medium dose-dependently promoted the self-renewal of mESCs, whereas the SSTR2 antagonist S4 (0.03-3 μmol/L) dose-dependently blocked octreotide-induced self-renewal. Knock-down of SSTR2 significantly decreased the self-renewal of mESCs even in the presence of LIF. Addition of LIF (1000 U/mL) or octreotide (1 μmol/L) in LIF-free medium significantly increased both phosphorylation and nuclear ocalization of STAT3. CONCLUSION The activation of SSTR2 contributes to the self-renewal of mESCs via activation of the STAT3 pathway.
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15
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A time course analysis of the electrophysiological properties of neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). PLoS One 2014; 9:e103418. [PMID: 25072157 PMCID: PMC4114788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many protocols have been designed to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neurons. Despite the relevance of electrophysiological properties for proper neuronal function, little is known about the evolution over time of important neuronal electrophysiological parameters in iPSC-derived neurons. Yet, understanding the development of basic electrophysiological characteristics of iPSC-derived neurons is critical for evaluating their usefulness in basic and translational research. Therefore, we analyzed the basic electrophysiological parameters of forebrain neurons differentiated from human iPSCs, from day 31 to day 55 after the initiation of neuronal differentiation. We assayed the developmental progression of various properties, including resting membrane potential, action potential, sodium and potassium channel currents, somatic calcium transients and synaptic activity. During the maturation of iPSC-derived neurons, the resting membrane potential became more negative, the expression of voltage-gated sodium channels increased, the membrane became capable of generating action potentials following adequate depolarization and, at day 48–55, 50% of the cells were capable of firing action potentials in response to a prolonged depolarizing current step, of which 30% produced multiple action potentials. The percentage of cells exhibiting miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents increased over time with a significant increase in their frequency and amplitude. These changes were associated with an increase of Ca2+ transient frequency. Co-culturing iPSC-derived neurons with mouse glial cells enhanced the development of electrophysiological parameters as compared to pure iPSC-derived neuronal cultures. This study demonstrates the importance of properly evaluating the electrophysiological status of the newly generated neurons when using stem cell technology, as electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived neurons mature over time.
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16
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Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds enhance dopaminergic differentiation of mouse pluripotent stem cells in 3-dimensional culture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84504. [PMID: 24376815 PMCID: PMC3869843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) gains more and more attention worldwide owing to its potential use for neurorestorative therapy for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The conventional 2D cell culture on petri dishes with various animal derived substrata such as collagen gels, laminin, and Matrigel is widely used to induce dopaminergic differentiation and it may limit the efficiency in the generation of dopaminergic neurons from ESCs and prevent their application for human therapies. Here, we reported that a self-assembling peptide made from natural amino acids has a property to generate a true 3D environment for dopaminergic differentiation. Mouse ESCs (R1) and mouse iPSCs (TTF-1) embedded in RADA16-I peptide-derived nanofiber scaffolds led to a marked increase in dopaminergic differentiation compared to the laminin-coated 2D culture or Matrigel-encapsulated 3D culture. These differentiated neurons expressed specific dopaminergic markers and produced appropriate patterns of action potential firing. Consistent with the increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons differentiated from R1 or TTF-1 in the self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS), both the expression levels of genes that involve in dopaminergic differentiation and maturation and the dopamine release in SAPNS culture were significantly elevated. The results of the study suggest that SAPNS provides a promising 3D culture system for dopaminergic differentiation.
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17
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Xu X, Wang N, Xu H, Xie A, Jiang H, Xie J. Fibroblast growth factor 20 polymorphism in sporadic Parkinson’s disease in Northern Han Chinese. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1588-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Itoh N, Ohta H. Roles of FGF20 in dopaminergic neurons and Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:15. [PMID: 23754977 PMCID: PMC3668169 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 22 members with diverse functions in development and metabolism. Fgf20 was originally identified as a new Fgf preferentially expressed in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Fgf20, which acts on proximal cells, significantly enhanced the survival of cultured dopaminergic neurons by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through Fgf receptor 1c. In the rat model of Parkinson's disease, Fgf20 afforded significant protection against the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The significant correlation of Parkinson's disease with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FGF20 indicates that the genetic variability of FGF20 can be a Parkinson's disease risk. Neural and embryonic stem (ES) cells have been considered as cell resources for restorative transplantation strategies in Parkinson's disease. Fgf20 promoted the differentiation of these stem cells into dopaminergic neurons, which attenuated neurological symptoms in animal models of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate the importance of FGF20 for the differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons and the etiology and therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Parsons XH. Constraining the Pluripotent Fate of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy - The Turning Point of Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 24926434 PMCID: PMC4051304 DOI: 10.9734/bbj/2013/4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, the lack of a clinically-suitable source of engraftable human stem/progenitor cells with adequate neurogenic potential has been the major setback in developing safe and effective cell-based therapies for regenerating the damaged or lost CNS structure and circuitry in a wide range of neurological disorders. Similarly, the lack of a clinically-suitable human cardiomyocyte source with adequate myocardium regenerative potential has been the major setback in regenerating the damaged human heart. Given the limited capacity of the CNS and heart for self-repair, there is a large unmet healthcare need to develop stem cell therapies to provide optimal regeneration and reconstruction treatment options to restore normal tissues and function. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides a powerful in vitro model system to investigate molecular controls in human embryogenesis as well as an unlimited source to generate the diversity of human somatic cell types for regenerative medicine. However, realizing the developmental and therapeutic potential of hESC derivatives has been hindered by the inefficiency and instability of generating clinically-relevant functional cells from pluripotent cells through conventional uncontrollable and incomplete multi-lineage differentiation. Recent advances and breakthroughs in hESC research have overcome some major obstacles in bringing hESC therapy derivatives towards clinical applications, including establishing defined culture systems for de novo derivation and maintenance of clinical-grade pluripotent hESCs and lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent hESCs by small molecule induction. Retinoic acid was identified as sufficient to induce the specification of neuroectoderm direct from the pluripotent state of hESCs and trigger a cascade of neuronal lineage-specific progression to human neuronal progenitors and neurons of the developing CNS in high efficiency, purity, and neuronal lineage specificity by promoting nuclear translocation of the neuronal specific transcription factor Nurr-1. Similarly, nicotinamide was rendered sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from the pluripotent state of hESCs by promoting the expression of the earliest cardiac-specific transcription factor Csx/Nkx2.5 and triggering progression to cardiac precursors and beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency. This technology breakthrough enables direct conversion of pluripotent hESCs into a large supply of high purity neuronal cells or heart muscle cells with adequate capacity to regenerate CNS neurons and contractile heart muscles for developing safe and effective stem cell therapies. Transforming pluripotent hESCs into fate-restricted therapy derivatives dramatically increases the clinical efficacy of graft-dependent repair and safety of hESC-derived cellular products. Such milestone advances and medical innovations in hESC research allow generation of a large supply of clinical-grade hESC therapy derivatives targeting for major health problems, bringing cell-based regenerative medicine to a turning point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun H Parsons
- San Diego Regenerative Medicine Institute, San Diego, CA 92109, USA. ; Xcelthera, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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20
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Parsons XH. Constraining the Pluripotent Fate of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy - The Turning Point of Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:424-457. [PMID: 24926434 DOI: 10.9734/bbj/2013/4309#sthash.6d8rulbv.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, the lack of a clinically-suitable source of engraftable human stem/progenitor cells with adequate neurogenic potential has been the major setback in developing safe and effective cell-based therapies for regenerating the damaged or lost CNS structure and circuitry in a wide range of neurological disorders. Similarly, the lack of a clinically-suitable human cardiomyocyte source with adequate myocardium regenerative potential has been the major setback in regenerating the damaged human heart. Given the limited capacity of the CNS and heart for self-repair, there is a large unmet healthcare need to develop stem cell therapies to provide optimal regeneration and reconstruction treatment options to restore normal tissues and function. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides a powerful in vitro model system to investigate molecular controls in human embryogenesis as well as an unlimited source to generate the diversity of human somatic cell types for regenerative medicine. However, realizing the developmental and therapeutic potential of hESC derivatives has been hindered by the inefficiency and instability of generating clinically-relevant functional cells from pluripotent cells through conventional uncontrollable and incomplete multi-lineage differentiation. Recent advances and breakthroughs in hESC research have overcome some major obstacles in bringing hESC therapy derivatives towards clinical applications, including establishing defined culture systems for de novo derivation and maintenance of clinical-grade pluripotent hESCs and lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent hESCs by small molecule induction. Retinoic acid was identified as sufficient to induce the specification of neuroectoderm direct from the pluripotent state of hESCs and trigger a cascade of neuronal lineage-specific progression to human neuronal progenitors and neurons of the developing CNS in high efficiency, purity, and neuronal lineage specificity by promoting nuclear translocation of the neuronal specific transcription factor Nurr-1. Similarly, nicotinamide was rendered sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from the pluripotent state of hESCs by promoting the expression of the earliest cardiac-specific transcription factor Csx/Nkx2.5 and triggering progression to cardiac precursors and beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency. This technology breakthrough enables direct conversion of pluripotent hESCs into a large supply of high purity neuronal cells or heart muscle cells with adequate capacity to regenerate CNS neurons and contractile heart muscles for developing safe and effective stem cell therapies. Transforming pluripotent hESCs into fate-restricted therapy derivatives dramatically increases the clinical efficacy of graft-dependent repair and safety of hESC-derived cellular products. Such milestone advances and medical innovations in hESC research allow generation of a large supply of clinical-grade hESC therapy derivatives targeting for major health problems, bringing cell-based regenerative medicine to a turning point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun H Parsons
- San Diego Regenerative Medicine Institute, San Diego, CA 92109, USA. ; Xcelthera, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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21
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Datta I, Ganapathy K, Tattikota SM, Bhonde R. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-line HUES9 to dopaminergic neurons in a serum-free defined culture niche. Cell Biol Int 2012; 37:54-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Datta
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine; Constituent Institute of Manipal University; GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Kavina Ganapathy
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine; Constituent Institute of Manipal University; GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Surendra Mohan Tattikota
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine; Constituent Institute of Manipal University; GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine; Constituent Institute of Manipal University; GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka India
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22
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Ho PJ, Yen ML, Yet SF, Yen BL. Current Applications of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Possibilities and Challenges. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:801-14. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are self-renewable cells with the differentiation capacity to develop into somatic cells with biological functions. This ability to sustain a renewable source of multi- and/or pluripotential differentiation has brought new hope to the field of regenerative medicine in terms of cell therapy and tissue engineering. Moreover, stem cells are invaluable tools as in vitro models for studying diverse fields, from basic scientific questions such as developmental processes and lineage commitment, to practical application including drug screening and testing. The stem cells with widest differentiation potential are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which are rare cells with the ability to generate somatic cells from all three germ layers. PSCs are considered the most optimal choice for therapeutic potential of stem cells, bringing new impetus to the field of regenerative medicine. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic potential of human PSCs (hPSCs) including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), reviewing the current preclinical and clinical data using these stem cells. We describe the classification of different sources of hPSCs, ongoing research, and currently encountered clinical obstacles of these novel and versatile human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Jiun Ho
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Departmant of Primary Medicine and Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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23
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Belinsky GS, Moore AR, Short SM, Rich MT, Antic SD. Physiological properties of neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells using a dibutyryl cyclic AMP-based protocol. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1733-46. [PMID: 21226567 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells hold promise for the therapy of neurological diseases. Quality inspection of human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons has often been based on immunolabeling for neuronal markers. Here we put emphasis on their physiological properties. Electrophysiological measurements were carried out systematically at different stages of neuronal in vitro development, including the very early stage, neuroepithelial rosettes. Developing human neurons are able to generate action potentials (APs) as early as 10 days after the start of differentiation. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive (putative dopaminergic, DA) neurons tend to aggregate into clumps, and their overall yield per coverslip is relatively low (8.3%) because of areas void of DA neurons. On the same in vitro day, neighboring neurons can be in very different stages of differentiation, including repetitive AP firing, single full-size AP, and abortive AP. Similarly, the basic electrophysiological parameters (resting membrane potential, input resistance, peak sodium, and peak potassium currents) are scattered in a wide range. Visual appearance of differentiating neurons, and number of primary and secondary dendrites cannot be used to predict the peak sodium current or AP firing properties of cultured neurons. Approximately 13% of neurons showed evidence of hyperpolarization-induced current (I(h)), a characteristic of DA neurons; however, no neurons with repetitive APs showed I(h). The electrophysiological measurements thus indicate that a standard DA differentiation (dibutyryl cyclic AMP-based) protocol, applied for 2-5 weeks, produces a heterogeneous ensemble of mostly immature neurons. The overall quality of human neurons under present conditions (survival factors were not used) begins to deteriorate after 12 days of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S Belinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401, USA
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24
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Han J, Sidhu K. Embryonic stem cell extracts: use in differentiation and reprogramming. Regen Med 2011; 6:215-27. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been studied extensively for decades and they have the inherent capacity to self-renew as well as to generate one or more types of specialized cells. The current focus of research on stem cells, particularly on embryonic stem cells, is on directed differentiation of these cells into specific cell types for future regenerative medicine. For the past few years, the process of reprogramming, which mediates convertion of somatic cells to their pluripotent state, has been given much attention, as it provides a possible source of autologous stem cells. In addition, understanding the molecular mechanism of differentiation and reprogramming has long been a subject of interest. In this article, we have briefly introduced stem cells and discussed the use of embryonic stem cells in reprogramming of somatic cells and differentiation to different lineages. The application of embryonic stem cells extracts in inducing reprogramming and transdifferentiation has also been described and discussed. Should this approach be successful, patient-specific cells will be produced safely and the likelihood of rejection will be decreased when used in cell therapy for many debilitating human diseases for which there is no cure such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnuo Han
- Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kuldip Sidhu
- Faculty of Medicine, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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25
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Callihan P, Mumaw J, Machacek DW, Stice SL, Hooks SB. Regulation of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation by G protein coupled receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:290-306. [PMID: 21073897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics have the potential to effectively treat many terminal and debilitating human diseases, but the mechanisms by which their growth and differentiation are regulated are incompletely defined. Recent data from multiple systems suggest major roles for G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways in regulating stem cell function in vivo and in vitro. The goal of this review is to illustrate common ground between the growing field of stem cell therapeutics and the long-established field of G protein coupled receptor signaling. Herein, we briefly introduce basic stem cell biology and discuss how several conserved pathways regulate pluripotency and differentiation in mouse and human stem cells. We further discuss general mechanisms by which GPCR signaling may impact these pluripotency and differentiation pathways, and summarize specific examples of receptors from each of the major GPCR subfamilies that have been shown to regulate stem cell function. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic implications of GPCR regulation of stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Callihan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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26
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Hwang DY, Kim DS, Kim DW. Human ES and iPS cells as cell sources for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current state and problems. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:292-301. [PMID: 20014069 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a promising therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD), an incurable neurodegenerative disease. A prerequisite for clinical application of hESCs for PD is an efficient and strict differentiation of hESCs into midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron-like cells, which would be directly translated into high effectiveness of the therapy with minimum risk of undesirable side effects. Due to fruitful efforts from many laboratories, a variety of strategies for improving efficiency of dopaminergic differentiation from hESCs have been developed, mostly by optimizing culture conditions, genetic modification, and modulating intracellular signaling pathways. The rapid advances in the fields of dopaminergic differentiation of hESCs, prevention of tumor formation, and establishment of safe human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) would open the door to highly effective, tumor-free, and immune rejection-free cell therapy for PD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Hwang
- Stem Cell Research Center, 21C Frontier R&D Program of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Yonsei University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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27
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Li M, Zhang SZ, Guo YW, Cai YQ, Yan ZJ, Zou Z, Jiang XD, Ke YQ, He XY, Jin ZL, Lu GH, Su DQ. Human umbilical vein-derived dopaminergic-like cell transplantation with nerve growth factor ameliorates motor dysfunction in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1522-9. [PMID: 20658188 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiating into dopaminergic-like cells, but currently no report has been available to describe the induction of human umbilical vein mesenchymal stem cells (HUVMSCs) into dopaminergic-like cells. In this study, we induced HUVMSCs in vitro into neurospheres constituted by neural stem-like cells, and further into cells bearing strong morphological, phenotypic and functional resemblances with dopaminergic-like cells. These HUVMSC-derived dopaminergic-like cells, after grafting into the brain of a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD), showed a partial therapeutic effect in terms of the behavioral improvement. Nerve growth factor was reported to improve the local microenvironment of the grafted cells, and we therefore further tested the effect of dopaminergic-like cell grafting combined with nerve growth factor (NGF) administration at the site of cell transplantation. The results showed that NGF administration significantly promoted the survival of the grafted cells in the host brain and enhanced the content of dopaminergic in the local brain tissue. Behavioral test demonstrated a significant improvement of the motor function of the PD rats after dopaminergic-like cell grafting with NGF administration as compared with that of rats receiving the cell grafting only. These results suggest that transplantation of the dopaminergic-like cells combined with NGF administration may represent a new strategy of stem cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Fricker-Gates RA, Gates MA. Stem cell-derived dopamine neurons for brain repair in Parkinson’s disease. Regen Med 2010; 5:267-78. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the prospects for a curative treatment for Parkinson’s disease is to replace the lost dopaminergic neurons. Preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that dissected fetal dopaminergic neurons have the potential to markedly improve motor function in animal models and Parkinson’s disease patients. However, this source of cells will never be sufficient to use as a widespread therapy. Over the last 20 years, scientists have been searching for other reliable sources of midbrain dopamine neurons, and stem cells appear to be strong candidates. This article reviews the potential of different types of stem cells, from embryonic to adult to induced pluripotent stem cells, to see how well the cells can be differentiated into fully functional dopamine neurons, which cells might be the best candidates and how much more research is required before stem cell technology might be translated to a clinical therapy for Parkinson’s disease.
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Lee H, Park J, Forget BG, Gaines P. Induced pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: an argument for continued research on human embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2009; 4:759-69. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be induced to differentiate into a wide range of tissues that soon could be used for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Despite their developmental potential, sources used to generate human ESC lines raise serious ethical concerns, which recently prompted efforts to reprogram somatic cells back to a pluripotent state. These efforts resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are functionally similar to ESCs. However, the genetic manipulations required to generate iPS cells may complicate their growth and developmental characteristics, which poses serious problems in predicting how they will behave when used for tissue-regenerative purposes. In this article we summarize the recently developed methodologies used to generate iPS cells, including those that minimize their genetic manipulation, and discuss several important complicating features of iPS cells that may compromise their future use for therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics,New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Park
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Bernard G Forget
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Gaines
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, 515 Olsen Hall, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Ren Z, Zhang Y. Cells therapy for Parkinson's disease--so close and so far away. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:610-4. [PMID: 19641865 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the strategies of treating Parkinson's disease (PD) is the replacement of lost neurons in the substantia nigra with healthy dapamingergic cells. Potential sources for cells range from autologous grafts of dopamine secreting cells, fetal ventral mesencephalon tissue, to various stem cell types. Over the past quarter century, many experimental replacement therapies have been tried on PD animal models as well as human patients, yet none resulted in satisfactory outcomes that warrant wide applications. Recent progress in stem cell biology has shown that nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntES) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) derived cells can be used to successfully treat rodent PD models, thus solving the problem of immunorejection and paving the way for future autologous transplantations for treating PD. Meanwhile, however, post mortem analysis of patients who received fetal brain cell transplantation revealed that implanted cells are prone to degeneration just like endogenous neurons in the same pathological area, indicating long-term efficacy of cell therapy of PD needs to overcome the degenerating environment in the brain. A better understanding of neurodegeneration in the midbrain appeared to be a necessary step in developing new cell therapies in Parkinson's disease. It is likely that future cell replacement will focus on not only ameliorating symptoms of the disease but also trying to slow the progression of the disease by either neuroprotection or restoring the micro-environment in the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenHua Ren
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
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31
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Parsons XH, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Important precautions when deriving patient-specific neural elements from pluripotent cells. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:815-24. [PMID: 19903095 PMCID: PMC3449142 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903180092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent human neural stem cells (hNSC) have traditionally been isolated directly from the central nervous system (CNS). To date, as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of neurologic disorders, the most promising results have been obtained using hNSC isolated directly from the human fetal neuroectoderm. The propagation ability of such tissue-derived hNSC is often limited, however, making it difficult to establish a large-scale culture. Following engraftment, these hNSC often show low efficiency in generating the desired neuronal cells necessary for reconstruction of the damaged host milieu and, as a result, have failed to give satisfactory results in clinical trials so far. Alternatively, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) offer a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of a rich spectrum of well-characterized neural-lineage committed stem/progenitor/precursor cells that can, theoretically, be picked at precisely their safest and most efficacious state of plasticity to meet a given clinical challenge. However, the need for 'foreign' biologic additives and multilineage differentiation inclination may make direct use of such cell-derived hNSC in patients problematic. The hNSC, when derived from pluripotent cells under protocols presently employed in the field, tend to display not only a low efficiency in neuronal differentiation, but also an inclination for phenotypic heterogeneity and instability and, hence, increased risk of tumorigenesis following engraftment. For hNSC derived in vitro to be used safely in therapeutic paradigms, it requires conversion of human pluripotent cells uniformly to cells that are restricted to the neural lineage in need of repair. Developing strategies for direct induction of human pluripotent cells exclusively into neural-committed progenies at a broad range of developmental stages will allow a large supply of optimal therapeutic hNSC tailor-made for safe and effective treatment of particular neurologic diseases and injuries in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun H. Parsons
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Stem Cell Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yang D. Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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