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Pecori Giraldi F, Ferraù F, Ragonese M, Cannavò S. Endocrine disruptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cortisol secretion. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02371-w. [PMID: 38637430 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrine disruptors exert a plethora of effects in endocrine tissues, from altered function to carcinogenesis. Given its lipophilic nature, the adrenal cortex represents an ideal target for endocrine disruptors and thus, possibly, xenobiotic-induced adrenocortical dysfunction. However, there is no clear understanding of the effect of endocrine disruptors on adrenal steroidogenesis, in particular as regards the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, one of the key mediators. METHODS The present review recapitulates available evidence on the effects of AHR ligands on adrenal steroidogenesis, with focus on cortisol secretion. RESULTS Short-term exposure to AHR ligands most often induced a stress-like corticosteroid response followed by decreased responsiveness to stressors with long-term exposure. This was observed in several experimental models across species as well as in animals and humans in real-life settings. Prenatal exposure led to different effects according to sex of the offspring, as observed in murine models and in children from mothers in several countries. In vitro findings proved highly dependent on the experimental setting, with reduced cortisol response and steroidogenic enzyme synthesis mostly observed in fish and increased cortisol synthesis and secretion observed in murine and human adrenal cell lines. Of note, no AHR-binding element was detected in steroidogenic enzyme promoters, suggesting the involvement of additional factors. CONCLUSION Our review provides evidence for the impact of AHR ligands on adrenocortical function and indicates further avenues of research to better clarify its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pecori Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Ferraù
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi,", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Ragonese
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi,", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Cannavò
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi,", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Jäger MC, Patt M, González-Ruiz V, Boccard J, Wey T, Winter DV, Rudaz S, Odermatt A. Extended steroid profiling in H295R cells provides deeper insight into chemical-induced disturbances of steroidogenesis: Exemplified by prochloraz and anabolic steroids. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111929. [PMID: 37037411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Human adrenocortical H295R cells have been validated by the OECD Test Guideline 456 to detect chemicals disrupting testosterone and 17β-estradiol (estradiol) biosynthesis. This study evaluated a novel approach to detect disturbances of steroidogenesis in H295R cells, exemplified by prochloraz and five anabolic steroids. Steroid profiles were assessed by an untargeted LC-MS-based method, providing a relative quantification of 57 steroids annotated according to their accurate masses and retention times. Such a panel of steroids included several mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, progestins and adrenal androgens. The coverage of a high number of metabolites in this extended steroid profiling facilitated grouping of chemicals with similar effects and detecting subtler differences between chemicals. It allowed, for example, distinguishing between the effects of turinabol and oxymetholone, supposed to act similarly in a previous characterization including only nine adrenal steroids. Furthermore, the results revealed that product/substrate ratios can provide superior information on altered enzyme activities compared to individual metabolite levels. For example, the 17α-hydroxypregnenolone/pregnenolone ratio was found to be a more sensitive marker for detecting 17α-hydroxylase inhibition by prochloraz than the corresponding individual steroids. These results illustrate that chemical grouping and calculation of product/substrate ratios can provide valuable information on mode-of-action and help prioritizing further experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Jäger
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Melanie Patt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Tim Wey
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Denise V Winter
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Zhou F, Jin Z, Zhu L, Huang F, Ye A, Hou C. A preliminary study on the relationship between environmental endocrine disruptors and precocious puberty in girls. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:989-997. [PMID: 35692072 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the associations of environmental endocrine disruptors on precocious puberty in girls. METHODS This was a case-control study in which 30 girls with precocious puberty and 46 age- and race-matched prepubertal females were enrolled. The concentrations of 10 environment endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, bisphenol B, butylparaben, propylparaben, ethvlparaben, methylparaben, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, and monomethyl phthalate) in urine and 10 steroid hormones (dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone, hydrocortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17α-hydroxy progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, estrone, deoxycorticosterone, pregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone) in serum were detected with the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS According to the Mann-Whitney U test, urinary levels of bisphenol A, monobutyl phthalate, and monomethyl phthalate were significantly higher in the precocious group than in the prepubertal group, and blood levels of hydrocortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and pregnenolone were significantly lower in the precocious group than in the prepubertal group (p<0.05, VIP>1). CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the association between phthalate exposure and the incidence of precocious puberty in girls. Control and reduction of children exposure to phthalate esters should be considered as a health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Jin
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
| | - Angzhi Ye
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
| | - Chunguang Hou
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, P.R. China
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Duranova H, Fialkova V, Valkova V, Bilcikova J, Olexikova L, Lukac N, Massanyi P, Knazicka Z. Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (NCI-H295R): An in vitro screening model for the assessment of endocrine disruptors' actions on steroidogenesis with an emphasis on cell ultrastructural features. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151912. [PMID: 35661985 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines as an in vitro model for xenobiotic screening and toxicity studies provide a very important tool in the field of scientific research at the level of molecular pathways and gene expression. Good cell culture practice and intracellular characterization, as well as physiological properties of the cell line are of critical importance for in vitro reproductive toxicity testing of various endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The NCI-H295R, human adrenocarcinoma cell line, is the most widely used in vitro cellular system to study the human adrenal steroidogenic pathway at the level of hormone production and gene expression, as it expresses genes that encode for all the key enzymes for steroidogenesis. In this review, we aim to highlight the information considering the origin, development, physiological and ultrastructural characteristics of the NCI-H295R cell line. The review also creates a broad overview of the cell line usage in various range of studies related to the steroidogenesis issues. To our best knowledge, the paper provides the first report of quantitative data (ex novo) from stereological estimates of component (volume, surface) densities of nuclei, mitochondria, and lipid droplets of the NCI-H295R cells. Such ultrastructural measurements can be valuable in the assessment of underlying mechanisms of changes in the cell steroid hormone production induced by the action of diverse endocrine disruptors. Thus, they can significantly contribute to complexity of structure-function relationships in association with steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Duranova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Fialkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Valkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jana Bilcikova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lucia Olexikova
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC - Research Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovak Republic.
| | - Norbert Lukac
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Knazicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Piper T, Heimbach S, Adamczewski M, Thevis M. An in vitro assay approach to investigate the potential impact of different doping agents on the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:916-928. [PMID: 33283964 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The steroid profile, that is, the urinary concentrations and concentration ratios of selected steroids, is used in sports drug testing to detect the misuse of endogenous steroids such as testosterone. Since several years, not only population-based thresholds are applied but also the steroid profile is monitored via the Athlete Biological Passport whereby the individual reference ranges derived from multiple test results of the same athlete are compared to population-based thresholds. In order to maintain a high probative force of the passport, samples collected or analyzed under suboptimal conditions should not be included in the longitudinal review. This applies to biologically affected or degraded samples and to samples excluded owing to the presence of other substances potentially (or evidently) altering the steroid profile. Nineteen different doping agents comprising anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators, selective estrogen receptor modulators, ibutamoren, and tibolone were investigated for their effect on the steroid profile using an androgen receptor activation test, an androgen receptor binding assay, an aromatase assay, and a steroidogenesis assay. The in vitro tests were coupled with well-established liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based analytical approaches and for a subset of steroidal analytes by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The variety of tests employed should produce a comprehensive data set to better understand how a compound under investigation may impact the steroid profile. Although our data set may allow an estimate of whether or not a substance will have an impact on the overall steroid metabolism, predicting which parameter in particular may be influenced remains difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sonja Heimbach
- Research & Development, Crop Science, in vitro Toxicology, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Martin Adamczewski
- Research & Development, Crop Science, in vitro Toxicology, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Dougherty JA, Desai DS, Herrera JB. Osilodrostat: A Novel Steroidogenesis Inhibitor to Treat Cushing’s Disease. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 55:1050-1060. [PMID: 33143437 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020968808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review data on efficacy and safety of osilodrostat (Isturisa), a novel oral steroidogenesis inhibitor for treatment of Cushing’s disease (CD), a life-threatening endocrine disorder. Data Sources: A PubMed/CINAHL search from inception to September 25, 2020, was performed using the following keywords: osilodrostat, 11-beta hydroxylase, pituitary, ACTH hypersecretion, and Cushing’s disease. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials and supplementary documents investigating osilodrostat were obtained from a primary literature search, the manufacturer’s website, and the Food and Drug Administration website. These articles evaluated the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, safety, adverse events, warnings, and precautions for osilodrostat. Data Synthesis: Osilodrostat was efficacious and safe in the treatment of CD in mostly middle-aged Caucasian women. A pivotal phase 3 study revealed a significant difference in 24-hour mean urinary free cortisol (primary end point) between osilodrostat and placebo (86% vs 29%; P < 0.001). Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Osilodrostat provides a potent and consistent effect in reducing life-threatening supraphysiological levels of cortisol in patients with CD. Hypocortisolism adverse effects can be mitigated by slowly increasing osilodrostat’s dose at ≥2-week intervals. QT interval prolongation was noted; therefore, the QT interval must be monitored by the electrocardiogram. Increased levels of cortisol precursors during treatment with osilodrostat may increase the risk of hypokalemia, edema, and hypertension. Conclusions: Osilodrostat was efficacious in decreasing cortisol levels and safe in treating patients who have failed or are ineligible for pituitary surgery. Although risks exist, a pivotal clinical trial revealed efficacy in 86% of participants.
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Removal of batch effects using stratified subsampling of metabolomic data for in vitro endocrine disruptors screening. Talanta 2019; 195:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Bączek T. Evaluation of various approaches to the isolation of steroid hormones from urine samples prior to FASS-MEKC analysis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1632-1643. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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Steroid profiling in H295R cells to identify chemicals potentially disrupting the production of adrenal steroids. Toxicology 2017; 381:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Simultaneous profiling of 17 steroid hormones for the evaluation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in H295R cells. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:67-69. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: There is urgent need to develop a new protocol for the evaluation of chemical substances to potentially interact with the endocrine system and induce numerous pathological issues. The recently validated in vitro screening assay is limited on monitoring two steroid hormones. Methodology & results: The H295R model cell was exposed to seven endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The levels of 17 steroid hormones in cell extracts were subsequently determined by a quantitative targeted GC/MS/MS method. Through wide coverage, this system managed to capture the effects of exposure to increasing EDCs concentrations in the entire steroidogenic pathways. Conclusion: The developed approach could be beneficial for the mechanistic investigation of EDCs.
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