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Zhu X, Wu J, Li S, Xiang L, Jin JM, Liang C, Tang SY. Artificial Biosynthetic Pathway for Efficient Synthesis of Vanillin, a Feruloyl-CoA-Derived Natural Product from Eugenol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6463-6470. [PMID: 38501643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Eugenol, the main component of essential oil from the Syzygium aromaticum clove tree, has great potential as an alternative bioresource feedstock for biosynthesis purposes. Although eugenol degradation to ferulic acid was investigated, an efficient method for directly converting eugenol to targeted natural products has not been established. Herein we identified the inherent inhibitions by simply combining the previously reported ferulic acid biosynthetic pathway and vanillin biosynthetic pathway. To overcome this, we developed a novel biosynthetic pathway for converting eugenol into vanillin, by introducing cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), which catalyzes conversion of coniferyl aldehyde to feruloyl-CoA. This approach bypasses the need for two catalysts, namely coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase and feruloyl-CoA synthetase, thereby eliminating inhibition while simplifying the pathway. To further improve efficiency, we enhanced CCR catalytic efficiency via directed evolution and leveraged an artificialvanillin biosensor for high-throughput screening. Switching the cofactor preference of CCR from NADP+ to NAD+ significantly improved pathway efficiency. This newly designed pathway provides an alternative strategy for efficiently biosynthesizing feruloyl-CoA-derived natural products using eugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - La Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Lignin Valorization: Production of High Value-Added Compounds by Engineered Microorganisms. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant polymer in nature, which is also widely generated during biomass fractionation in lignocellulose biorefineries. At present, most of technical lignin is simply burnt for energy supply although it represents the richest natural source of aromatics, and thus it is a promising feedstock for generation of value-added compounds. Lignin is heterogeneous in composition and recalcitrant to degradation, with this substantially hampering its use. Notably, microbes have evolved particular enzymes and specialized metabolic pathways to degrade this polymer and metabolize its various aromatic components. In recent years, novel pathways have been designed allowing to establish engineered microbial cell factories able to efficiently funnel the lignin degradation products into few metabolic intermediates, representing suitable starting points for the synthesis of a variety of valuable molecules. This review focuses on recent success cases (at the laboratory/pilot scale) based on systems metabolic engineering studies aimed at generating value-added and specialty chemicals, with much emphasis on the production of cis,cis-muconic acid, a building block of recognized industrial value for the synthesis of plastic materials. The upgrade of this global waste stream promises a sustainable product portfolio, which will become an industrial reality when economic issues related to process scale up will be tackled.
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Enhanced vanillin production from eugenol by Bacillus cereus NCIM-5727. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1811-1824. [PMID: 36183291 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biovanillin production by a wild strain of Bacillus cereus NCIM-5727 is studied using eugenol as the precursor aiming to achieve maximum vanillin productivity. Based on shake flask optimization, molar yield and global volumetric productivity of vanillin reached up to 71.2% (6.6 gL-1) and 0.18 g(Lh)-1, respectively, at 36 h by resting cells of B. cereus NCIM-5727 at the optimum cell concentration of 3 gL-1 using eugenol concentration of 10 gL-1 at 37 ºC, buffer pH 7.0, buffer volume 10%, and shaking speed 180 rpm. Furthermore, small-scale optimization in a bioreactor at the controlled aeration rate of 0.5 Lmin-1, agitation rate of 210 rpm, and pH 7.0 enhanced the global volumetric productivity of vanillin up to 0.28 g(Lh)-1 at 25 h of bioconversion. The highest vanillin molar yield (75.2%) is reported using resting cells of B. cereus NCIM-5727 upon eugenol biotransformation and found stable for 10 h.
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Antimicrobial Potential of Bio Vanillin an Industrial Product from Bacillus subtilis sp., MSJM5. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanillin is a natural fragrance molecule, we used a simple screening approach based on pH changes caused by ferulic acid breakdown to identify strains. By using a solvent extraction technique, wheat bran was collected and processed to get ferulic acid. The five MSJM strains exhibited a significant result by change in the colour from blue to yellow on the assay plates. The five MSJM strains biotransformed ferulic acid into vanillic acid, resulting in high yield (Yp/s) and productivity (Pr). To create vanillin, Bacillus subtilis MSJM5 was employed to ferment wheat bran with 0.05 percent ferulic acid as an persuader. To create vanillin, Bacillus subtilis was employed to ferment wheat bran with 0.05 percent ferulic acid as an persuar. HPLC was used to determine the amount of vanillin in the medium after three days of fermentation. The peak in standard vanillin corresponds to a sample from fermented medium with a purity of 99 percent. This demonstrated that vanillin was present in the fermentation medium. The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration in all the samples were also assessed by well diffusion method.
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Abd‐Aziz S, Jenol MA, Ramle IK. Biovanillin from Oil Palm Biomass. BIOREFINERY OF OIL PRODUCING PLANTS FOR VALUE‐ADDED PRODUCTS 2022:493-514. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527830756.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Zhou H, Gao S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Improving bioconversion of eugenol to coniferyl alcohol by constitutive promoters in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Martău GA, Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Bio-vanillin: Towards a sustainable industrial production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Osorio-González CS, Hegde K, Brar SK, Vezina P, Gilbert D, Avalos-Ramírez A. Pulsed-ozonolysis assisted oxidative treatment of forestry biomass for lignin fractionation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123638. [PMID: 32534757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has been used to produce biomolecules of industrial interest through thermochemical, biological, and chemical transformation. However, few works have been developed over lignin fractionation to obtain monolignols with commercial potentials, such as sinapyl, coniferyl, and p-coumaryl alcohols. This study is focused on developing a thermochemical method to delignify biomass. Additionally, an oxidative treatment with ozone was studied to increase the release of monolignol compounds. The results showed that with 30 sec of ozonation in liquid samples from softwood sawdust a total concentration of 368.50 ± 0.73 mg/kg of monolignols was released after microwave-assisted extraction (256.5 ± 0.51 mg/kg of sinapyl alcohol and 112 ± 0.22 mg/kg of coniferyl alcohol) and 629.20 ± 0.21 mg/kg was released after thermal treatment (453.70 ± 0.15 mg/kg of sinapyl alcohol and 175.5 ± 0.06 mg/kg of coniferyl alcohol). For p-coumaryl alcohol, 16.32 mg/kg was obtained only in hardwood samples. The results of the present study showed that ozonolysis improves monolignols release from forestry residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Osorio-González
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada; INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Krishnamoorthy Hegde
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada; INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder K Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada; INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Pierre Vezina
- Directeur énergie et environnement, Conseil de l'industrie Forestière du Québec, 1175 Avenue Lavigerie Suite 200, Québec G1V 4P1, QC, Canada
| | - Dave Gilbert
- EMO3 Director, 945, Newton Avenue, Suite 134, Québec G1P 4M3, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Avalos-Ramírez
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada; Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales, 2263, Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan G9N 6V8, QC, Canada
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Abstract
This review presents a historical outline of the research on vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) from Penicillium simplicissimum, one of the canonical members of the VAO/PCMH flavoprotein family. After describing its discovery and initial biochemical characterization, we discuss the physiological role, substrate scope, and catalytic mechanism of VAO, and review its three-dimensional structure and mechanism of covalent flavinylation. We also explain how protein engineering provided a deeper insight into the role of certain amino acid residues in determining the substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of the enzyme. Finally, we summarize recent computational studies about the migration of substrates and products through the enzyme's structure and the phylogenetic distribution of VAO and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Gygli
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Becker J, Wittmann C. A field of dreams: Lignin valorization into chemicals, materials, fuels, and health-care products. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Chen PC, Zhang H, Zheng P. Direct biodegradation of eugenol to coniferyl aldehyde and other higher value-added products by Gibberella fujikuroi ZH-34. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Lv Y, Cheng X, Wu D, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Improving bioconversion of eugenol to coniferyl alcohol by in situ eliminating harmful H 2O 2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:578-583. [PMID: 30055475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coniferyl alcohol is a valuable chemical. However, the current approaches to obtain coniferyl alcohol are either unefficient or expensive. Penicillium simplicissimum vanillyl alcohol oxidase (PsVAO) can be used to produce coniferyl alcohol. However, PsVAO intrinsically produces harmful byproduct H2O2. Utilizing catalase to decompose H2O2 is a potential straightforward approach; however, catalase can also exhibit peroxidase activity to facilitate coniferyl alcohol over-oxidation. In this study, catalases exhibiting both high catalase activity and low peroxidase activity were found out, and introduced into the bioconversion systems. Our results showed that eliminating H2O2in situ released H2O2 inhibition of PsVAO, improved coniferyl alcohol production and eliminated coniferyl alcohol over-oxidation. Finally, coniferyl alcohol titer, molar yield, and productivity reached 22.9 g/L, 78.7%, and 0.5 g/(L × h) respectively. An efficient coniferyl alcohol production method was developed by overcoming the intrinsic disadvantages of PsVAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaozhong Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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A Xylenol Orange-Based Screening Assay for the Substrate Specificity of Flavin-Dependent para-Phenol Oxidases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010164. [PMID: 29342886 PMCID: PMC6017454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) and eugenol oxidase (EUGO) are flavin-dependent enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of para-substituted phenols. This makes them potentially interesting biocatalysts for the conversion of lignin-derived aromatic monomers to value-added compounds. To facilitate their biocatalytic exploitation, it is important to develop methods by which variants of the enzymes can be rapidly screened for increased activity towards substrates of interest. Here, we present the development of a screening assay for the substrate specificity of para-phenol oxidases based on the detection of hydrogen peroxide using the ferric-xylenol orange complex method. The assay was used to screen the activity of VAO and EUGO towards a set of twenty-four potential substrates. This led to the identification of 4-cyclopentylphenol as a new substrate of VAO and EUGO and 4-cyclohexylphenol as a new substrate of VAO. Screening of a small library of VAO and EUGO active-site variants for alterations in their substrate specificity led to the identification of a VAO variant (T457Q) with increased activity towards vanillyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol) and a EUGO variant (V436I) with increased activity towards chavicol (4-allylphenol) and 4-cyclopentylphenol. This assay provides a quick and efficient method to screen the substrate specificity of para-phenol oxidases, facilitating the enzyme engineering of known para-phenol oxidases and the evaluation of the substrate specificity of novel para-phenol oxidases.
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Statistically optimized production and characterization of vanillin from creosol using newly isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae P27. ANN MICROBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-017-1300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Chakraborty D, Selvam A, Kaur B, Wong JWC, Karthikeyan OP. Application of recombinant Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (fcs +/ech +) for bioconversion of agrowaste to vanillin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5615-5626. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Ohta Y, Hasegawa R, Kurosawa K, Maeda AH, Koizumi T, Nishimura H, Okada H, Qu C, Saito K, Watanabe T, Hatada Y. Enzymatic Specific Production and Chemical Functionalization of Phenylpropanone Platform Monomers from Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:425-433. [PMID: 27878983 PMCID: PMC5299523 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis is an ecofriendly strategy for the production of high-value low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds from lignin. Although well-definable aromatic monomers have been obtained from synthetic lignin-model dimers, enzymatic-selective synthesis of platform monomers from natural lignin has not been accomplished. In this study, we successfully achieved highly specific synthesis of aromatic monomers with a phenylpropane structure directly from natural lignin using a cascade reaction of β-O-4-cleaving bacterial enzymes in one pot. Guaiacylhydroxylpropanone (GHP) and the GHP/syringylhydroxylpropanone (SHP) mixture are exclusive monomers from lignin isolated from softwood (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood (Eucalyptus globulus). The intermediate products in the enzymatic reactions show the capacity to accommodate highly heterologous substrates at the substrate-binding sites of the enzymes. To demonstrate the applicability of GHP as a platform chemical for bio-based industries, we chemically generate value-added GHP derivatives for bio-based polymers. Together with these chemical conversions for the valorization of lignin-derived phenylpropanone monomers, the specific and enzymatic production of the monomers directly from natural lignin is expected to provide a new stream in "white biotechnology" for sustainable biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ohta
- Research and Development Center for Marine BiosciencesJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC2-15 NatsushimaYokosukaKanagawa237-0061Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hasegawa
- Research and Development Center for Marine BiosciencesJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC2-15 NatsushimaYokosukaKanagawa237-0061Japan
| | - Kanako Kurosawa
- Research and Development Center for Marine BiosciencesJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC2-15 NatsushimaYokosukaKanagawa237-0061Japan
| | - Allyn H. Maeda
- Research and Development Center for Marine BiosciencesJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC2-15 NatsushimaYokosukaKanagawa237-0061Japan
| | - Toshio Koizumi
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Defense Academy1-10-20 HashirimizuYokosukaKanagawa239-8686Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, RISHKyoto UniversityGokasho, UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Hitomi Okada
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, RISHKyoto UniversityGokasho, UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Chen Qu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, RISHKyoto UniversityGokasho, UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Kaori Saito
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, RISHKyoto UniversityGokasho, UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, RISHKyoto UniversityGokasho, UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Yuji Hatada
- Department of Life Sciences and Green ChemistrySaitama Institute of Technology1690 FusaijiFukayaSaitama369-0293Japan
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Recovery and Utilization of Lignin Monomers as Part of the Biorefinery Approach. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chakraborty D, Gupta G, Kaur B. Metabolic engineering of E. coli top 10 for production of vanillin through FA catabolic pathway and bioprocess optimization using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:123-33. [PMID: 27591788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering and construction of recombinant Escherichia coli strains carrying feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes for the bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin offers an alternative way to produce vanillin. Isolation and designing of fcs and ech genes was carried out using computer assisted protocol and the designed vanillin biosynthetic gene cassette was cloned in pCCIBAC expression vector for introduction in E. coli top 10. Recombinant strain was implemented for the statistical optimization of process parameters influencing F A to vanillin biotransformation. CCD matrix constituted of process variables like FA concentration, time, temperature and biomass with intracellular, extracellular and total vanillin productions as responses. Production was scaled up and 68 mg/L of vanillin was recovered from 10 mg/L of FA using cell extracts from 1 mg biomass within 30 min. Kinetic activity of enzymes were characterized. From LCMS-ESI analysis a metabolic pathway of FA degradation and vanillin production was predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaganjot Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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Metabolic Engineering of the Actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. Strain ATCC 39116 towards Enhanced Production of Natural Vanillin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3410-3419. [PMID: 27037121 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00802-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Gram-positive bacterium Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 is used for the fermentative production of natural vanillin from ferulic acid on an industrial scale. The strain is known for its outstanding tolerance to this toxic product. In order to improve the productivity of the fermentation process, the strain's metabolism was engineered for higher final concentrations and molar yields. Degradation of vanillin could be decreased by more than 90% through deletion of the vdh gene, which codes for the central vanillin catabolism enzyme, vanillin dehydrogenase. This mutation resulted in improvement of the final concentration of vanillin by more than 2.2 g/liter, with a molar yield of 80.9%. Further improvement was achieved with constitutive expression of the vanillin anabolism genes ech and fcs, coding for the enzymes feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase (ech). The transcription of both genes was shown to be induced by ferulic acid, which explains the unwanted adaptation phase in the fermentation process before vanillin was efficiently produced by the wild-type cells. Through the constitutive and enhanced expression of the two genes, the adaptation phase was eliminated and a final vanillin concentration of 19.3 g/liter, with a molar yield of 94.9%, was obtained. Moreover, an even higher final vanillin concentration of 22.3 g/liter was achieved, at the expense of a lower molar yield, by using an improved feeding strategy. This is the highest reported vanillin concentration reached in microbial fermentation processes without extraction of the product. Furthermore, the vanillin was produced almost without by-products, with a molar yield that nearly approached the theoretical maximum. IMPORTANCE Much effort has been put into optimization of the biotechnological production of natural vanillin. The demand for this compound is growing due to increased consumer concerns regarding chemically produced food additives. Since this compound is toxic to most organisms, it has proven quite difficult to reach high concentrations and molar yields. This study shows that improvements in the final vanillin concentrations and molar yields can be made through a combination of modification of the fermentation parameters and molecular strain engineering, without the need for methods such as continuous extraction from the fermentation broth. Using this approach, we were able to reach a final vanillin concentration of 22.3 g/liter, which is the highest vanillin concentration reported to date that was generated with Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 without additional extraction of the toxic product.
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Gallage NJ, Møller BL. Vanillin-bioconversion and bioengineering of the most popular plant flavor and its de novo biosynthesis in the vanilla orchid. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:40-57. [PMID: 25578271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biotechnology-derived production of flavors and fragrances has expanded rapidly. The world's most popular flavor, vanillin, is no exception. This review outlines the current state of biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis with the use of ferulic acid, eugenol, and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi, and yeasts as microbial production hosts. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of vanillin in the vanilla orchid and the possible applied uses of this new knowledge in the biotechnology-derived and pod-based vanillin industries are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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23
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Kaur B, Chakraborty D, Kumar B. Metabolic engineering of Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 for production of vanillin through ferulic acid catabolic pathway and process optimization using response surface methodology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8539-51. [PMID: 25077778 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of feruloyl-CoA synthetase (fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase (ech) genes responsible for the bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin have been reported and characterized from Amycolatopsis sp., Streptomyces sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Attempts have been made to express these genes in Escherichia coli DH5α, E. coli JM109, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. However, none of the lactic acid bacteria strain having GRAS status was previously proposed for heterologous expression of fcs and ech genes for production of vanillin through biotechnological process. Present study reports heterologous expression of vanillin synthetic gene cassette bearing fcs and ech genes in a dairy isolate Pediococcus acidilactici BD16. After metabolic engineering, statistical optimization of process parameters that influence ferulic acid to vanillin biotransformation in the recombinant strain was carried out using central composite design of response surface methodology. After scale-up of the process, 3.14 mM vanillin was recovered from 1.08 mM ferulic acid per milligram of recombinant cell biomass within 20 min of biotransformation. From LCMS-ESI spectral analysis, a metabolic pathway of phenolic biotransformations was predicted in the recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (fcs (+)/ech (+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India,
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24
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Fleige C, Steinbüchel A. Construction of expression vectors for metabolic engineering of the vanillin-producing actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6387-95. [PMID: 24743982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 is able to synthesize the important flavoring agent vanillin from cheap natural substrates. The bacterium is therefore of great interest for the industry and used for the fermentative production of vanillin. In order to improve the production of natural vanillin with Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116, the strain has been genetically engineered to optimize the metabolic flux towards the desired product. Extensive metabolic engineering was hitherto hampered, due to the lack of genetic tools like functional promoters and expression vectors. In this study, we report the establishment of a plasmid-based gene expression system for Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 that allows a further manipulation of the genotype. Four new Escherichia coli-Amycolatopsis shuttle vectors harboring different promoter elements were constructed, and the functionality of these regulatory elements was proven by the expression of the reporter gene gusA, encoding a β-glucuronidase. Glucuronidase activity was detected in all plasmid-harboring strains, and remarkable differences in the expression strength of the reporter gene depending on the used promoter were observed. The new expression vectors will promote the further genetic engineering of Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 to get insight into the metabolic network and to improve the strain for a more efficient industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fleige
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Zamzuri N, Abd-Aziz S, Rahim R, Phang L, Alitheen N, Maeda T. A rapid colorimetric screening method for vanillic acid and vanillin-producing bacterial strains. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:903-910. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Zamzuri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM); Serdang Malaysia
| | - S. Abd-Aziz
- Department of Bioprocess Technology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM); Serdang Malaysia
| | - R.A. Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM); Serdang Malaysia
| | - L.Y. Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM); Serdang Malaysia
| | - N.B. Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM); Serdang Malaysia
| | - T. Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering; Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering; Kyushu Institute of Technology; Kitakyushu Japan
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26
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Mishra S, Sachan A, Sachan SG. Production of natural value-added compounds: an insight into the eugenol biotransformation pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:545-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During the past few years, the production of natural value-added compounds from microbial sources has gained tremendous importance. Due to an increase in consumer demand for natural products, various food and pharmaceutical industries are continuously in search of novel metabolites obtained from microbial biotransformation. The exploitation of microbial biosynthetic pathways is both feasible and cost effective in the production of natural compounds. The environmentally compatible nature of these products is one major reason for their increasing demand. Novel approaches for natural product biogeneration will take advantage of the current studies on biotechnology, biochemical pathways and microbiology. The interest of the scientific community has shifted toward the use of microbial bioconversion for the production of valuable compounds from natural substrates. The present review focuses on eugenol biotransformation by microorganisms resulting in the formation of various value-added products such as ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, vanillin and vanillic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Mishra
- grid.462084.c 0000000122167125 Department of Biotechnology Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835 215 Ranchi India
| | - Ashish Sachan
- grid.462084.c 0000000122167125 Department of Biotechnology Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835 215 Ranchi India
| | - Shashwati Ghosh Sachan
- grid.462084.c 0000000122167125 Department of Biotechnology Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835 215 Ranchi India
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Zamzuri NA, Abd-Aziz S. Biovanillin from agro wastes as an alternative food flavour. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:429-438. [DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ain Zamzuri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suraini Abd-Aziz
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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Biotechnological and molecular approaches for vanillin production: a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1353-72. [PMID: 23306890 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is one of the most widely used flavoring agents in the world. As the annual world market demand of vanillin could not be met by natural extraction, chemical synthesis, or tissue culture technology, thus biotechnological approaches may be replacement routes to make production of bio-vanillin economically viable. This review's main focus is to highlight significant aspects of biotechnology with emphasis on the production of vanillin from eugenol, isoeugenol, lignin, ferulic acid, sugars, phenolic stilbenes, vanillic acid, aromatic amino acids, and waste residues by applying fungi, bacteria, and plant cells. Production of biovanillin using GRAS lactic acid bacteria and metabolically engineered microorganisms, genetic organization of vanillin biosynthesis operons/gene cassettes and finally the stability of biovanillin generated through various biotechnological procedures are also critically reviewed in the later sections of the review.
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29
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Converti A, Aliakbarian B, Domínguez JM, Bustos Vázquez G, Perego P. Microbial production of biovanillin. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:519-30. [PMID: 24031526 PMCID: PMC3768639 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims at providing an overview on the microbial production of vanillin, a new alternative method for the production of this important flavor of the food industry, which has the potential to become economically competitive in the next future. After a brief description of the applications of vanillin in different industrial sectors and of its physicochemical properties, we described the traditional ways of providing vanillin, specifically extraction and chemical synthesis (mainly oxidation) and compared them with the new biotechnological options, i.e., biotransformations of caffeic acid, veratraldehyde and mainly ferulic acid. In the second part of the review, emphasis has been addressed to the factors most influencing the bioproduction of vanillin, specifically the age of inoculum, pH, temperature, type of co-substrate, as well as the inhibitory effects exerted either by excess substrate or product. The final part of the work summarized the downstream processes and the related unit operations involved in the recovery of vanillin from the bioconversion medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Converti
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Genoa , Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa , Italy
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30
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Subramanian N, Sundaraganesan N, Jayabharathi J. Molecular structure, spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR, UV) studies and first-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities of 1,2-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine by density functional method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 76:259-269. [PMID: 20413344 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 1,2-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine [vanillin azine (VA)] were carried out by using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31G(d) as basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by DFT calculations are in good agreement with single crystal XRD data. The vibrational spectral data obtained from solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra are assigned based on the results of the theoretical calculations. The observed spectra are found to be in good agreement with calculated values. The electric dipole moment (mu) and the first hyperpolarizability (beta) values of the investigated molecule have been computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculation results also show that the VA molecule might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of VA was also reported. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) results complements with the experimental findings. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The theoretical NMR chemical shifts complement with experimentally measured ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Subramanian
- Govt College of Education, Komarapalayam 638183, Tamil Nadu, India
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31
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Vanillin bioproduction from alkaline hydrolyzate of corn cob by Escherichia coli JM109/pBB1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu P, Hua D, Ma C. Microbial transformation of propenylbenzenes for natural flavour production. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:571-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Di Gioia D, Sciubba L, Setti L, Luziatelli F, Ruzzi M, Zanichelli D, Fava F. Production of biovanillin from wheat bran. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jin J, Mazon H, van den Heuvel RHH, Janssen DB, Fraaije MW. Discovery of a eugenol oxidase from Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1. FEBS J 2007; 274:2311-21. [PMID: 17419730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a eugenol oxidase was identified in the genome from Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1. The bacterial FAD-containing oxidase shares 45% amino acid sequence identity with vanillyl alcohol oxidase from the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum. Eugenol oxidase could be expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, which allowed purification of 160 mg of eugenol oxidase from 1 L of culture. Gel permeation experiments and macromolecular MS revealed that the enzyme forms homodimers. Eugenol oxidase is partly expressed in the apo form, but can be fully flavinylated by the addition of FAD. Cofactor incorporation involves the formation of a covalent protein-FAD linkage, which is formed autocatalytically. Modeling using the vanillyl alcohol oxidase structure indicates that the FAD cofactor is tethered to His390 in eugenol oxidase. The model also provides a structural explanation for the observation that eugenol oxidase is dimeric whereas vanillyl alcohol oxidase is octameric. The bacterial oxidase efficiently oxidizes eugenol into coniferyl alcohol (KM=1.0 microM, kcat=3.1 s-1). Vanillyl alcohol and 5-indanol are also readily accepted as substrates, whereas other phenolic compounds (vanillylamine, 4-ethylguaiacol) are converted with relatively poor catalytic efficiencies. The catalytic efficiencies with the identified substrates are strikingly different when compared with vanillyl alcohol oxidase. The ability to efficiently convert eugenol may facilitate biotechnological valorization of this natural aromatic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Jin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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