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Ramezaniaghdam M, Nahdi ND, Reski R. Recombinant Spider Silk: Promises and Bottlenecks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:835637. [PMID: 35350182 PMCID: PMC8957953 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.835637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider silk threads have exceptional mechanical properties such as toughness, elasticity and low density, which reach maximum values compared to other fibre materials. They are superior even compared to Kevlar and steel. These extraordinary properties stem from long length and specific protein structures. Spider silk proteins can consist of more than 20,000 amino acids. Polypeptide stretches account for more than 90% of the whole protein, and these domains can be repeated more than a hundred times. Each repeat unit has a specific function resulting in the final properties of the silk. These properties make them attractive for innovative material development for medical or technical products as well as cosmetics. However, with livestock breeding of spiders it is not possible to reach high volumes of silk due to the cannibalistic behaviour of these animals. In order to obtain spider silk proteins (spidroins) on a large scale, recombinant production is attempted in various expression systems such as plants, bacteria, yeasts, insects, silkworms, mammalian cells and animals. For viable large-scale production, cost-effective and efficient production systems are needed. This review describes the different types of spider silk, their proteins and structures and discusses the production of these difficult-to-express proteins in different host organisms with an emphasis on plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ramezaniaghdam
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS at FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadia D. Nahdi
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS at FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Reski,
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Campos ML, Prado GS, Dos Santos VO, Nascimento LC, Dohms SM, da Cunha NB, Ramada MHS, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Dias SC. Mosses: Versatile plants for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107533. [PMID: 32151692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosses have long been recognized as powerful experimental tools for the elucidation of complex processes in plant biology. Recent increases in the availability of sequenced genomes and mutant collections, the establishment of novel technologies for targeted mutagenesis, and the development of viable protocols for large-scale production in bioreactors are now transforming mosses into one of the most versatile tools for biotechnological applications. In the present review, we highlight the astonishing biotechnological potential of mosses and how these plants are being exploited for industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. We focus on the biological features that support their use as model organisms for basic and applied research, and how these are being leveraged to explore the biotechnological potential in an increasing number of species. Finally, we also provide an overview of the available moss cultivation protocols from an industrial perspective, offering insights into batch operations that are not yet well established or do not even exist in the literature. Our goal is to bolster the use of mosses as factories for the biosynthesis of molecules of interest and to show how these species can be harnessed for the generation of novel and commercially useful bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Olinto Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lara Camelo Nascimento
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephan Machado Dohms
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Soller Ramada
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Zakirova EY, Chastukhina IB, Valeeva LR, Vorobev VV, Rizvanov AA, Palotás A, Shakirov EV. Stable Co-Cultivation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens with Human Cells in vitro as a New Approach to Support Metabolism of Diseased Alzheimer Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:75-89. [PMID: 31177231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. While there are many hypotheses, the exact mechanism causing this pathology is still unknown. Among many other features, AD is characterized by brain hypometabolism and decreased sugar availability, to which neurons eventually succumb. In light of this aspect of the disease, we hypothesized that boosting fuel supply to neurons may help them survive or at least alleviate some of the symptoms. Here we demonstrate that live moss Physcomitrella patens cells can be safely co-cultured with human fibroblasts in vitro and thus have a potential for providing human cells with energy and other vital biomolecules. These data may form the foundation for the development of novel approaches to metabolic bioengineering and treatment of diseased cells based on live plants. In addition, by providing alternative energy sources to human tissues, the biotechnological potential of this interkingdom setup could also serve as a springboard to foster innovative dietary processes addressing current challenges of mankind such as famine or supporting long-haul space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Asklepios-Med (Private Medical Practice and Research Center), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eugene V Shakirov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Lin YJ, Shatkin JA, Kong F. Evaluating mucoadhesion properties of three types of nanocellulose in the gastrointestinal tract in vitro and ex vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Top O, Parsons J, Bohlender LL, Michelfelder S, Kopp P, Busch-Steenberg C, Hoernstein SNW, Zipfel PF, Häffner K, Reski R, Decker EL. Recombinant Production of MFHR1, A Novel Synthetic Multitarget Complement Inhibitor, in Moss Bioreactors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:260. [PMID: 30949184 PMCID: PMC6436476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The human complement system is an important part of the immune system responsible for lysis and elimination of invading microorganisms and apoptotic body cells. Improper activation of the system due to deficiency, mutations, or autoantibodies of complement regulators, mainly factor H (FH) and FH-related proteins (FHRs), causes severe kidney and eye diseases. However, there is no recombinant FH therapeutic available on the market. The first successful recombinant production of FH was accomplished with the moss bioreactor, Physcomitrella patens. Recently, a synthetic regulator, MFHR1, was designed to generate a multitarget complement inhibitor that combines the activities of FH and the FH-related protein 1 (FHR1). The potential of MFHR1 was demonstrated in a proof-of-concept study with transiently transfected insect cells. Here, we present the stable production of recombinant glyco-engineered MFHR1 in the moss bioreactor. The key features of this system are precise genome engineering via homologous recombination, Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant production in photobioreactors, high batch-to-batch reproducibility, and product stability. Several potential biopharmaceuticals are being produced in this system. In some cases, these are even biobetters, i.e., the recombinant proteins produced in moss have a superior quality compared to their counterparts from mammalian systems as for example moss-made aGal, which successfully passed phase I clinical trials. Via mass spectrometry-based analysis of moss-produced MFHR1, we now prove the correct synthesis and modification of this glycoprotein with predominantly complex-type N-glycan attachment. Moss-produced MFHR1 exhibits cofactor and decay acceleration activities comparable to FH, and its mechanism of action on multiple levels within the alternative pathway of complement activation led to a strong inhibitory activity on the whole alternative pathway, which was higher than with the physiological regulator FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Top
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lennard L. Bohlender
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Michelfelder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center - University Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Phillipp Kopp
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Häffner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center - University Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Reski R, Bae H, Simonsen HT. Physcomitrella patens, a versatile synthetic biology chassis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1409-1417. [PMID: 29797047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During three decades the moss Physcomitrella patens has been developed to a superb green cell factory with the first commercial products on the market. In the past three decades the moss P. patens has been developed from an obscure bryophyte to a model organism in basic biology, biotechnology, and synthetic biology. Some of the key features of this system include a wide range of Omics technologies, precise genome-engineering via homologous recombination with yeast-like efficiency, a certified good-manufacturing-practice production in bioreactors, successful upscaling to 500 L wave reactors, excellent homogeneity of protein products, superb product stability from batch-to-batch, and a reliable procedure for cryopreservation of cell lines in a master cell bank. About a dozen human proteins are being produced in P. patens as potential biopharmaceuticals, some of them are not only similar to their animal-produced counterparts, but are real biobetters with superior performance. A moss-made pharmaceutical successfully passed phase 1 clinical trials, a fragrant moss, and a cosmetic moss-product is already on the market, highlighting the economic potential of this synthetic biology chassis. Here, we focus on the features of mosses as versatile cell factories for synthetic biology and their impact on metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hansol Bae
- Mosspiration Biotech IVS, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Mosspiration Biotech IVS, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Reski R, Parsons J, Decker EL. Moss-made pharmaceuticals: from bench to bedside. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1191-8. [PMID: 26011014 PMCID: PMC4736463 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the moss Physcomitrella patens has been developed from scratch to a model species in basic research and in biotechnology. A fully sequenced genome, outstanding possibilities for precise genome-engineering via homologous recombination (knockout moss), a certified GMP production in moss bioreactors, successful upscaling to 500 L wave reactors, excellent homogeneity of protein glycosylation, remarkable batch-to-batch stability and a safe cryopreservation for master cell banking are some of the key features of the moss system. Several human proteins are being produced in this system as potential biopharmaceuticals. Among the products are tumour-directed monoclonal antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), complement factor H (FH), keratinocyte growth factor (FGF7/KGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), asialo-erythropoietin (asialo-EPO, AEPO), alpha-galactosidase (aGal) and beta-glucocerebrosidase (GBA). Further, an Env-derived multi-epitope HIV protein as a candidate vaccine was produced, and first steps for a metabolic engineering of P. patens have been made. Some of the recombinant biopharmaceuticals from moss bioreactors are not only similar to those produced in mammalian systems such as CHO cells, but are of superior quality (biobetters). The first moss-made pharmaceutical, aGal to treat Morbus Fabry, is in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FRIAS - Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Gitzinger M, Parsons J, Reski R, Fussenegger M. Functional cross-kingdom conservation of mammalian and moss (Physcomitrella patens) transcription, translation and secretion machineries. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:73-86. [PMID: 19021876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants and mammals are separated by a huge evolutionary distance. Consequently, biotechnology and genetics have traditionally been divided into 'green' and 'red'. Here, we provide comprehensive evidence that key components of the mammalian transcription, translation and secretion machineries are functional in the model plant Physcomitrella patens. Cross-kingdom compatibility of different expression modalities originally designed for mammalian cells, such as native and synthetic promoters and polyadenylation sites, viral and cellular internal ribosome entry sites, secretion signal peptides and secreted product proteins, and synthetic transactivators and transrepressors, was established. This mammalian expression portfolio enabled constitutive, conditional and autoregulated expression of different product genes in a multicistronic expression format, optionally adjusted by various trigger molecules, such as butyrolactones, macrolide antibiotics and ethanol. Capitalizing on a cross-kingdom-compatible expression platform, we pioneered a prototype biopharmaceutical manufacturing scenario using microencapsulated transgenic P. patens protoplasts cultivated in a Wave Bioreactor. Vascular endothelial growth factor 121 (VEGF(121)) titres matched those typically achieved by standard protonema populations grown in stirred-tank bioreactors. The full compatibility of mammalian expression systems in P. patens further promotes the use of moss as a cost-effective alternative for the manufacture of complex biopharmaceuticals, and as a valuable host system to advance synthetic biology in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gitzinger
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI F115, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Schmidt G, Gadermaier G, Pertl H, Siegert M, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Ritala A, Himly M, Obermeyer G, Ferreira F. Production of recombinant allergens in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2008; 7:539-552. [PMID: 21258627 PMCID: PMC3024541 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A large percentage of allergenic proteins are of plant origin. Hence, plant-based expression systems are considered ideal for the recombinant production of certain allergens. First attempts to establish production of plant-derived allergens in plants focused on transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana infected with recombinant viral vectors. Accordingly, allergens from birch and mugwort pollen, as well as from apple have been expressed in plants. Production of house dust mite allergens has been achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco plants. Beside the use of plants as production systems, other approaches have focused on the development of edible vaccines expressing allergens or epitopes thereof, which bypasses the need of allergen purification. The potential of this approach has been convincingly demonstrated for transgenic rice seeds expressing seven dominant human T cell epitopes derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Parallel to efforts in developing recombinant-based diagnostic and therapeutic reagents, different gene-silencing approaches have been used to decrease the expression of allergenic proteins in allergen sources. In this way hypoallergenic ryegrass, soybean, rice, apple, and tomato were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schmidt
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Ohnuma M, Yokoyama T, Inouye T, Sekine Y, Tanaka K. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transient gene expression in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:117-20. [PMID: 18003671 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA introduction into cells is an essential technique for molecular genetic analysis. Here, we show that DNA is easily introduced into cells of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae by a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protocol. In this study, the beta-tubulin gene of C. merolae was cloned on a plasmid and a hemagglutinin (HA) tag then added at the C-terminus. This plasmid was then introduced into C. merolae cells by a PEG-mediated transformation protocol. At 24 h after PEG-mediated transformation, intracellular localization of the tagged protein was detected by anti-HA immunocytochemistry, indicating the utility of this transient expression system for molecular genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Ohnuma
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan
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Decker EL, Reski R. Moss bioreactors producing improved biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:393-8. [PMID: 17869503 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants may serve as superior production systems for complex recombinant pharmaceuticals. Current strategies for improving plant-based systems include the development of large-scale production facilities as well as the optimisation of protein modifications. While post-translational modifications of plant proteins generally resemble those of mammalian proteins, certain plant-specific protein-linked sugars are immunogenic in humans, a fact that restricts the use of plants in biopharmaceutical production so far. The moss Physcomitrella patens was developed as a contained tissue culture system for recombinant protein production in photo-bioreactors. By targeted gene replacements, moss strains were created with non-immunogenic humanised glycan patterns. These were proven to be superior to currently used mammalian cell lines in producing antibodies with enhanced effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schuster M, Jost W, Mudde GC, Wiederkum S, Schwager C, Janzek E, Altmann F, Stadlmann J, Stemmer C, Gorr G. In vivo glyco-engineered antibody with improved lytic potential produced by an innovative non-mammalian expression system. Biotechnol J 2007; 2:700-8. [PMID: 17427997 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the reduction of the core fucosylation on N-glycans of human IgGs is responsible for a clearly enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This finding might give access to improved active therapeutic antibodies. Here, the expression of the tumor antigen-specific antibody IGN311 was performed in a glyco-optimized strain of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Removal of plant specific N-glycan structures in this plant expression host was achieved by targeted knockout of corresponding genes and included quantitative elimination of core fucosylation. Antibodies transiently expressed and secreted by such genetically modified moss protoplasts assembled correctly, showed an unaltered antigen-binding affinity and, in extensive tests, revealed an up to 40-fold enhanced ADCC. Thus, the glyco-engineered moss-based transient expression platform combines a rapid technology with the subsequent analysis of glycooptimized therapeutics with regard to advanced properties.
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Abstract
This review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non-approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non-food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non-food crops, non-crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor-grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse-grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Treforest, CF37 1DL, UK.
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Decker EL, Reski R. Current achievements in the production of complex biopharmaceuticals with moss bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:3-9. [PMID: 17701058 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are promising alternatives for the low-cost and safe pathogen-free production of complex recombinant pharmaceutical proteins (molecular farming). Plants as higher eukaryotes perform posttranslational modifications similar to those of mammalian cells. However, plant-specific protein N-glycosylation was shown to be immunogenic, a fact that represents a drawback for many plant systems in biopharmaceutical production. The moss Physcomitrella patens offers unique properties as a contained system for protein production. It is grown in the predominant haploid gametophytic stage as tissue suspension cultures in photobioreactors. Efficient secretory signals and a transient transfection system allow the secretion of freshly synthesized proteins to the surrounding medium. The key advantage of Physcomitrella compared to other plant systems is the feasibility of targeted gene replacements. By this means, moss strains with non-immunogenic humanized glycan patterns were created. Here we present an overview of the relevant aspects for establishing moss as a production system for recombinant biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Chun JA, Lee WH, Han MO, Lee JW, Yi YB, Park GY, Chung CH. Optimization of abiotic factors for improved growth and extracellular production of recombinant fungal phytase in sesame hairy root cultures. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Weise A, Altmann F, Rodriguez-Franco M, Sjoberg ER, Bäumer W, Launhardt H, Kietzmann M, Gorr G. High-level expression of secreted complex glycosylated recombinant human erythropoietin in the Physcomitrella Delta-fuc-t Delta-xyl-t mutant. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:389-401. [PMID: 17359496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The highly glycosylated peptide hormone erythropoietin (EPO) plays a key role in the regulation of erythrocyte maturation. Currently, marketed EPO is produced by recombinant technology in mammalian cell cultures. The complementary DNA (cDNA) for human EPO (hEPO) was transiently and stably expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens wild-type and Delta-fuc-t Delta-xyl-t mutant, the latter containing N-glycans lacking the plant-specific, core-bound alpha1,3-fucose and beta1,2-xylose. New expression vectors were designed based on a Physcomitrella ubiquitin gene-derived promoter for the expression of hEPO cDNA. Transient expression in protoplasts was much stronger at 10 than at 20 degrees C. In Western blot analysis, the molecular size of moss-produced recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was identified to be 30 kDa, and it accumulated in the medium of transiently transformed protoplasts to high levels around 0.5 microg/mL. Transgenic Physcomitrella Delta-fuc-t Delta-xyl-t mutant lines expressing EPO cDNA showed secretion of rhEPO through the cell wall to the culture medium. In 5- and 10-L photobioreactor cultures, secreted rhEPO accumulated to high levels above 250 microg/g dry weight of moss material after 6 days. Silver staining of rhEPO on sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) taken from the bioreactor culture demonstrated a high purity of the over-expressed secreted rhEPO, with a very low background of endogenous moss proteins. Peptide mapping of rhEPO produced by the Physcomitrella Delta-fuc-t Delta-xyl-t mutant indicated correct processing of the plant-derived signal peptide. All three N-glycosylation sites of rhEPO were occupied by complex-type N-glycans completely devoid of the plant-specific core sugar residues fucose and xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weise
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, Bötzingerstr. 29b, D-79111 Freiburg, Germany
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Lucumi A, Posten C. Establishment of long-term perfusion cultures of recombinant moss in a pilot tubular photobioreactor. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Schaaf A, Tintelnot S, Baur A, Reski R, Gorr G, Decker EL. Use of endogenous signal sequences for transient production and efficient secretion by moss (Physcomitrella patens) cells. BMC Biotechnol 2005; 5:30. [PMID: 16271156 PMCID: PMC1291358 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient targeting to appropriate cell organelles is one of the bottlenecks for the production of recombinant proteins in plant systems. A common practice is to use the native secretory signal peptide of the heterologous protein to be produced. Though general features of secretion signals are conserved between plants and animals, the broad sequence variability among signal peptides suggests differing efficiency of signal peptide recognition. Results Aiming to improve secretion in moss bioreactors, we quantitatively compared the efficiency of two human signal peptides and six signals from recently isolated moss (Physcomitrella patens) proteins. We therefore used fusions of the different signals to heterologous reporter sequences for transient transfection of moss cells and measured the extra- and intracellular accumulation of the recombinant proteins rhVEGF and GST, respectively. Our data demonstrates an up to fivefold higher secretion efficiency with endogenous moss signals compared to the two utilised human signal peptides. Conclusion From the distribution of extra- and intracellular recombinant proteins, we suggest translational inhibition during the signal recognition particle-cycle (SRP-cycle) as the most probable of several possible explanations for the decreased extracellular accumulation with the human signals. In this work, we report on the supremacy of moss secretion signals over the utilised heterologous ones within the moss-bioreactor system. Though the molecular details of this effect remain to be elucidated, our results will contribute to the improvement of molecular farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaaf
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tintelnot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Baur
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Boetzinger Str. 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Gorr
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Boetzinger Str. 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Weise A, Rodriguez-Franco M, Timm B, Hermann M, Link S, Jost W, Gorr G. Use of Physcomitrella patens actin 5' regions for high transgene expression: importance of 5' introns. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:337-45. [PMID: 16059684 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated four actin (Act) genes from Physcomitrella patens and used their corresponding 5' regions for recombinant expression of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF121) in transiently transformed Physcomitrella protoplasts and in stable transformed lines. In the transient system, we found up to 11-fold activity of the corresponding 5' regions as compared with that of the plant constitutive 35S promoter. Moreover, the use of an optimised expression vector in which the human VEGF signal peptide was exchanged with a plant signal peptide resulted in an additional 7-fold increase in secreted rhVEGF. We found that the 5' introns of PpAct1, PpAct5 and PpAct7 are essential for high expression. The enhancing mechanisms of the introns, however, seem to be different since in the case of PpAct1, the expression level is stimulated only in the presence of the endogenous promoter, whereas the 5' introns of PpAct5 and PpAct7 stimulate expression also in combination with the 35S promoter. Beyond this, the isolated 5' regions are shown to be useful for high expression levels in transgenic moss lines with values of secreted rhVEGF up to 96 microg g(-1) dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weise
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Bötzinger Str. 29b, 79111, Freiburg, Germany
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