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Diasi M, Singh R, Mahapatra AD, L R, Patel H, Ganatra H, Datta B. Ammonium release in synthetic and human urine by a urease immobilized nanoconstruct. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6972-6984. [PMID: 38414993 PMCID: PMC10898436 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have studied the ability of urease immobilized on glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Urease/GA/CS/MIONPs), for the hitherto unreported comparative hydrolysis of urea in synthetic (SUr) and real human urine (HUr). The prepared Urease/GA/CS/MIONPs were characterized by a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission-scanning-electron-microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The nanoconstructs display the highest ammonium ion liberation post-urea hydrolysis in 1/20 or 1/24-fold dilutions of SUr and HUr, respectively. The optimum activity of immobilized urease is observed at pH 7, and the nanoconstructs facilitate efficient urea-hydrolysis till at least 45 °C. Kinetic analysis of the immobilized urease shows km and vmax of 14.81 mM, 12.36 mM, and 18.55 μM min-1 and 10.10 μM min-1, towards SUr and HUr, respectively. The magnetization of the immobilized urease is suitable for reuse across multiple cycles of urea hydrolysis in SUr and HUr. The robust performance of Urease/GA/CS/MIONPs in SUr and HUr is promising for generating ammonium as a useable source of nitrogen from human urine, and underscores the suitability of SUr as a urine mimic for such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manab Diasi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Rinki Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Amarjyoti Das Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Renuka L
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Hitarth Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Hasit Ganatra
- Blasto Research Private Limited Ahmedabad Gujarat India
| | - Bhaskar Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat India
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Bai Y, Jing Z, Ma R, Wan X, Liu J, Huang W. A critical review of enzymes immobilized on chitosan composites: characterization and applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1539-1567. [PMID: 37540309 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes with industrial significance are typically used in biological processes. However, instability, high sensitivity, and impractical recovery are the major drawbacks of enzymes in practical applications. In recent years, the immobilization technology has attracted wide attention to overcoming these restrictions and improving the efficiency of enzyme applications. Chitosan (CS) is a unique functional substance with biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antibacterial properties. Chitosan composites are anticipated to be widely used in the near future for a variety of purposes, including as supports for enzyme immobilization, because of their advantages. Therefor this review explores the effects of the chitosan's structure, molecular weight, degree of deacetylation on the enzyme immobilized, effect of key factors, and the enzymes immobilized on chitosan based composites for numerous applications, including the fields of biosensor, biomedical science, food industry, environmental protection, and industrial production. Moreover, this study carefully investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using these composites as well as their potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongxian Jing
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Wan
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Huang
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
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Immobilization of α-Amylase onto Quantum Dots Prepared from Hypericum perforatum L. Flowers and Hypericum capitatum Seeds: Its Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liang Z, Su H, Ren X, Lin X, He Z, Li X, Zheng Y. Analysis of Key Genes Responsible for Low Urea Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae JH301. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894661. [PMID: 35558109 PMCID: PMC9087593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a potential safety risk with ethyl carbamate (EC) in Hongqu Huangjiu production; 90% of the EC in rice wine is produced by the reaction of the urea with the alcohol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our previous experiments, we screened and obtained a S. cerevisiae strain JH301 that offered low urea production. However, the key genes responsible for low urea production of strain JH301 remain unclear. Here, the whole genome sequencing of S. cerevisiae strain JH301 was accomplished via a next-generation high-throughput sequencing and long-read sequencing technology. There are six main pathways related to the urea metabolism of strain JH301 based on KEGG pathway mapping. Three species-specific genes are related to the urea metabolism pathways and were found in comparative genome analysis between strains JH301 and S288c during Hongqu Huangjiu production for the first time. Finally, the ARG80 gene was found to be likely a key gene responsible for low urea production of S. cerevisiae strain JH301, as determined by PCR and qRT-PCR check analyses from DNA and RNA levers. In conclusion, the results are useful for a scientific understanding of the mechanism of low urea production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Hongqu Huangjiu fermentation. It also is important to control the urea and EC contents in Hongqu Huangjiu production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangcheng Liang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaozi Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyou Li
- Fujian Pinghuhong Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Fuzhou, China
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Features and application potential of microbial urethanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3431-3438. [PMID: 35536404 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Urethanase (EC 3.5.1.75) can reduce ethyl carbamate (EC), a group 2A carcinogen found in foods and liquor. However, it is not yet commercially available. Urethanase has been detected as an intracellular enzyme from yeast, filamentous fungi, and bacteria. Based on the most recent progress in the sequence analysis of this enzyme, it was observed that amidase-type enzyme can degrade EC. All five enzymes had highly conserved sequences of amidase signature family, and their molecular masses were in the range of 52-62 kDa. The enzymes of Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus oryzae formed a homotetramer, and that of Rhodococcus equi strain TB-60 existed as a monomer. Most urethanases exhibited amidase activity, and those of C. parapsilosis and A. oryzae also demonstrated high activity against acrylamide, which is a group 2A carcinogen. It was recently reported that urease and esterase also exhibited urethanase activity. Although research on the enzymatic degradation of EC has been very limited, recently some sequences of EC-degrading enzyme have been elucidated, and it is anticipated that new enzymes would be developed and applied into practical use. KEY POINTS: • Recently, some urethanase sequences have been elucidated • The amino acid residues that formed the catalytic triad were conserved • Urethanase shows amidase activity and can also degrade acrylamide.
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Mital S, Christie G, Dikicioglu D. Recombinant expression of insoluble enzymes in Escherichia coli: a systematic review of experimental design and its manufacturing implications. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:208. [PMID: 34717620 PMCID: PMC8557517 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant enzyme expression in Escherichia coli is one of the most popular methods to produce bulk concentrations of protein product. However, this method is often limited by the inadvertent formation of inclusion bodies. Our analysis systematically reviews literature from 2010 to 2021 and details the methods and strategies researchers have utilized for expression of difficult to express (DtE), industrially relevant recombinant enzymes in E. coli expression strains. Our review identifies an absence of a coherent strategy with disparate practices being used to promote solubility. We discuss the potential to approach recombinant expression systematically, with the aid of modern bioinformatics, modelling, and ‘omics’ based systems-level analysis techniques to provide a structured, holistic approach. Our analysis also identifies potential gaps in the methods used to report metadata in publications and the impact on the reproducibility and growth of the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Mital
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Enzymes are the highly efficient biocatalyst in modern biotechnological industries. Due to the fragile property exposed to the external stimulus, the application of enzymes is highly limited. The immobilized enzyme by polymer has become a research hotspot to empower enzymes with more extraordinary properties and broader usage. Compared with free enzyme, polymer immobilized enzymes improve thermal and operational stability in harsh environments, such as extreme pH, temperature and concentration. Furthermore, good reusability is also highly expected. The first part of this study reviews the three primary immobilization methods: physical adsorption, covalent binding and entrapment, with their advantages and drawbacks. The second part of this paper includes some polymer applications and their derivatives in the immobilization of enzymes.
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Masaki K, Fujihara K, Kakizono D, Mizukure T, Okuda M, Mukai N. Aspergillus oryzae acetamidase catalyzes degradation of ethyl carbamate. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:577-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liang X, Li Q, Shi Z, Bai S, Li Q. Immobilization of urease in metal–organic frameworks via biomimetic mineralization and its application in urea degradation. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wang YJ, Xu KZ, Ma H, Liao XR, Guo G, Tian F, Guan ZB. Recombinant Horseradish Peroxidase C1A Immobilized on Hydrogel Matrix for Dye Decolorization and Its Mechanism on Acid Blue 129 Decolorization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:861-880. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Masaki K, Mizukure T, Kakizono D, Fujihara K, Fujii T, Mukai N. New urethanase from the yeast Candida parapsilosis. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:115-120. [PMID: 32253090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Urethanase (EC 3.5.1.75) is an effective enzyme for removing ethyl carbamate (EC) present in alcoholic beverages. However, urethanase is not well studied and has not yet been developed for practical use. In this study, we report a new urethanase (CPUTNase) from the yeast Candida parapsilosis. Because C. parapsilosis can assimilate EC as its sole nitrogen source, the enzyme was extracted from yeast cells and purified using ion-exchange chromatography. The CPUTNase was estimated as a homotetramer comprising four units of a 61.7 kDa protein. In a 20% ethanol solution, CPUTNase had 73% activity compared with a solution without ethanol. Residual activity after 18 h indicated that CPUTNase was stable in 0%-40% ethanol solutions. The optimum temperature of CPUTNase was 43°C. This enzyme showed urethanase activity at pH 5.5-10.0 and exhibited its highest activity at pH 10. The gene of CPUTNase was identified, and a recombinant enzyme was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Characteristics of recombinant CPUTNase were identical to the native enzyme. The putative amino acid sequence indicated that CPUTNase was an amidase family protein. Further, substrate specificity supported this sequence analysis because CPUTNase showed higher activities toward amide compounds. These results suggest that amidase could be a candidate for urethanase. We discovered a new enzyme and investigated its enzymatic characteristics, sequence, and recombinant CPUTNase expression. These results contribute to a further understanding of urethanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Masaki
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Taichi Mizukure
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Dararat Kakizono
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kanako Fujihara
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mukai
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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