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Tsujimoto M, Moon S, Ito Y. Effect of conditioned media on the angiogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:163-170. [PMID: 38821758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for use in novel cell therapies, although such live cell products are highly complex compared with traditional drugs. For example, difficulties such as the control of manufacturing conditions hinder the manufacture of stable cell populations that maintain their therapeutic potency. Here, assuming that medium selection significantly affects cell potency, we focused on the culture media as a critical manufacturing factor influencing the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. We therefore performed a tube formation assay to quantify the angiogenic activities of conditioned media used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared with unconditioned media. Comprehensive molecular genetic analysis using microarrays was applied to determine the effects of these media on signal transduction pathways. We found that activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway differed, and that VEGF concentration was dependent on the composition of the conditioned media. These results indicate that the activation level of cell signaling pathways which contribute to therapeutic efficacy may vary depending on the media components affecting MSCs during their cultivation. Moreover, they indicate that therapeutic efficacy will likely depend on how cells are handled during manufacture. These findings will enhance our understanding of the quality control measures required to ensure the efficacy and safety of cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Tsujimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences (Bioindustrial Sciences), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8972, Japan
| | - SongHo Moon
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences (Bioindustrial Sciences), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8972, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences (Bioindustrial Sciences), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8972, Japan; Life Science Development Department, Frontier Business Division, Chiyoda Corporation, 13 Moriya-cho 3-chome, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0022, Japan.
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2
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Hisada T, Imai Y, Takemoto Y, Kanie K, Kato R. Prediction of antibody production performance change in Chinese hamster ovary cells using morphological profiling. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:453-462. [PMID: 38472072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a significant segment of biopharmaceuticals, with the market for mAb therapeutics expected to reach $200 billion in 2021. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the industry standard for large-scale mAb production owing to their adaptability and genetic engineering capabilities. However, maintaining consistent product quality is challenging, primarily because of the inherent genetic instability of CHO cells. In this study, we address the need for advanced technologies for quality monitoring of host cells in biopharmaceuticals. We highlight the limitations of traditional cell assessment techniques such as flow cytometry and propose a noninvasive, label-free image-based analysis method. By utilizing advanced image processing and machine learning, this technique aims to non-invasively and quantitatively evaluate subtle quality changes in suspension cells. The research aims to investigate the use of morphological analysis for identifying subtle alterations in mAb productivity of CHO cells, employing cells stimulated by compounds as a model for this study. Our results show that the mAb productivity of CHO cells (day 8) can be predicted only from their early morphological profile (day 3). Our study also discusses the importance of strategic methods for forecasting host cell mAb productivity using morphological profiles, as inferred from our machine learning models specialized in predictive score prediction and anomaly prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hisada
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Imai
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuto Takemoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, 1 Umanobe, Takaya, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institute for Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Wang J, Ding S, Da C, Chen C, Wu Z, Li C, Zhou G, Tang C. Morphology-Based Prediction of Proliferation and Differentiation Potencies of Porcine Muscle Stem Cells for Cultured Meat Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18613-18621. [PMID: 37963374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Inconsistent efficiency of cell production caused by cellular quality variations has become a significant problem in the cultured meat industry. In our study, morphological information on passages 5-9 of porcine muscle stem cells (pMuSCs) from three lots was analyzed and used as input data in prediction models. Cell proliferation and differentiation potencies were measured by cell growth rate and average stained area of the myosin heavy chain. Analysis of PCA and heatmap showed that the morphological parameters could be used to discriminate the differences of passages and lots. Various morphological parameters were analyzed, which revealed that accumulating time-course information regarding morphological heterogeneity in cell populations is crucial to predicting the potencies. Based on the 36 and 60 h morphological profiles, the best proliferation potency prediction model (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 1.1) and differentiation potency prediction model (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 1.2) were explored. Correlation analysis demonstrated that morphological parameters selected in models are related to the quality of porcine muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shijie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunyan Da
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengpu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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The Role of Process Systems Engineering in Applying Quality by Design (QbD) in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Production. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Suyama T, Takemoto Y, Miyauchi H, Kato Y, Matsuzaki Y, Kato R. Morphology-based noninvasive early prediction of serial-passage potency enhances the selection of clone-derived high-potency cell bank from mesenchymal stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:30. [PMID: 36182958 PMCID: PMC9526913 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapidly expanding clones (RECs) are one of the single-cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell clones sorted from human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), which possess advantageous features. The RECs exhibit long-lasting proliferation potency that allows more than 10 repeated serial passages in vitro, considerably benefiting the manufacturing process of allogenic MSC-based therapeutic products. Although RECs aid the preparation of large-variation clone libraries for a greedy selection of better-quality clones, such a selection is only possible by establishing multiple-candidate cell banks for quality comparisons. Thus, there is a high demand for a novel method that can predict “low-risk and high-potency clones” early and in a feasible manner given the excessive cost and effort required to maintain such an establishment. Methods LNGFR and Thy-1 co-positive cells from BMMCs were single-cell-sorted into 96-well plates, and only fast-growing clones that reached confluency in 2 weeks were picked up and passaged as RECs. Fifteen RECs were prepared as passage 3 (P3) cryostock as the primary cell bank. From this cryostock, RECs were passaged until their proliferation limitation; their serial-passage limitation numbers were labeled as serial-passage potencies. At the P1 stage, phase-contrast microscopic images were obtained over 6–90 h to identify time-course changes of 24 morphological descriptors describing cell population information. Machine learning models were constructed using the morphological descriptors for predicting serial-passage potencies. The time window and field-of-view-number effects were evaluated to identify the most efficient image data usage condition for realizing high-performance serial-passage potency models. Results Serial-passage test results indicated variations of 7–13-repeated serial-passage potencies within RECs. Such potency values were predicted quantitatively with high performance (RMSE < 1.0) from P1 morphological profiles using a LASSO model. The earliest and minimum effort predictions require 6–30 h with 40 FOVs and 6–90 h with 15 FOVs, respectively. Conclusion We successfully developed a noninvasive morphology-based machine learning model to enhance the efficiency of establishing cell banks with single-cell-derived RECs for quantitatively predicting the future serial-passage potencies of clones. Conventional methods that can make noninvasive and quantitative predictions without wasting precious cells in the early stage are lacking; the proposed method will provide a more efficient and robust cell bank establishment process for allogenic therapeutic product manufacturing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-022-00214-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suyama
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.,PuREC Co. Ltd, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Takemoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Miyauchi
- PuREC Co. Ltd, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Kato
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.,PuREC Co. Ltd, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan. .,PuREC Co. Ltd, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan. .,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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Imai Y, Iida M, Kanie K, Katsuno M, Kato R. Label-free morphological sub-population cytometry for sensitive phenotypic screening of heterogenous neural disease model cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9296. [PMID: 35710681 PMCID: PMC9203459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free image analysis has several advantages with respect to the development of drug screening platforms. However, the evaluation of drug-responsive cells based exclusively on morphological information is challenging, especially in cases of morphologically heterogeneous cells or a small subset of drug-responsive cells. We developed a novel label-free cell sub-population analysis method called “in silico FOCUS (in silico analysis of featured-objects concentrated by anomaly discrimination from unit space)” to enable robust phenotypic screening of morphologically heterogeneous spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) model cells. This method with the anomaly discrimination concept can sensitively evaluate drug-responsive cells as morphologically anomalous cells through in silico cytometric analysis. As this algorithm requires only morphological information of control cells for training, no labeling or drug administration experiments are needed. The responses of SBMA model cells to dihydrotestosterone revealed that in silico FOCUS can identify the characteristics of a small sub-population with drug-responsive phenotypes to facilitate robust drug response profiling. The phenotype classification model confirmed with high accuracy the SBMA-rescuing effect of pioglitazone using morphological information alone. In silico FOCUS enables the evaluation of delicate quality transitions in cells that are difficult to profile experimentally, including primary cells or cells with no known markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Imai
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Clinical Research Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan. .,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan. .,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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Imai Y, Kanie K, Kato R. Morphological heterogeneity description enabled early and parallel non-invasive prediction of T-cell proliferation inhibitory potency and growth rate for facilitating donor selection of human mesenchymal stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:8. [PMID: 35093181 PMCID: PMC8801074 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within the extensively developed therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), allogenic immunomodulatory therapy is among the promising categories. Although donor selection is a critical early process that can maximize the production yield, determining the promising candidate is challenging owing to the lack of effective biomarkers and variations of cell sources. In this study, we developed the morphology-based non-invasive prediction models for two quality attributes, the T-cell proliferation inhibitory potency and growth rate. Methods Eleven lots of mixing bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived MSCs were analyzed. Their morphological profiles and growth rates were quantified by image processing by acquiring 6 h interval time-course phase-contrast microscopic image acquisition. T-cell proliferation inhibitory potency was measured by employing flow cytometry for counting the proliferation rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with MSCs. Subsequently, the morphological profile comprising 32 parameters describing the time-course transition of cell population distribution was used for explanatory parameters to construct T-cell proliferation inhibitory potency classification and growth rate prediction models. For constructing prediction models, the effect of machine learning methods, parameter types, and time-course window size of morphological profiles were examined to identify those providing the best performance. Results Unsupervised morphology-based visualization enabled the identification of anomaly lots lacking T-cell proliferation inhibitory potencies. The best performing machine learning models exhibited high performances of predictions (accuracy > 0.95 for classifying risky lots, and RMSE < 1.50 for predicting growth rate) using only the first 4 days of morphological profiles. A comparison of morphological parameter types showed that the accumulated time-course information of morphological heterogeneity in cell populations is important for predicting the potencies. Conclusions To enable more consistent cell manufacturing of allogenic MSC-based therapeutic products, this study indicated that early non-invasive morphology-based prediction can facilitate the lot selection process for effective cell bank establishment. It was also found that morphological heterogeneity description is important for such potency prediction. Furthermore, performances of the morphology-based prediction models trained with data consisting of origin-different MSCs demonstrated the effectiveness of sharing morphological data between different types of MSCs, thereby complementing the data limitation issue in the morphology-based quality prediction concept. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-021-00192-5.
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Zheng YY, Zhu HZ, Wu ZY, Song WJ, Tang CB, Li CB, Ding SJ, Zhou GH. Evaluation of the effect of smooth muscle cells on the quality of cultured meat in a model for cultured meat. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110786. [PMID: 34865801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the research on improving the meat quality of cultured meat is in full swing, few studies have focused on the effect of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on the meat quality of cultured meat. Therefore, this study aimed at building a cultured meat model containing smooth muscle cells, and further evaluating the effect of smooth muscle cells on the quality of cultured meat, so as to reveal the contribution of smooth muscle cells in the production of cultured meat. In this study, we isolated high purity of smooth muscle cells from vascular tissues. The addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to the medium significantly increased the growth rate of smooth muscle cells and the expression of extracellular matrix related genes, especially collagen and elastin. Smooth muscle cells were seeded in a collagen gel to construct a culture meat model. It was found that the pressure loss of the model meat significantly decreased from 98.5 % in control group to 54 % with the extension of culture time for 9 days, while the total collagen content of model meat increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, the hydrogel tissue with smooth muscle cells compacted more dramatically and were more tightly, accompanied by significantly increased hardness, springiness and chewiness compared to the control one (P < 0.05). These results indicate that smooth muscle cells can secrete extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, which can significantly enhance the texture of cultured meat models prepared by hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hao-Zhe Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chang-Bo Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chun-Bao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shi-Jie Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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