1
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Xu H, Ji M, Xu D, Liu Y. Computer-aided mining of a psychrophilic cellobiose 2-epimerase from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau gene catalogue. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134202. [PMID: 39089546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) catalyzes the conversion of the lactose into its high-value derivatives, epilactose and lactulose, which has great prospects in food applications. In this study, CE sequences from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau gene catalogue, we screened these for structural flexibility through molecular dynamics simulation to identify potential psychrophilic CE candidates. One such psychrophilic CE we termed psyCE demonstrated exceptional epimerization activity, achieving an optimum activity of 122.2 ± 1.6 U/mg. Its kinetic parameters (Kcat and Km) for epimerization activity were 219.9 ± 5.6 s-1 and 261.9 ± 18.1 mM, respectively, representing the highest Kcat recorded among known cold-active CEs. Notably, this is the first report of a psychrophilic CE. The psyCE can effectively produce epilactose at 8 °C, converting 20.3 % of 200 mM lactose into epilactose within four hours. These findings suggest that psyCE is highly suitable for cryogenic food processing, and glaciers may serve as a valuable repository of psychrophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xu
- Center for Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mukan Ji
- Center for Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dawei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yongqin Liu
- Center for Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Komolov AS, Sannikova EP, Gorbunov AA, Gubaidullin II, Plokhikh KS, Konstantinova GE, Bulushova NV, Kuchin SV, Kozlov DG. Synthesis of biologically active proteins as L6KD-SUMO fusions forming inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:535-550. [PMID: 37927002 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A new platform has been developed to facilitate the production of biologically active proteins and peptides in Escherichia coli. The platform includes an N-terminal self-associating L6 KD peptide fused to the SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-like protein modifier) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is known for its chaperone activity. The target proteins are fused at the C termini of the L6 KD-SUMO fusions, and the resulting three-component fusion proteins are synthesized and self-assembled in E. coli into so-called active inclusion bodies (AIBs). In vivo, the L6 KD-SUMO platform facilitates the correct folding of the target proteins and directs them into AIBs, greatly simplifying their purification. In vitro, the platform facilitates the effective separation of AIBs by centrifugation and subsequent target protein release using SUMO-specific protease. The properties of the AIBs were determined using five proteins with different sizes, folding efficiencies, quaternary structure, and disulfide modifications. Electron microscopy shows that AIBs are synthesized in the form of complex fibrillar structures resembling "loofah sponges" with unusually thick filaments. The obtained results indicate that the new platform has promising features and could be developed to facilitate the synthesis and purification of target proteins and protein complexes without the use of renaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irek I Gubaidullin
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Genomic Center, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"-GOSNIIGENETIKA, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sergei V Kuchin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Singh RV, Sambyal K. β-galactosidase as an industrial enzyme: production and potential. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Kamel S, Walczak MC, Kaspar F, Westarp S, Neubauer P, Kurreck A. Thermostable adenosine 5'-monophosphate phosphorylase from Thermococcus kodakarensis forms catalytically active inclusion bodies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16880. [PMID: 34413335 PMCID: PMC8376864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) produced in Escherichia coli are an interesting but currently underexplored strategy for enzyme immobilization. They can be purified easily and used directly as stable and reusable heterogenous catalysts. However, very few examples of CatIBs that are naturally formed during heterologous expression have been reported so far. Previous studies have revealed that the adenosine 5′-monophosphate phosphorylase of Thermococcus kodakarensis (TkAMPpase) forms large soluble multimers with high thermal stability. Herein, we show that heat treatment of soluble protein from crude extract induces aggregation of active protein which phosphorolyse all natural 5′-mononucleotides. Additionally, inclusion bodies formed during the expression in E. coli were found to be similarly active with 2–6 folds higher specific activity compared to these heat-induced aggregates. Interestingly, differences in the substrate preference were observed. These results show that the recombinant thermostable TkAMPpase is one of rare examples of naturally formed CatIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kamel
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam C Walczak
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Kaspar
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Westarp
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany. .,BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Purified lactases versus whole-cell lactases-the winner takes it all. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4943-4955. [PMID: 34115184 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactose-free dairy products are in great demand worldwide due to the high prevalence of lactose intolerance. To make lactose-free dairy products, commercially available β-galactosidase enzymes, also termed lactases, are used to break down lactose to its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. In this mini-review, the characteristics of lactase enzymes, their origin, and ways of use are discussed in light of their potential for hydrolyzing lactose. We also discuss whole-cell lactase catalysts, which appear to have great potential in terms of cost reduction and convenience, and which are more natural alternatives to purified enzymes. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) already used in food fermentations seem to be optimal candidates for whole-cell lactases. However, they have not been industrially exploited yet due to technical hurdles. For whole-cell lactases to be efficient, the lactase enzymes inside the cells must be made available for lactose hydrolysis, and thus, cells need to be permeabilized or disrupted prior to use. Here we review state-of-the-art approaches for disrupting or permeabilizing microorganisms. Lastly, based on recent scientific achievements, we propose a novel, resource-efficient, and low-cost scenario for achieving lactose hydrolysis at a dairy plant using a LAB whole-cell lactase.Key points• Lactases (β-galactosidase) are essential for producing lactose-free dairy products• Novel permeabilization techniques facilitate the use of LAB lactases• Whole-cell lactase catalysts have great potential for reducing costs and resources Graphical abstract.
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6
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Mangiagalli M, Lotti M. Cold-Active β-Galactosidases: Insight into Cold Adaption Mechanisms and Biotechnological Exploitation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010043. [PMID: 33477853 PMCID: PMC7832830 DOI: 10.3390/md19010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
β-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the hydrolysis of β-galactosidic bonds in oligosaccharides and, under certain conditions, transfer a sugar moiety from a glycosyl donor to an acceptor. Cold-active β-galactosidases are identified in microorganisms endemic to permanently low-temperature environments. While mesophilic β-galactosidases are broadly studied and employed for biotechnological purposes, the cold-active enzymes are still scarcely explored, although they may prove very useful in biotechnological processes at low temperature. This review covers several issues related to cold-active β-galactosidases, including their classification, structure and molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation. Moreover, their applications are discussed, focusing on the production of lactose-free dairy products as well as on the valorization of cheese whey and the synthesis of glycosyl building blocks for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
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7
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Jäger VD, Lamm R, Küsters K, Ölçücü G, Oldiges M, Jaeger KE, Büchs J, Krauss U. Catalytically-active inclusion bodies for biotechnology-general concepts, optimization, and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7313-7329. [PMID: 32651598 PMCID: PMC7413871 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) have long been considered as inactive, unfolded waste material produced by heterologous overexpression of recombinant genes. In industrial applications, they are occasionally used as an alternative in cases where a protein cannot be expressed in soluble form and in high enough amounts. Then, however, refolding approaches are needed to transform inactive IBs into active soluble protein. While anecdotal reports about IBs themselves showing catalytic functionality/activity (CatIB) are found throughout literature, only recently, the use of protein engineering methods has facilitated the on-demand production of CatIBs. CatIB formation is induced usually by fusing short peptide tags or aggregation-inducing protein domains to a target protein. The resulting proteinaceous particles formed by heterologous expression of the respective genes can be regarded as a biologically produced bionanomaterial or, if enzymes are used as target protein, carrier-free enzyme immobilizates. In the present contribution, we review general concepts important for CatIB production, processing, and application. KEY POINTS: • Catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) are promising bionanomaterials. • Potential applications in biocatalysis, synthetic chemistry, and biotechnology. • CatIB formation represents a generic approach for enzyme immobilization. • CatIB formation efficiency depends on construct design and expression conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera D Jäger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Robin Lamm
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Kira Küsters
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gizem Ölçücü
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany.
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany.
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8
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Chen Q, Xiao Y, Zhang W, Stressler T, Fischer L, Jiang B, Mu W. Computer-aided search for a cold-active cellobiose 2-epimerase. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7730-7741. [PMID: 32684457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is a promising industrial enzyme that can catalyze bioconversion of lactose to its high-value derivatives, namely epilactose and lactulose. A need exists in the dairy industry to catalyze lactose bioconversions at low temperatures to avoid microbial growth. We focused on the discovery of cold-active CE in this study. A genome mining method based on computational prediction was used to screen the potential genes encoding cold-active enzymes. The CE-encoding gene from Roseburia intestinalis, with a predicted high structural flexibility, was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. The catalytic property of the recombinant enzyme was extensively studied. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 45°C and 7.0, respectively. The specific activity of this enzyme to catalyze conversion of lactose to epilactose was measured to be 77.3 ± 1.6 U/mg. The kinetic parameters, including turnover number (kcat), Michaelis constant (Km), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) using lactose as a substrate were 117.0 ± 7.7 s-1, 429.9 ± 57.3 mM, and 0.27 mM-1s-1, respectively. In situ production of epilactose was carried out at 8°C: 20.9% of 68.4 g/L lactose was converted into epilactose in 4 h using 0.02 mg/mL (1.5 U/mL, measured at 45°C) of recombinant enzyme. The enzyme discovered by this in silico method is suitable for low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yaqin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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9
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VuThi H, Jang SH, Lee C. Cloning and characterization of a thermostable glutathione reductase from a psychrophilic Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas sp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5593954. [PMID: 31626298 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione reductase is an important oxidoreductase that helps maintain redox homeostasis by catalyzing the conversion of glutathione disulfide to glutathione using NADPH as a cofactor. In this study, we cloned and characterized a glutathione reductase (hereafter referred to as SpGR) from Sphingomonas sp. PAMC 26621, an Arctic bacterium. SpGR comprises 449 amino acids, and functions as a dimer. Surprisingly, SpGR exhibits characteristics of thermophilic enzymes, showing optimum activity at 60°C and thermal stability up to 70°C with ∼50% residual activity at 70°C for 2 h. The amino acid composition analysis of SpGR showed a 1.9-fold higher Arg content (6%) and a 2.7-fold lower Lys/Arg ratio (0.75) compared to the Arg content (3.15%) and the Lys/Arg ratio (2.01) of known psychrophilic glutathione reductases. SpGR also exhibits its activity at 4°C, and circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy results indicate that SpGR maintains its secondary and tertiary structures within the temperature range of 4-70°C. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that despite its origin from a psychrophilic bacterium, SpGR has high thermal stability. Our study provides an insight into the role of glutathione reductase in maintaining the reducing power of an Arctic bacterium in a broad range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai VuThi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, South Korea
| | - Sei-Heon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, South Korea
| | - ChangWoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, South Korea
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10
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Mestrom L, Marsden SR, McMillan DGG, Schoevaart R, Hagedoorn P, Hanefeld U. Comparison of Enzymes Immobilised on Immobeads and Inclusion Bodies: A Case Study of a Trehalose Transferase. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVisionHoog-Harnasch 44 2635 DL Den Hoorn The Netherlands
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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11
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de Marco A, Ferrer-Miralles N, Garcia-Fruitós E, Mitraki A, Peternel S, Rinas U, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Bacterial inclusion bodies are industrially exploitable amyloids. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:53-72. [PMID: 30357330 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure, functionalities and biology of functional amyloids is an issue of emerging interest. Inclusion bodies, namely protein clusters formed in recombinant bacteria during protein production processes, have emerged as unanticipated, highly tunable models for the scrutiny of the physiology and architecture of functional amyloids. Based on an amyloidal skeleton combined with varying amounts of native or native-like protein forms, bacterial inclusion bodies exhibit an unusual arrangement that confers mechanical stability, biological activity and conditional protein release, being thus exploitable as versatile biomaterials. The applicability of inclusion bodies in biotechnology as enriched sources of protein and reusable catalysts, and in biomedicine as biocompatible topographies, nanopills or mimetics of endocrine secretory granules has been largely validated. Beyond these uses, the dissection of how recombinant bacteria manage the aggregation of functional protein species into structures of highly variable complexity offers insights about unsuspected connections between protein quality (conformational status compatible with functionality) and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ursula Rinas
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Technical Chemistry and Life Science, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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12
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Xavier JR, Ramana KV, Sharma RK. β-galactosidase: Biotechnological applications in food processing. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janifer Raj Xavier
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory; Defence Research and Development Organization; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Karna Venkata Ramana
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory; Defence Research and Development Organization; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Defence Research and Development Organization; Mysore Karnataka India
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13
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Letsididi R, Hassanin HA, Koko MY, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Lactulose production by a thermostable glycoside hydrolase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC-167. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:928-937. [PMID: 28703279 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose has various uses in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Thermostable enzymes have many advantages for industrial exploitation, including high substrate solubilities as well as reduced risk of process contamination. RESULTS Enzymatic synthesis of lactulose employing a transgalactosylation reaction by a recombinant thermostable glycoside hydrolase (GH1) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC-167 was investigated. The optimal pH for lactulose production was found to be 4.5, while the optimal temperature was 85 °C, before it dropped moderately to 83% at 90 °C. However, the relative activity for lactulose synthesis dropped sharply to 35% at 95 °C. At optimal reaction conditions of 70% (w/w) initial sugar substrates with molar ratio of lactose to fructose of 1:4, 15 U mL-1 enzyme concentration and 85 °C, the time course reaction produced a maximum lactulose concentration of 108 g L-1 at 4 h, corresponding to a lactulose yield of 14% and 27 g L-1 h-1 productivity with 84% lactose conversion. The transgalactosylation reaction for lactulose synthesis was greatly influenced by the ratio of galactose donor to acceptor. CONCLUSION This novel GH1 may be useful for process applications owing to its high activity in very concentrated substrate reaction media and promising thermostability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebaone Letsididi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Hinawi Am Hassanin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marwa Yf Koko
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Maitan-Alfenas GP, Casarotti SN. Enzymes and Dairy Products. MICROBIAL CULTURES AND ENZYMES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in food production, including dairy products, is below expected due the high costs associated with their production and purification. Microbial enzymes have great potential for industrial applications since they can be produced via large-scale fermentation and they are easily expressed by cloning in well-known cultivated microorganisms. The combination of different procedures such as over-expression techniques and the use of low costs induction sources has resulted in the production of enzymes to be used in high added-value dairy products. The addition of glucose oxidase to probiotic yogurts has been indicated as an alternative to the maintenance of probiotic functionality. Bile salt hydrolase contributes to prevention of hypercholesterolemia which is interesting to produce new functional dairy products. This chapter discusses enzyme sources and their relevance in dairy products, the production of enzymes using cloning and super-expression techniques, as well as enzymes related to functional dairy products.
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Letsididi R, Hassanin HA, Koko MY, Ndayishimiye JB, Zhang T, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L, Mu W. Characterization of a thermostable glycoside hydrolase (CMbg0408) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC-167. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2132-2140. [PMID: 27582034 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermophilic archaea capable of functioning optimally at very high temperatures are a good source of unique and industrially important thermostable enzymes. RESULTS A glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-galactosidase gene (BglB) from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Caldivirga maquilingensis IC-167 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme (CMbg0408) displayed optimum activity at 110 °C and pH 5.0. It also retained 92% and 70% of its maximal activity at 115 and 120 °C, respectively. The enzyme was completely thermostable and active after 120 min of incubation at 80 and 90 °C. It also showed broad substrate specificity with activities of 8876 ± 185 U mg-1 for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, 4464 ± 172 U mg-1 for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, 1486 ± 68 U mg-1 for o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, 2250 ± 86 U mg-1 for o-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside and 175 ± 4 U mg-1 for lactose. A catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) of 3059 ± 122 mmol L-1 s-1 and Km value of 8.1 ± 0.08 mmol L-1 were displayed towards p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside. CONCLUSION As a result of its remarkable thermostability and high activity at high temperatures, this novel β-galactosidase may be useful for food and pharmaceutical applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebaone Letsididi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Food Technology Research Centre, Private Bag 008, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Hinawi Am Hassanin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Marwa Yf Koko
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jean B Ndayishimiye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Krauss U, Jäger VD, Diener M, Pohl M, Jaeger KE. Catalytically-active inclusion bodies-Carrier-free protein immobilizates for application in biotechnology and biomedicine. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:136-147. [PMID: 28465211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) consist of unfolded protein aggregates and represent inactive waste products often accumulating during heterologous overexpression of recombinant genes in Escherichia coli. This general misconception has been challenged in recent years by the discovery that IBs, apart from misfolded polypeptides, can also contain substantial amounts of active and thus correctly or native-like folded protein. The corresponding catalytically-active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) can be regarded as a biologically-active sub-micrometer sized biomaterial or naturally-produced carrier-free protein immobilizate. Fusion of polypeptide (protein) tags can induce CatIB formation paving the way towards the wider application of CatIBs in synthetic chemistry, biocatalysis and biomedicine. In the present review we summarize the history of CatIBs, present the molecular-biological tools that are available to induce CatIB formation, and highlight potential lines of application. In the second part findings regarding the formation, architecture, and structure of (Cat)IBs are summarized. Finally, an overview is presented about the available bioinformatic tools that potentially allow for the prediction of aggregation and thus (Cat)IB formation. This review aims at demonstrating the potential of CatIBs for biotechnology and hopefully contributes to a wider acceptance of this promising, yet not widely utilized, protein preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Vera D Jäger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Santiago M, Ramírez-Sarmiento CA, Zamora RA, Parra LP. Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms, and Industrial Applications of Cold-Active Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1408. [PMID: 27667987 PMCID: PMC5016527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-active enzymes constitute an attractive resource for biotechnological applications. Their high catalytic activity at temperatures below 25°C makes them excellent biocatalysts that eliminate the need of heating processes hampering the quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of industrial production. Here we provide a review of the isolation and characterization of novel cold-active enzymes from microorganisms inhabiting different environments, including a revision of the latest techniques that have been used for accomplishing these paramount tasks. We address the progress made in the overexpression and purification of cold-adapted enzymes, the evolutionary and molecular basis of their high activity at low temperatures and the experimental and computational techniques used for their identification, along with protein engineering endeavors based on these observations to improve some of the properties of cold-adapted enzymes to better suit specific applications. We finally focus on examples of the evaluation of their potential use as biocatalysts under conditions that reproduce the challenges imposed by the use of solvents and additives in industrial processes and of the successful use of cold-adapted enzymes in biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Santiago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - César A. Ramírez-Sarmiento
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Zamora
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P. Parra
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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Hensley SA, Moreira E, Holden JF. Hydrogen Production and Enzyme Activities in the Hyperthermophile Thermococcus paralvinellae Grown on Maltose, Tryptone, and Agricultural Waste. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 26941713 PMCID: PMC4762990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermococcus may be an important alternative source of H2 in the hot subseafloor in otherwise low H2 environments such as some hydrothermal vents and oil reservoirs. It may also be useful in industry for rapid agricultural waste treatment and concomitant H2 production. Thermococcus paralvinellae grown at 82°C without sulfur produced up to 5 mmol of H2 L(-1) at rates of 5-36 fmol H2 cell(-1) h(-1) on 0.5% (wt vol(-1)) maltose, 0.5% (wt vol(-1)) tryptone, and 0.5% maltose + 0.05% tryptone media. Two potentially inhibiting conditions, the presence of 10 mM acetate and low pH (pH 5) in maltose-only medium, did not significantly affect growth or H2 production. Growth rates, H2 production rates, and cell yields based on H2 production were the same as those for Pyrococcus furiosus grown at 95°C on the same media for comparison. Acetate, butyrate, succinate, isovalerate, and formate were also detected as end products. After 100 h, T. paralvinellae produced up to 5 mmol of H2 L(-1) of medium when grown on up to 70% (vol vol(-1)) waste milk from cows undergoing treatment for mastitis with the bacterial antibiotic Ceftiofur and from untreated cows. The amount of H2 produced by T. paralvinellae increased with increasing waste concentrations, but decreased in P. furiosus cultures supplemented with waste milk above 1% concentration. All mesophilic bacteria from the waste milk that grew on Luria Bertani, Sheep's Blood (selective for Staphylococcus, the typical cause of mastitis), and MacConkey (selective for Gram-negative enteric bacteria) agar plates were killed by heat during incubation at 82°C. Ceftiofur, which is heat labile, was below the detection limit following incubation at 82°C. T. paralvinellae also produced up to 6 mmol of H2 L(-1) of medium when grown on 0.1-10% (wt vol(-1)) spent brewery grain while P. furiosus produced < 1 mmol of H2 L(-1). Twelve of 13 enzyme activities in T. paralvinellae showed significant (p < 0.05) differences across six different growth conditions; however, methyl viologen-dependent membrane hydrogenase activity remained constant across all media types. The results demonstrate the potential of at least some Thermococcus species to produce H2 if protein and α-glucosides are present as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James F. Holden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
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