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Pérez-Fernández BA, Calzadilla L, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Boggiano T, Mulet R. Sodium acetate increases the productivity of HEK293 cells expressing the ECD-Her1 protein in batch cultures: experimental results and metabolic flux analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1335898. [PMID: 38659646 PMCID: PMC11039900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1335898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293) are a popular host for recombinant protein expression and production in the biotechnological industry. This has driven within both, the scientific and the engineering communities, the search for strategies to increase their protein productivity. The present work is inserted into this search exploring the impact of adding sodium acetate (NaAc) into a batch culture of HEK293 cells. We monitored, as a function of time, the cell density, many external metabolites, and the supernatant concentration of the heterologous extra-cellular domain ECD-Her1 protein, a protein used to produce a candidate prostate cancer vaccine. We observed that by adding different concentrations of NaAc (0, 4, 6 and 8 mM), the production of ECD-Her1 protein increases consistently with increasing concentration, whereas the carrying capacity of the medium decreases. To understand these results we exploited a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA) was used to infer intracellular metabolic fluxes from the concentration of external metabolites. Moreover, we measured independently the extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate of the cells. Both approaches support the idea that the addition of NaAc to the culture has a significant impact on the metabolism of the HEK293 cells and that, if properly tuned, enhances the productivity of the heterologous ECD-Her1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ariane Pérez-Fernández
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Carla Bosia
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
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Nucleotide sugar precursor feeding strategy to enhance sialylation of albumin-erythropoietin in CHO cell cultures. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Galleguillos SN, Ruckerbauer D, Gerstl MP, Borth N, Hanscho M, Zanghellini J. What can mathematical modelling say about CHO metabolism and protein glycosylation? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:212-221. [PMID: 28228925 PMCID: PMC5310201 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cells have been in the spotlight for process optimization in recent years, due to being the major, long established cell factory for the production of recombinant proteins. A deep, quantitative understanding of CHO metabolism and mechanisms involved in protein glycosylation has proven to be attainable through the development of high throughput technologies. Here we review the most notable accomplishments in the field of modelling CHO metabolism and protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Galleguillos
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Ruckerbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias P Gerstl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hanscho
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Zanghellini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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Valeric acid supplementation combined to mild hypothermia increases productivity in CHO cell cultivations. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Pfizenmaier J, Matuszczyk JC, Takors R. Changes in intracellular ATP-content of CHO cells as response to hyperosmolality. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1212-6. [PMID: 26146937 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of approaches has been published to enhance specific productivity (qp) of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Changes in culture conditions, e. g. temperature shifts, sodium butyrate treatment and hyperosmolality, were shown to improve qp . To contribute to a better understanding of the correlation between hyperosmolality and enhanced qp , we analyzed cellular kinetics and intracellular adenine nucleotide pools during osmotic shift periods. Known phenotypes like increased formation rates for lactate and product (anti-IL-8 antibody; qlactate, qp) as well as increased cell specific uptake rate for glucose (qglucose ) were found--besides inhibition of cell growth and G1-arrest occurred during batch cultivations with osmotic shift. The analysis of intracellular AXP pools revealed enlarged ATP amounts for cells as response to hyperosmolality while energy charges remained unchanged. Enhanced ATP-pools coincided with severely increased ATP formation rates (qATP ) which outweighed by far the putative requirements attributed to regulatory volume increase. Therefore elevated qATP mirrored an increased cellular demand for energy while experiencing hyperosmotic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pfizenmaier
- The Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Takors
- The Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Song Z, Zhang Y. Sodium butyrate enhances the acidic isoform content of recombinant human erythropoietin produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:907-11. [PMID: 24557070 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate is commonly used in mammalian cell cultures to increase the productivity of recombinant proteins. A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was cultured in commercial medium. Addition of 0.5 mM butyrate inhibited the over-growth of the cells after the medium was changed from serum-added medium to serum-free medium. At the 6th day, the addition of butyrate lowered the transcriptional level of sialidases I, II, and III compared to that of control groups by 56, 87, and 59%, respectively. Extracellular sialidase activity was decreased by 53% by addition of butyrate. The inhibition of cell over-growth and the decrease of extracellular sialidase activity helped to increase the acidic isoform content of rhEPO expressed by this CHO cell strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Carinhas N, Duarte TM, Barreiro LC, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Teixeira AP. Metabolic signatures of GS-CHO cell clones associated with butyrate treatment and culture phase transition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:3244-57. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Carinhas
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Duarte
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Laura C. Barreiro
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Manuel J. T. Carrondo
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ana P. Teixeira
- iBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
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A kinetic-metabolic model based on cell energetic state: study of CHO cell behavior under Na-butyrate stimulation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:469-87. [PMID: 22976819 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic-metabolic model approach describing and simulating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell behavior is presented. The model includes glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, respiratory chain, redox state and energetic metabolism. Growth kinetic is defined as a function of the major precursors for the synthesis of cell building blocks. Michaelis-Menten type kinetic is used for metabolic intermediates as well as for regulatory functions from energy shuttles (ATP/ADP) and cofactors (NAD/H and NADP/H). Model structure and parameters were first calibrated using results from bioreactor cultures of CHO cells expressing recombinant t-PA. It is shown that the model can simulate experimental data for all available experimental data, such as extracellular glucose, glutamine, lactate and ammonium concentration time profiles, as well as cell energetic state. A sensitivity analysis allowed identifying the most sensitive parameters. The model was then shown to be readily adaptable for studying the effect of sodium butyrate on CHO cells metabolism, where it was applied to the cases with sodium butyrate addition either at mid-exponential growth phase (48 h) or at the early plateau phase (74 h). In both cases, a global optimization routine was used for the simultaneous estimation of the most sensitive parameters, while the insensitive parameters were considered as constants. Finally, confidence intervals for the estimated parameters were calculated. Results presented here further substantiate our previous findings that butyrate treatment at mid-exponential phase may cause a shift in cellular metabolism toward a sustained and increased efficiency of glucose utilization channeled through the TCA cycle.
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Hammami I, Chen J, Murschel F, Bronte V, De Crescenzo G, Jolicoeur M. Immunosuppressive activity enhances central carbon metabolism and bioenergetics in myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vitro models. BMC Cell Biol 2012; 13:18. [PMID: 22762146 PMCID: PMC3433355 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-13-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor microenvironment contains a vast array of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that alter myelopoiesis and lead to the maturation of immunosuppressive cells known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Incubating bone marrow (BM) precursors with a combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) generated a tumor-infiltrating MDSC-like population that impaired anti-tumor specific T-cell functions. This in vitro experimental approach was used to simulate MDSC maturation, and the cellular metabolic response was then monitored. A complementary experimental model that inhibited L-arginine (L-Arg) metabolizing enzymes in MSC-1 cells, an immortalized cell line derived from primary MDSCs, was used to study the metabolic events related to immunosuppression. Results Exposure of BM cells to GM-CSF and IL-6 activated, within 24 h, L-Arg metabolizing enzymes which are responsible for the MDSCs immunosuppressive potential. This was accompanied by an increased uptake of L-glutamine (L-Gln) and glucose, the latter being metabolized by anaerobic glycolysis. The up-regulation of nutrient uptake lead to the accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates and lactate as well as the endogenous synthesis of L-Arg and the production of energy-rich nucleotides. Moreover, inhibition of L-Arg metabolism in MSC-1 cells down-regulated central carbon metabolism activity, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis and TCA cycle activity, and led to a deterioration of cell bioenergetic status. The simultaneous increase of cell specific concentrations of ATP and a decrease in ATP-to-ADP ratio in BM-derived MDSCs suggested cells were metabolically active during maturation. Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated during MDSC maturation in GM-CSF and IL-6–treated cultures, as revealed by the continuous increase of AMP-to-ATP ratios and the phosphorylation of AMPK. Likewise, AMPK activity was decreased in MSC-1 cells when L-Arg metabolizing enzymes were inhibited. Finally, inhibition of AMPK activity by the specific inhibitor Compound C (Comp-C) resulted in the inhibition of L-Arg metabolizing enzyme activity and abolished MDSCs immunosuppressive activity. Conclusions We anticipate that the inhibition of AMPK and the control of metabolic fluxes may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for the recovery of the immunosurveillance process in cancer-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hammami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, H3T-1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
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The combined effect of sodium butyrate and low culture temperature on the production, sialylation, and biological activity of an antibody produced in CHO cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liew JC, Tan WS, Alitheen NBM, Chan ES, Tey BT. Over-expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) delays serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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