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Anticancer Asparaginases: Perspectives in Using Filamentous Fungi as Cell Factories. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase) catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine into aspartate and ammonia, which leads to an anti-neoplastic activity stemming from its capacity to deplete L-asparagine concentrations in the bloodstream, and it is therefore used in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to inhibit malignant cell growth. Nowadays, this anti-cancer enzyme, largely produced by Escherichia coli, is well established on the market. However, E. coli L-asparaginase therapy has side effects such as anaphylaxis, coagulation abnormality, low plasma half-life, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, protease action, hyperglycemia, and cerebral dysfunction. This review provides a perspective on the use of filamentous fungi as alternative cell factories for L-asparaginase production. Filamentous fungi, such as various Aspergillus species, have superior protein secretion capacity compared to yeast and bacteria and studies show their potential for the future production of proteins with humanized N-linked glycans. This article explores the past and present applications of this important enzyme and discusses the prospects for using filamentous fungi to produce safe eukaryotic asparaginases with high production yields.
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2
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Wu Q, Dong S, Xuan W. N-Glycan Engineering: Constructing the N-GlcNAc Stump. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200388. [PMID: 35977913 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is often essential for the structure and function of proteins. However, N-glycosylated proteins from natural sources exhibit considerable heterogeneity in the appended oligosaccharides, bringing daunting challenges to corresponding basic research and therapeutic applications. To address this issue, various synthetic, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic approaches have been elegantly designed. Utilizing the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation method, a single N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc, analogous to a tree stump) on proteins can be converted to various homogeneous N-glycosylated forms, thereby becoming the focus of research efforts. In this concept article, we briefly introduce the methods that allow the generation of N-GlcNAc and its close analogues on proteins and peptides and highlight the current challenges and opportunities the scientific community is facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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3
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Pratama F, Linton D, Dixon N. Genetic and process engineering strategies for enhanced recombinant N-glycoprotein production in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:198. [PMID: 34649588 PMCID: PMC8518210 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The production of N-linked glycoproteins in genetically amenable bacterial hosts offers great potential for reduced cost, faster/simpler bioprocesses, greater customisation, and utility for distributed manufacturing of glycoconjugate vaccines and glycoprotein therapeutics. Efforts to optimize production hosts have included heterologous expression of glycosylation enzymes, metabolic engineering, use of alternative secretion pathways, and attenuation of gene expression. However, a major bottleneck to enhance glycosylation efficiency, which limits the utility of the other improvements, is the impact of target protein sequon accessibility during glycosylation. Results Here, we explore a series of genetic and process engineering strategies to increase recombinant N-linked glycosylation, mediated by the Campylobacter-derived PglB oligosaccharyltransferase in Escherichia coli. Strategies include increasing membrane residency time of the target protein by modifying the cleavage site of its secretion signal, and modulating protein folding in the periplasm by use of oxygen limitation or strains with compromised oxidoreductase or disulphide-bond isomerase activity. These approaches achieve up to twofold improvement in glycosylation efficiency. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that supplementation with the chemical oxidant cystine enhances the titre of glycoprotein in an oxidoreductase knockout strain by improving total protein production and cell fitness, while at the same time maintaining higher levels of glycosylation efficiency. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrate that improved protein glycosylation in the heterologous host could be achieved by mimicking the coordination between protein translocation, folding and glycosylation observed in native host such as Campylobacter jejuni and mammalian cells. Furthermore, it provides insight into strain engineering and bioprocess strategies, to improve glycoprotein yield and titre, and to avoid physiological burden of unfolded protein stress upon cell growth. The process and genetic strategies identified herein will inform further optimisation and scale-up of heterologous recombinant N-glycoprotein production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01689-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenryco Pratama
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Dennis Linton
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Neil Dixon
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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4
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Bokhari H, Maryam A, Shahid R, Siddiqi AR. Oligosaccharyltransferase PglB of Campylobacter jejuni is a glycoprotein. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 36:9. [PMID: 31858269 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the one of the leading cause of bacterial food borne gastroenteritis. PglB, a glycosyltransferase, plays a crucial role of mediating glycosylation of numerous periplasmic proteins. It catalyzes N-glycosylation at the sequon D/E-X1-N-X2-S/T in its substrate proteins. Here we report that the PglB itself is a glycoprotein which self-glycosylates at N534 site in its DYNQS sequon by its own catalytic WWDYG motif. Site-directed mutagenesis, lectin Immunoblot, and mobility shift assays confirmed that the DYNQS is an N-glycosylation motif. PglB's N-glycosylation motif is structurally and functionally similar to its widely studied glycosylation substrate, the OMPH1. Its DYNQS motif forms a solvent-exposed crest. This motif is close to a cluster of polar and hydrophilic residues, which form a loop flanked by two α helices. This arrangement extremely apposite for auto-glycosylation at N534. This self-glycosylation ability of PglB could mediate C. jejuni's ability to colonize the intestinal epithelium. Further this capability may also bear significance for the development of novel conjugated vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf Siddiqi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Strutton B, Jaffe SR, Evans CA, Fowler GJ, Dobson PD, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Engineering Pathways in Central Carbon Metabolism Help to Increase Glycan Production and Improve N-Type Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins in E. coli. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6010027. [PMID: 30901908 PMCID: PMC6466297 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains have been modified in a variety of ways to enhance the production of different recombinant proteins, targeting membrane protein expression, proteins with disulphide bonds, and more recently, proteins which require N-linked glycosylation. The addition of glycans to proteins remains a relatively inefficient process and here we aimed to combine genetic modifications within central carbon metabolic pathways in order to increase glycan precursor pools, prior to transfer onto polypeptide backbones. Using a lectin screen that detects cell surface representation of glycans, together with Western blot analyses using an O-antigen ligase mutant strain, the enhanced uptake and phosphorylation of sugars (ptsA) from the media combined with conservation of carbon through the glyoxylate shunt (icl) improved glycosylation efficiency of a bacterial protein AcrA by 69% and over 100% in an engineered human protein IFN-α2b. Unexpectedly, overexpression of a gene involved in the production of DXP from pyruvate (dxs), which was previously seen to have a positive impact on glycosylation, was detrimental to process efficiency and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strutton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Stephen Rp Jaffe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Caroline A Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Gregory Js Fowler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Paul D Dobson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
- Scruffy Biotech Ltd. Green Bank, Derbyshire SK13 6XT, UK.
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Phillip C Wright
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Jaroentomeechai T, Stark JC, Natarajan A, Glasscock CJ, Yates LE, Hsu KJ, Mrksich M, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP. Single-pot glycoprotein biosynthesis using a cell-free transcription-translation system enriched with glycosylation machinery. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2686. [PMID: 30002445 PMCID: PMC6043479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging discipline of bacterial glycoengineering has made it possible to produce designer glycans and glycoconjugates for use as vaccines and therapeutics. Unfortunately, cell-based production of homogeneous glycoproteins remains a significant challenge due to cell viability constraints and the inability to control glycosylation components at precise ratios in vivo. To address these challenges, we describe a novel cell-free glycoprotein synthesis (CFGpS) technology that seamlessly integrates protein biosynthesis with asparagine-linked protein glycosylation. This technology leverages a glyco-optimized Escherichia coli strain to source cell extracts that are selectively enriched with glycosylation components, including oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs) and lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs). The resulting extracts enable a one-pot reaction scheme for efficient and site-specific glycosylation of target proteins. The CFGpS platform is highly modular, allowing the use of multiple distinct OSTs and structurally diverse LLOs. As such, we anticipate CFGpS will facilitate fundamental understanding in glycoscience and make possible applications in on demand biomanufacturing of glycoproteins. The ability to produce homogeneous glycoproteins is expected to advance fundamental understanding in glycoscience, but current in vivo-based production systems have several limitations. Here, the authors develop an E. coli extract-based one-pot system for customized production of N-linked glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Aravind Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cameron J Glasscock
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura E Yates
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Karen J Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute B224, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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7
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Strutton B, Jaffé SR, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Producing a glycosylating Escherichia coli cell factory: The placement of the bacterial oligosaccharyl transferase pglB onto the genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:686-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Rexer TFT, Schildbach A, Klapproth J, Schierhorn A, Mahour R, Pietzsch M, Rapp E, Reichl U. One pot synthesis of GDP-mannose by a multi-enzyme cascade for enzymatic assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:192-205. [PMID: 28922469 PMCID: PMC5765510 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is a key function of the biosynthetic‐secretory pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Glycosylated proteins play a crucial role in cell trafficking and signaling, cell‐cell adhesion, blood‐group antigenicity, and immune response. In addition, the glycosylation of proteins is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein‐based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. In vitro glycoengineering of proteins requires glycosyltransferases as well as expensive nucleotide sugars. Here, we present a designed pathway consisting of five enzymes, glucokinase (Glk), phosphomannomutase (ManB), mannose‐1‐phosphate‐guanyltransferase (ManC), inorganic pyrophosphatase (PmPpA), and 1‐domain polyphosphate kinase 2 (1D‐Ppk2) expressed in E. coli for the cell‐free production and regeneration of GDP‐mannose from mannose and polyphosphate with catalytic amounts of GDP and ADP. It was shown that GDP‐mannose is produced at various conditions, that is pH 7–8, temperature 25–35°C and co‐factor concentrations of 5–20 mM MgCl2. The maximum reaction rate of GDP‐mannose achieved was 2.7 μM/min at 30°C and 10 mM MgCl2 producing 566 nmol GDP‐mannose after a reaction time of 240 min. With respect to the initial GDP concentration (0.8 mM) this is equivalent to a yield of 71%. Additionally, the cascade was coupled to purified, transmembrane‐deleted Alg1 (ALG1ΔTM), the first mannosyltransferase in the ER‐associated lipid‐linked oligosaccharide (LLO) assembly. Thereby, in a one‐pot reaction, phytanyl‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2‐Man1 was produced with efficient nucleotide sugar regeneration for the first time. Phytanyl‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2‐Man1 can serve as a substrate for the synthesis of LLO for the cell‐free in vitro glycosylation of proteins. A high‐performance anion exchange chromatography method with UV and conductivity detection (HPAEC‐UV/CD) assay was optimized and validated to determine the enzyme kinetics. The established kinetic model enabled the optimization of the GDP‐mannose regenerating cascade and can further be used to study coupling of the GDP‐mannose cascade with glycosyltransferases. Overall, the study envisages a first step towards the development of a platform for the cell‐free production of LLOs as precursors for in vitro glycoengineering of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F T Rexer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schildbach
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Klapproth
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Angelika Schierhorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reza Mahour
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.,Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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Increased glycosylation efficiency of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli by auto-induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Strutton B, Jaffé SRP, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Generation of Recombinant N-Linked Glycoproteins in E. coli. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1586:233-250. [PMID: 28470609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6887-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of N-linked recombinant glycoproteins is possible in a variety of biotechnology host cells, and more recently in the bacterial workhorse, Escherichia coli. This methods chapter will outline the components and procedures needed to produce N-linked glycoproteins in E. coli, utilizing Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation machinery, although other related genes can be used with minimal tweaks to this methodology. To ensure a successful outcome, various methods will be highlighted that can confirm glycoprotein production to a high degree of confidence, including the gold standard of mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strutton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen R P Jaffé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Phillip C Wright
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Anyaogu DC, Mortensen UH. Manipulating the glycosylation pathway in bacterial and lower eukaryotes for production of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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