1
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Paris JL, de la Torre P, Flores AI. New Therapeutic Approaches for Allergy: A Review of Cell Therapy and Bio- or Nano-Material-Based Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122149. [PMID: 34959429 PMCID: PMC8707403 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy constitutes a major health issue due to its large prevalence. The established therapeutic approaches (allergen avoidance, antihistamines, and corticosteroids) do not address the underlying causes of the pathology, highlighting the need for other long-term treatment options. Antigen-specific immunotherapy enables the long-term control of allergic diseases by promoting immunological tolerance to the allergen. However, efficacious immunotherapies are not available for all possible allergens, and the risk of undesired reactions during therapy remains a concern, especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. In this context, two types of therapeutic strategies appear especially promising for the future in the context of allergy: cell therapy and bio- or nano-material-based therapy. In this review, the main strategies developed this far in these two types of strategies are discussed, with several examples illustrating the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Paris
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paz de la Torre
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana I. Flores
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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2
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Sadeghi M, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Dehnavi S, Koushki K, Sankian M. Current possibilities and future perspectives for improving efficacy of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108350. [PMID: 34782275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), a safe and efficient route for treating type I hypersensitivity disorders, requires high doses of allergens. SLIT is generally performed without adjuvants and delivery systems. Therefore, allergen formulation with appropriate presentation platforms results in improved allergen availability, targeting the immune cells, inducing regulatory immune responses, and enhancing immunotherapy's efficacy while decreasing the dose of the allergen. In this review, we discuss the adjuvants and delivery systems that have been applied as allergen-presentation platforms for SLIT. These adjuvants include TLRs ligands, 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, galectin-9, probiotic and bacterial components that provoke allergen-specific helper type-1 T lymphocytes (TH1), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Another approach is encapsulation or adsorption of the allergens into a particulate vector system to facilitate allergen capture by tolerogenic dendritic cells. Also, we proposed strategies to increasing the efficacy of SLIT via new immunopotentiators and carrier systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Koushki
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Mayorga C, Perez‐Inestrosa E, Rojo J, Ferrer M, Montañez MI. Role of nanostructures in allergy: Diagnostics, treatments and safety. Allergy 2021; 76:3292-3306. [PMID: 33559903 DOI: 10.1111/all.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1-100 nm. It has led to the development of nanomaterials, which behave very differently from materials with larger scales and can have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. The physical and chemical properties of materials of such small compounds depend mainly on the size, shape, composition and functionalization of the system. Nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymers, dendrimers and nanogels, among others, can be nanoengineeried for controlling all parameters, including their functionalization with ligands, which provide the desired interaction with the immunological system, that is dendritic cell receptors to activate and/or modulate the response, as well as specific IgE, or effector cell receptors. However, undesired issues related to toxicity and hypersensitivity responses can also happen and would need evaluation. There are wide panels of accessible structures, and controlling their physico-chemical properties would permit obtaining safer and more efficient compounds for clinical applications goals, either in diagnosis or treatment. The application of dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens and nanoparticles in allergy diagnosis is very promising since it can improve sensitivity by increasing specific IgE binding, mimicking carrier proteins or enhancing signal detection. Additionally, in the case of immunotherapy, glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers and nanoparticles have shown interest, behaving as platforms of allergenic structures, adjuvants or protectors of allergen from degradation or having a depot capacity. Taken together, the application of nanotechnology to allergy shows promising facts facing important goals related to the improvement of diagnosis as well as specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez‐Inestrosa
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, and the Biomimetic Dendrimers and Photonic Laboratory Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAUniversidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)CSIC—Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Marta Ferrer
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Clínica Universidad de NavarraInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Montañez
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONAND Málaga Spain
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4
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Use of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) for the Study of High-Affinity IgE FcεRI Receptor Engagement and Rat Basophilic Leukemia (RBL) Cell Degranulation. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32766975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Degranulation of mast cells and basophils occurs after the cross-linking of FcεRI receptor-bound IgE by multivalent allergens, resulting in the release of a range of de novo synthesized and preformed mediators of the allergic response. β-Hexosaminidase release is usually measured as a simple readout for degranulation. Furthermore, the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell line is commonly used for measuring degranulation, monitoring β-hexosaminidase release. Here, we describe surface-engineered and modified nanoparticles with specific ligands in order to study the signaling and cellular responses of the RBL-2H3 cell line.
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5
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Pali-Schöll I, DeBoer DJ, Alessandri C, Seida AA, Mueller RS, Jensen-Jarolim E. Formulations for Allergen Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Patients: New Candidates on the Horizon. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1697. [PMID: 32849594 PMCID: PMC7417425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is currently the only causal treatment for allergic diseases in human beings and animals. It aims to re-direct the immune system into a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Requirements include clinical efficacy, safety, and schedules optimizing patient or owner compliance. To achieve these goals, specific allergens can be formulated with adjuvants that prolong tissue deposition and support uptake by antigen presenting cells, and/or provide a beneficial immunomodulatory action. Here, we depict adjuvant formulations being investigated for human and veterinary allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pali-Schöll
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas J DeBoer
- Dermatology/Allergy Section, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Seida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Di Gioacchino M, Petrarca C, Gatta A, Scarano G, Farinelli A, Della Valle L, Lumaca A, Del Biondo P, Paganelli R, Di Giampaolo L. Nanoparticle-based immunotherapy: state of the art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:513-525. [PMID: 32343153 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1762572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For several years now, medicine has been benefiting from the contribution of nanoparticles (NPs) technology for both diagnosis and therapy. They can be used as adjuvants, being capable per se of immune-modulating activity, or as carriers for molecules to be transported to a specific target, eventually loaded with specific ligands favoring specific uptake. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on experimental use of NPs as adjuvants/carriers for allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Human clinical trials conducted so far are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Results of experimental studies and recent clinical trials support the use of NPs as carrier/adjuvant in AIT. Comparisons between NP-based and classical AIT are needed, to show the usefulness of the NP-based approach. However, there are still unsolved problems: the persistence of non-degradable NPs with possible toxicological consequences, and the formation of the protein corona around the NPs, which could alter their activity and fate. Virus-like particles seem the most promising NPs for allergy treatment, as for other vaccines. Over the next decade, NP-based AIT will be largely used to treat allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Di Gioacchino
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Leonardo Da Vinci, University , Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessia Gatta
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Gilda Scarano
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Anila Farinelli
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Loredana Della Valle
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Arianna Lumaca
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Pietro Del Biondo
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Roberto Paganelli
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Specialization School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Italy
| | - Luca Di Giampaolo
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University , Chieti, Pescara, Italy
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Liptrott NJ, Giardiello M, McDonald TO, Rannard SP, Owen A. Assessment of interactions of efavirenz solid drug nanoparticles with human immunological and haematological systems. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:22. [PMID: 29544545 PMCID: PMC5853089 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent work has developed solid drug nanoparticles (SDNs) of efavirenz that have been demonstrated, preclinically, improved oral bioavailability and the potential to enable up to a 50% dose reduction, and is currently being studied in a healthy volunteer clinical trial. Other SDN formulations are being studied for parenteral administration, either as intramuscular long-acting formulations, or for direct administration intravenously. The interaction of nanoparticles with the immunological and haematological systems can be a major barrier to successful translation but has been understudied for SDN formulations. Here we have conducted a preclinical evaluation of efavirenz SDN to assess their potential interaction with these systems. Platelet aggregation and activation, plasma coagulation, haemolysis, complement activation, T cell functionality and phenotype, monocyte derived macrophage functionality, and NK cell function were assessed in primary healthy volunteer samples treated with either aqueous efavirenz or efavirenz SDN. Results Efavirenz SDNs were shown not to interfere with any of the systems studied in terms of immunostimulation nor immunosuppression. Although efavirenz aqueous solution was shown to cause significant haemolysis ex vivo, efavirenz SDNs did not. No other interaction with haematological systems was observed. Efavirenz SDNs have been demonstrated to be immunologically and haematologically inert in the utilised assays. Conclusions Taken collectively, along with the recent observation that lopinavir SDN formulations did not impact immunological responses, these data indicate that this type of nanoformulation does not elicit immunological consequences seen with other types of nanomaterial. The methodologies presented here provide a framework for pre-emptive preclinical characterisation of nanoparticle safety. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0349-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Liptrott
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Block H, First Floor, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK. .,European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Marco Giardiello
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Block H, First Floor, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK.,European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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8
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Pohlit H, Bellinghausen I, Frey H, Saloga J. Recent advances in the use of nanoparticles for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy 2017; 72:1461-1474. [PMID: 28474379 DOI: 10.1111/all.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients suffering from allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis has increased dramatically within the last decades. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available cause-oriented therapy so far. AIT reduces symptoms, but has also a disease-modifying effect. Disadvantages are a long-lasting procedure, and in a few cases potential systemic adverse reactions. Encapsulation of allergens or DNA vaccines into nanostructures may provide advantages compared to the conventional AIT with noncapsulated allergen extracts: The protein/DNA molecule can be protected from degradation, higher local concentrations and targeted delivery to the site of action appear possible, and most importantly, recognition of encapsulated allergen by the immune system, especially by IgE antibodies, is prevented. AIT with nanoparticles (NPs) may offer a safer and potentially more efficient way of treatment for allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize the use of biodegradable NPs consisting of synthetic or natural polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles as well as nonbiodegradable NPs like dendrimers, and carbon- or metal-based NPs for AIT. More or less successful applications of these NPs in prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccination approaches in rodents or other animals as well as first human clinical trials are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Pohlit
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - I. Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - H. Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Saloga
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
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9
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Shah KU, Shah SU, Dilawar N, Khan GM, Gibaud S. Thiomers and their potential applications in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:601-610. [PMID: 27548003 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1227787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiomers are the product of the immobilization of sulfhydryl-bearing ligands onto the polymer backbone of a conventional polymer, which results in a significant improvement in mucoadhesion; in situ gelation and efflux inhibition compare with unchanged polymers. Because of thiol groups, thiomers have more reactivity and enhanced protection against oxidation. Since the late 1990s, extensive work has been conducted on these promising polymeric excipients in the pharmaceutical field. Areas covered: This review covers thiomers, their classification and their different properties. Various techniques for the synthesis, purification and characterization of thiomers are described in detail. This review also encompasses their various properties such as mucoadhesion, permeation enhancement, in situ gelation and efflux inhibition, as well as different formulations based on thiomers. In addition to the use of thiomers as multifunctional excipients, this review also encompasses their use as drugs. Expert opinion: The synthesis is realized by linkage of sulfhydryl-bearing ligands but reported methods give low yields. Higher degrees of modification are not necessary and would probably lead to extreme changes in properties. Nevertheless, an accurate characterization of the final product is important. The scale-up procedure for industrial manufacturing has been adapted to produce GMP materials; Lacrimera® eye drops have already entered the European market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayat Ullah Shah
- a Department of Pharmacy , Quaid-e-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gomal University , D.I.Khan , Pakistan.,c EA3452/CITHEFOR, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
| | - Naz Dilawar
- a Department of Pharmacy , Quaid-e-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- a Department of Pharmacy , Quaid-e-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Stéphane Gibaud
- c EA3452/CITHEFOR, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
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10
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Development of nanostructures in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:300-7. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Shurin M, Shvedova AA. Current understanding of interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 299:78-89. [PMID: 26739622 PMCID: PMC4811709 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of drugs, antigens, and imaging agents benefits from using nanotechnology-based carriers. The successful translation of nanoformulations to the clinic involves thorough assessment of their safety profiles, which, among other end-points, includes evaluation of immunotoxicity. The past decade of research focusing on nanoparticle interaction with the immune system has been fruitful in terms of understanding the basics of nanoparticle immunocompatibility, developing a bioanalytical infrastructure to screen for nanoparticle-mediated immune reactions, beginning to uncover the mechanisms of nanoparticle immunotoxicity, and utilizing current knowledge about the structure-activity relationship between nanoparticles' physicochemical properties and their effects on the immune system to guide safe drug delivery. In the present review, we focus on the most prominent pieces of the nanoparticle-immune system puzzle and discuss the achievements, disappointments, and lessons learned over the past 15years of research on the immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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12
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David CA, Owen A, Liptrott NJ. Determining the relationship between nanoparticle characteristics and immunotoxicity: key challenges and approaches. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1447-64. [PMID: 27171671 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing wealth of information regarding the influence that physicochemical characteristics play on nanoparticle biocompatibility and safety is allowing improved design and rationale for their development and preclinical assessment. Accurate and appropriate measurement of these characteristics accompanied by informed toxicological assessment is a necessity for the development of safe and effective nanomedicines. While particle type, formulation and mode of administration dictate the individual causes for concern through development, the benefits of nanoformulation for treatment of the diseased state are great. Here we have proposed certain considerations and suggestions, which could lead to better-informed preclinical assessment of nanomaterials for nanomedicine, as well as how this information can and should be extrapolated to the physiological state of the end user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Aw David
- European Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- European Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
| | - Neill J Liptrott
- European Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
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13
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Mocan T, Matea CT, Iancu C, Agoston-Coldea L, Mocan L, Orasan R. Hypersensitivity and nanoparticles: update and research trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:216-9. [PMID: 27152071 PMCID: PMC4849378 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology holds a great promise for a wide range of medical-intent applications (diagnostic, treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases). Their advantages are due to their size, versatility and potential for multiple simultaneous applications. However, concerns have been formulated by scientific world due to insufficient data on toxicity of nanomaterials. One area of interest is represented by the interactions between nanoparticles and the components of the immune system. We review herein reported data on hypersensitivity reactions. The role exerted by nanoparticles in both immunostimulation and immunosuppression in allergen-driven mechanisms was studied, as well as future trends in worldwide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Mocan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian T Matea
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 3Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia Agoston-Coldea
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 3Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Remus Orasan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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14
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Sherwani MA, Tufail S, Khan AA, Owais M. Dendrosome mediated topical gene silencing by PLK-1 specific siRNA: implication in treatment of skin cancer in mouse model. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical application of PLK-1 siRNA bearing dendrosomes on DMBA induced skin papillomas in mice exhibit potent anti-cancer effect. The treatment leads to reduced number and sizes of papillomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Tufail
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Faculty of Medicine
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
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15
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Ullas PT, Madhusudana SN, Desai A, Sagar BKC, Jayamurugan G, Rajesh YBRD, Jayaraman N. Enhancement of immunogenicity and efficacy of a plasmid DNA rabies vaccine by nanoformulation with a fourth-generation amine-terminated poly(ether imine) dendrimer. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:627-34. [PMID: 24501540 PMCID: PMC3912024 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s53415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Delayed onset of, and low magnitude of, protective immune responses are major drawbacks limiting the practical utility of plasmid vaccination against rabies. In this study we evaluated whether nanoformulation with the novel poly(ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimer can enhance the immunogenicity and efficacy of a plasmid-based rabies vaccine. Materials and methods A plasmid vaccine construct (pIRES-Rgp) was prepared by cloning the full-length rabies virus glycoprotein gene into pIRES vector. Drawing upon the results of our previous study, a dendriplex (dendrimer-DNA complex) of pIRES-Rgp was made with PETIM dendrimer (10:1 w/w, PETIM:pIRES-Rgp). In vitro transfection was done on baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells to evaluate expression of glycoprotein gene from pIRES-Rgp and PETIM-pIRES-Rgp. Subsequently, groups of Swiss albino mice were immunized intramuscularly with pIRES-Rgp or PETIM-pIRES-Rgp. A commercially available cell culture rabies vaccine was included for comparison. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers in the immune sera were evaluated on days 14, 28, and 90 by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Finally, an intracerebral challenge study using a challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus was done to evaluate the protective efficacy of the formulations. Results Protective levels of RVNA titer (≥0.5 IU/mL) were observed by day 14 in animals immunized with pIRES-Rgp and its dendriplex. Notably, PETIM-pIRES-Rgp produced 4.5-fold higher RVNA titers compared to pIRES-Rgp at this time point. All mice immunized with the PETIM-pIRES-Rgp survived the intracerebral rabies virus challenge, compared with 60% in the group which received pIRES-Rgp. Conclusion Our results suggest that nanoformulation with PETIM dendrimer can produce an earlier onset of a high-titered protective antibody response to a plasmid-based rabies vaccine. PETIM dendriplexing appears to be an efficacious nonviral delivery strategy to enhance genetic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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16
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Adeli M, Fard AK, Abedi F, Chegeni BK, Bani F. Thermo- and pH-sensitive dendrosomes as bi-phase drug delivery systems. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1203-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Testing the nanoparticle-allostatic cross-adaptation-sensitization model for homeopathic remedy effects. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:66-81. [PMID: 23290882 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Key concepts of the Nanoparticle-Allostatic Cross-Adaptation-Sensitization (NPCAS) Model for the action of homeopathic remedies in living systems include source nanoparticles as low level environmental stressors, heterotypic hormesis, cross-adaptation, allostasis (stress response network), time-dependent sensitization with endogenous amplification and bidirectional change, and self-organizing complex adaptive systems. The model accommodates the requirement for measurable physical agents in the remedy (source nanoparticles and/or source adsorbed to silica nanoparticles). Hormetic adaptive responses in the organism, triggered by nanoparticles; bipolar, metaplastic change, dependent on the history of the organism. Clinical matching of the patient's symptom picture, including modalities, to the symptom pattern that the source material can cause (cross-adaptation and cross-sensitization). Evidence for nanoparticle-related quantum macro-entanglement in homeopathic pathogenetic trials. This paper examines research implications of the model, discussing the following hypotheses: Variability in nanoparticle size, morphology, and aggregation affects remedy properties and reproducibility of findings. Homeopathic remedies modulate adaptive allostatic responses, with multiple dynamic short- and long-term effects. Simillimum remedy nanoparticles, as novel mild stressors corresponding to the organism's dysfunction initiate time-dependent cross-sensitization, reversing the direction of dysfunctional reactivity to environmental stressors. The NPCAS model suggests a way forward for systematic research on homeopathy. The central proposition is that homeopathic treatment is a form of nanomedicine acting by modulation of endogenous adaptation and metaplastic amplification processes in the organism to enhance long-term systemic resilience and health.
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Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization. DNA AND RNA NANOBIOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it is possible to construct vector with immunologically active genes against specific pathogens. Nevertheless, site-specific delivery of constructed genetic material is an important contributory factor for eliciting specific cellular and humoral immune response. Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential for the site-specific delivery of biomolecules. Several polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers have been utilized for the delivery of genetic materials. These systems seem to have better compatibility, low toxicity, economical and capable to delivering biomolecules to intracellular site for the better expression of desired antigens. Further, surface engineering of nanocarriers and targeting approaches have an ability to offer better presentation of antigenic material to immunological cells. This chapter gives an overview of existing and emerging nanotechnological approaches for the delivery of genetic materials.
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Abstract
The application of macromolecules as therapeutic agents holds great promise for several major disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, their use is limited by the lack of efficient, safe and specific delivery strategies. A promising strategy to overcome these challenges might be the use of thiolated polymers or designated thiomers. Thiomers are synthesized by immobilization of sulfhydryl bearing ligands on a polymeric backbone of well-established polymers. These multifunctional polymeric excipients show advantages in mucoadhesion, enzyme and efflux pump inhibition in comparison to unmodified polymers. One obstacle in the use of thiomers is that they are prone to oxidation at lower pH but this could be solved by introducing a completely new generation of thiomers, namely, the preactivated thiomer generation. Preactivated thiomers are mixed disulfides, which exhibit oxidation resistance and, beyond that, improved thiomer features. This review summarizes recent findings of polymeric excipients for macromolecular drug delivery as well as their synthesis and distinctive features.
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20
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Naahidi S, Jafari M, Edalat F, Raymond K, Khademhosseini A, Chen P. Biocompatibility of engineered nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 166:182-94. [PMID: 23262199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has raised the possibility of using engineered nanoparticles that interact within biological environments for treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles interacting with cells and the extracellular environment can trigger a sequence of biological effects. These effects largely depend on the dynamic physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, which determine the biocompatibility and efficacy of the intended outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms behind these different outcomes will allow prediction of the relationship between nanostructures and their interactions with the biological milieu. At present, almost no standard biocompatibility evaluation criteria have been established, in particular for nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems. Therefore, an appropriate safety guideline of nanoparticles on human health with assessable endpoints is needed. In this review, we discuss the data existing in the literature regarding biocompatibility of nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. We also review the various types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems while addressing new challenges and research directions. Presenting the aforementioned information will aid in getting one step closer to formulating compatibility criteria for biological systems under exposure to different nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheva Naahidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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21
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Rocha Soares KS, Cardozo Fonseca JL, Oliveira Bitencourt MA, Santos KS, Silva-Júnior AA, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom using cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles as immunoadjuvant. Toxicon 2012; 60:1349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Bolhassani A, Gholami E, Zahedifard F, Moradin N, Parsi P, Doustdari F, Seyed N, Papadopoulou B, Rafati S. Leishmania major: Protective capacity of DNA vaccine using amastin fused to HSV-1 VP22 and EGFP in BALB/c mice model. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Blank F, Gerber P, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Sakulkhu U, Salaklang J, De Peyer K, Gehr P, Nicod LP, Hofmann H, Geiser T, Petri-Fink A, Von Garnier C. Biomedical nanoparticles modulate specific CD4+ T cell stimulation by inhibition of antigen processing in dendritic cells. Nanotoxicology 2011; 5:606-21. [PMID: 21231795 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.541293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how nanoparticles may affect immune responses is an essential prerequisite to developing novel clinical applications. To investigate nanoparticle-dependent outcomes on immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) were treated with model biomedical poly(vinylalcohol)-coated super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PVA-SPIONs). PVA-SPIONs uptake by human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) and advanced imaging techniques. Viability, activation, function, and stimulatory capacity of MDDCs were assessed by FACS and an in vitro CD4+ T cell assay. PVA-SPION uptake was dose-dependent, decreased by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MDDC maturation at higher particle concentrations, and was inhibited by cytochalasin D pre-treatment. PVA-SPIONs did not alter surface marker expression (CD80, CD83, CD86, myeloid/plasmacytoid DC markers) or antigen-uptake, but decreased the capacity of MDDCs to process antigen, stimulate CD4+ T cells, and induce cytokines. The decreased antigen processing and CD4+ T cell stimulation capability of MDDCs following PVA-SPION treatment suggests that MDDCs may revert to a more functionally immature state following particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research , Division of Pulmonology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Dykman LA, Staroverov SA, Bogatyrev VA, Shchyogolev SY. Adjuvant properties of gold nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078010110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Broos S, Lundberg K, Akagi T, Kadowaki K, Akashi M, Greiff L, Borrebaeck CAK, Lindstedt M. Immunomodulatory nanoparticles as adjuvants and allergen-delivery system to human dendritic cells: Implications for specific immunotherapy. Vaccine 2010; 28:5075-85. [PMID: 20478343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Novel adjuvants and antigen-delivery systems with immunomodulatory properties that shift the allergenic Th2 response towards a Th1 or regulatory T cell response are desired for allergen-specific immunotherapy. This study demonstrates that 200-nm sized biodegradable poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are activators of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Gamma-PGA NPs are efficiently internalized by immature MoDCs and strongly stimulate production of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines as well as up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and immunomodulatory mediators involved in efficient T cell priming. Furthermore, MoDCs from allergic subjects stimulated in vitro with a mixture of gamma-PGA NPs and extract of grass pollen allergen Phleum pratense (Phl p) augment allergen-specific IL-10 production and proliferation of autologous CD4(+) memory T cells. Thus, gamma-PGA NPs are promising as sophisticated adjuvants and allergen-delivery systems in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissela Broos
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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26
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D'Silva I, Hall JC, Mine Y. WITHDRAWN: An investigation on the protective efficiency of recombinant ovalbumin and its mutants against anaphylaxis in mice. J Biotechnol 2010:S0168-1656(10)00100-8. [PMID: 20188773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icy D'Silva
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Evaluation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes on efficacy of DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein B of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. Immunol Lett 2010; 128:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Zolnik BS, González-Fernández A, Sadrieh N, Dobrovolskaia MA. Nanoparticles and the immune system. Endocrinology 2010; 151:458-65. [PMID: 20016026 PMCID: PMC2817614 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Today nanotechnology is finding growing applications in industry, biology, and medicine. The clear benefits of using nanosized products in various biological and medical applications are often challenged by concerns about the lack of adequate data regarding their toxicity. One area of interest involves the interactions between nanoparticles and the components of the immune system. Nanoparticles can be engineered to either avoid immune system recognition or specifically inhibit or enhance the immune responses. We review herein reported observations on nanoparticle-mediated immunostimulation and immunosuppression, focusing on possible theories regarding how manipulation of particle physicochemical properties can influence their interaction with immune cells to attain desirable immunomodulation and avoid undesirable immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu S Zolnik
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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29
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Gómez S, Gamazo C, San Roman B, Grau A, Espuelas S, Ferrer M, Sanz ML, Irache JM. A novel nanoparticulate adjuvant for immunotherapy with Lolium perenne. J Immunol Methods 2009; 348:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:469-78. [PMID: 18654343 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1157] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Most research on the toxicology of nanomaterials has focused on the effects of nanoparticles that enter the body accidentally. There has been much less research on the toxicology of nanoparticles that are used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery or imaging, in which the nanoparticles are deliberately placed in the body. Moreover, there are no harmonized standards for assessing the toxicity of nanoparticles to the immune system (immunotoxicity). Here we review recent research on immunotoxicity, along with data on a range of nanotechnology-based drugs that are at different stages in the approval process. Research shows that nanoparticles can stimulate and/or suppress the immune responses, and that their compatibility with the immune system is largely determined by their surface chemistry. Modifying these factors can significantly reduce the immunotoxicity of nanoparticles and make them useful platforms for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles St, Bldg 469, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Albrecht K, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiomers: forms, functions and applications to nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:41-50. [PMID: 17716189 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolated polymers or designated thiomers are gained by immobilization of sulhydryl-bearing ligands on the polymeric backbone of well established polymers, such as chitosan and poly(acrylates). This functionalization leads to significantly improved properties compared with the corresponding unmodified polymers. Mucoadhesive properties are strongly improved by the formation of disulfide bonds between thiol groups of the thiomer and cysteine-rich glycoproteins of the mucus gel layer. Moreover, enzyme- and efflux-pump inhibiting, as well as significantly improved permeation-enhancing properties, are advantages of polymer thiolization. Thiomer micro- and nano-particlulate delivery systems can be generated via different techniques, such as in situ gelation and subsequent covalent crosslinking, radical emulsion polymerization, emulsification/solvent evaporation or air jet milling. As thiomer micro- and nano-particles were shown to exhibit the same features as thiolated polymers per se, they might be useful tools for the delivery of various types of challenging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Albrecht
- Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Josef-Möller-Haus, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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