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Huang W, Chen Z, Liu Y, Li D, Wei Z. Sulfide-carbonate-mineralized functional bacterial consortium for cadmium removal in flue gas. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142869. [PMID: 39019186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Sulfide-carbonate-mineralized functional bacterial consortium was constructed for flue gas cadmium biomineralization. A membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using the bacterial consortium containing sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and denitrifying bacteria (DNB) was investigated for flue gas cadmium (Cd) removal. Cadmium removal efficiency achieved 90%. The bacterial consortium containing Citrobacter, Desulfocurvus and Stappia were dominated for cadmium resistance-nitrate-sulfate reduction. Under flue gas cadmium stress, ten cadmium resistance genes (czcA, czcB, czcC, czcD, cadA, cadB, cadC, cueR, copZ, zntA), and seven genes related to sulfate reduction, increased in abundance; whereas others, nine genes related to denitrification, decreased, indicating that cadmium stress was advantageous to sulfate reduction in the competition with denitrification. A bacterial consortium could capable of simultaneously cadmium resistance, sulfate reduction and denitrification. Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and biological adsorption process would gradually yield to sulfide-mineralized process. Flue gas cadmium could transform to Cd-EPS, cadmium carbonate (CdCO3) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) bioprecipitate. The functional bacterial consortium was an efficient and eco-friendly bifunctional bacterial consortium for sulfide-carbonate-mineralized of cadmium. This provides a green and low-carbon advanced treatment technology using sulfide-carbonate-mineralized functional bacterial consortium for the removal of cadmium or other hazardous heavy metal contaminants in flue gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhuoyao Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yunyan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zaishan Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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2
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Jia W, Ouyang Y, Zhang S, Zhang P, Huang S. Nanopore Identification of L-, D-Lactic Acids, D-Glucose and Gluconic Acid in the Serum of Human and Animals. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400664. [PMID: 38864527 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
DL-Lactic acid and D-glucose are important human health indicators. Their aberrant levels in body fluids may indicate a variety of human pathological conditions, suggesting an urgent need of daily monitoring. However, simultaneous and rapid analysis of DL-lactic acid and D-glucose using a sole but simple sensing system has never been reported. Here, an engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore is used to simultaneously identify DL-lactic acid and D-glucose. Highly distinguishable nanopore event features are reported. Assisted with a custom machine learning algorithm, direct identification of DL-lactic acid and D-glucose is performed with human serum, demonstrating its sensing reliability against complex and heterogeneous samples. This sensing strategy is further applied in the analysis of different animal serum samples, according to which gluconic acid is further identified. The serum samples from different animals report distinguishable levels of DL-lactic acid, D-glucose and gluconic acid, suggesting its potential applications in agricultural science and breeding industry. This sensing strategy is generally direct, rapid, economic and requires only ≈µL of input serum, suitable for point of care testing (POCT) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yusheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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3
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Igwe CL, Pauk JN, Müller DF, Jaeger M, Deuschitz D, Hartmann T, Spadiut O. Comprehensive evaluation of recombinant lactate dehydrogenase production from inclusion bodies. J Biotechnol 2024; 379:65-77. [PMID: 38036002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A broad application spectrum ranging from clinical diagnostics to biosensors in a variety of sectors, makes the enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) highly interesting for recombinant protein production. Expression of recombinant LDH is currently mainly carried out in uncontrolled shake-flask cultivations leading to protein that is mostly produced in its soluble form, however in rather low yields. Inclusion body (IB) processes have gathered a lot of attention due to several benefits like increased space-time yields and high purity of the target product. Thus, to investigate the suitability of this processing strategy for ldhL1 production, a fed-batch fermentation steering the production of IBs rather than soluble product formation was developed. It was shown that the space-time-yield of the fermentation could be increased almost 3-fold by increasing qs to 0.25 g g-1 h-1 which corresponds to 21% of qs,max, and keeping the temperature at 37°C after induction. Solubilization and refolding unit operations were developed to regain full bioactivity of the ldhL1. The systematic approach in screening for solubilization and refolding conditions revealed buffer compositions and processing strategies that ultimately resulted in 50% product recovery in the refolding step, revealing major optimization potential in the downstream processing chain. The recovered ldhL1 showed an optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 30∘C with a high catalytic activity and KM values of 0.46 mM and 0.18 mM for pyruvate and NADH, respectively. These features, show that the here produced LDH is a valuable source for various commercial applications, especially considering low pH-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Linda Igwe
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Hafenstraße 47-51, Linz 4020, Austria; Institute of Chemical, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Jan Niklas Pauk
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Hafenstraße 47-51, Linz 4020, Austria; Institute of Chemical, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | | | - Mira Jaeger
- Institute of Chemical, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Hartmann
- Institute of Chemical, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria.
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Smutok O, Kavetskyy T, Gonchar M, Katz E. Microbial L‐ and D‐Lactate Selective Oxidoreductases as a Very Prospective but Still Uncommon Tool in Commercial Biosensors. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam NY 13699 New York USA
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University I. Franko Str. 24 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Al. Racławickie 14 20-950 Lublin Poland
| | - Mykhailo Gonchar
- Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University I. Franko Str. 24 82100 Drohobych Ukraine
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine Drahomanov Street 14/16 79005 Lviv Ukraine
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam NY 13699 New York USA
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Zaboli M, Saeidnia F, Zaboli M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Stabilization of recombinant d-Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme with trehalose: Response surface methodology and molecular dynamics simulation study. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vadopalas L, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, Starkute V, Zavistanaviciute P, Zokaityte E, Bartkevics V, Pugajeva I, Reinolds I, Badaras S, Klupsaite D, Mozuriene E, Dauksiene A, Gruzauskas R, Bartkiene E. Combination of Antimicrobial Starters for Feed Fermentation: Influence on Piglet Feces Microbiota and Health and Growth Performance, Including Mycotoxin Biotransformation in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:528990. [PMID: 33178725 PMCID: PMC7596189 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.528990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply a combination of the microbial starters Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245, Lactobacillus casei LUHS210, Pediococcus acidilactici LUHS29, and Pediococcus pentosaceus LUHS183 for feed fermentation and to evaluate the influence of fermentation on feed acidity and microbiological characteristics, as well as on the piglet feces microbiota, health, and growth performance. Additionally, mycotoxin biotransformation was analyzed, including masked mycotoxins, in feed and piglet feces samples. The 36-day experiment was conducted using 25-day-old Large White/Norwegian Landrace (LW/NL) piglets with an initial body weight of 6.9–7.0 kg, which were randomly distributed into two groups (in each 100 piglets): control group, fed with basal diet (based on barley, wheat, potato protein, soybean protein concentrate, and whey powder), and treated group, fed with fermented feed at 500 g kg−1 of total feed. Compared to a commercially available lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination, the novel LAB mixture effectively reduced feed pH (on average pH 3.65), produced a 2-fold higher content of L(+) lactic acid, increased viable LAB count [on average 8.8 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) g−1], and led to stable feed fermentation during the entire test period (36 days). Fecal microbiota analysis showed an increased number of probiotic bacteria in the treated group, particularly Lactobacillus, when compared with the control group at the end of experiment. This finding indicates that fermented feed can modify microbial profile change in the gut of pigs. In treated piglets' blood (at day 61), the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher, but the levels of T4, glucose, K, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and urea were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) compared with the control group. Mycotoxin analysis showed that alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and altenuene were found in 61-day-old control piglets' feces and in fermented feed samples. However, AME was not found in treated piglets' feces. Feed fermentation with the novel LAB combination is a promising means to modulate piglets' microbiota, which is essential to improve nutrient absorption, growth performance, and health parameters. The new LAB composition suggests a novel dietary strategy to positively manipulate fermented feed chemicals and bio-safety and the piglet gut microbial ecology to reduce antimicrobials use in pig production and increase local feed stock uses and economical effectiveness of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Vadopalas
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingars Reinolds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sarunas Badaras
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erika Mozuriene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Agila Dauksiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Gruzauskas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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D-Lactic Acid as a Metabolite: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Detection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3419034. [PMID: 32685468 PMCID: PMC7320276 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3419034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two enantiomers of lactic acid exist. While L-lactic acid is a common compound of human metabolism, D-lactic acid is produced by some strains of microorganism or by some less relevant metabolic pathways. While L-lactic acid is an endogenous compound, D-lactic acid is a harmful enantiomer. Exposure to D-lactic acid can happen by various ways including contaminated food and beverages and by microbiota during some pathological states like short bowel syndrome. The exposure to D-lactic acid cannot be diagnosed because the common analytical methods are not suitable for distinguishing between the two enantiomers. In this review, pathways for D-lactic acid, pathological processes, and diagnostical and analytical methods are introduced followed by figures and tables. The current literature is summarized and discussed.
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Torkzadeh‐Mahani M, Zaboli M, Barani M, Torkzadeh‐Mahani M. A combined theoretical and experimental study to improve the thermal stability of recombinant D‐lactate dehydrogenase immobilized on a novel superparamagnetic Fe3O4NPs@metal–organic framework. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Torkzadeh‐Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental SciencesGraduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman‐Iran Iran
| | - Maryam Zaboli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Birjand Birjand Iran
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of ChemistryShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh‐Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental SciencesGraduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman‐Iran Iran
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Satomura T, Horinaga K, Tanaka S, Takamura E, Sakamoto H, Sakuraba H, Ohshima T, Suye SI. Construction of a novel bioanode for amino acid powered fuel cells through an artificial enzyme cascade pathway. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:605-611. [PMID: 30937578 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The construction of a novel bioanode based on L-proline oxidation using a cascade reaction pathway comprised of thermostable dehydrogenases. RESULTS A novel multi-enzymatic cascade pathway, containing four kinds of dehydrogenases from thermophiles (dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent L-glutamate dehydrogenase and dye-linked NADH dehydrogenase), was designed for the generation of six-electrons from one molecule of L-proline. The current density of the four-dehydrogenase-immobilized electrode, with a voltage of + 450 mV (relative to that of Ag/AgCl), was 226.8 μA/cm2 in the presence of 10 mM L-proline and 0.5 mM ferrocene carboxylate at 50 °C. This value was 4.2-fold higher than that of a similar electrode containing a single dehydrogenase. In addition, about 54% of the initial current in the multi-enzyme cascade bioanode was maintained even after 15 days. CONCLUSIONS Efficient deep oxidation of L-proline by multiple-enzyme cascade reactions was achieved in our designed electrode. The multi-enzyme cascade bioanode, which was built using thermophilic dehydrogenases, showed high durability at room temperature. The long-term stability of the bioanode indicates that it shows great potential for applications as a long-lived enzymatic fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Satomura
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan. .,Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Kousaku Horinaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shino Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Takamura
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sakuraba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohshima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Suye
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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Satomura T, Hayashi J, Ohshida T, Sakuraba H, Ohshima T, Suye SI. Enzymological characteristics of a novel archaeal dye-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase showing loose binding of FAD. Extremophiles 2018; 22:975-981. [PMID: 30206766 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A gene-encoding a dye-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase (Dye-DLDH) homolog was identified in the genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermoproteus tenax. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the product was purified to homogeneity. The recombinant protein exhibited highly thermostable Dye-DLDH activity. To date, four types of Dye-DLDH have been identified in hyperthermophilic archaea (in Aeropyrum pernix, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Candidatus Caldiarchaeum subterraneum). The amino acid sequence of T. tenax Dye-DLDH showed the highest similarity (45%) to A. pernix Dye-DLDH, but neither contained a known FAD-binding motif. Nonetheless, both homologs required FAD for enzymatic activity, suggesting that FAD binds loosely to the enzyme and is easily released unlike in other Dye-DLDHs. Our findings indicate that Dye-DLDHs from T. tenax and A. pernix are a novel type of Dye-DLDH characterized by loose binding of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Satomura
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Biwako-Kusatsu Campus, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohshida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sakuraba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohshima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya, 5-16-1 Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Suye
- Division of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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