1
|
Srinivasan N, Thangavelu K, Uthandi S. Lovastatin production by an oleaginous fungus, Aspergillus terreus KPR12 using sago processing wastewater (SWW). Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:22. [PMID: 35164756 PMCID: PMC8842936 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lovastatin is one of the first statins to be extensively used for its cholesterol-lowering ability. It is commercially produced by fermentation. Species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are well-studied fungi that have been widely used for lovastatin production. In the present study, we produced lovastatin from sago processing wastewater (SWW) under submerged fermentation using oleaginous fungal strains, A. terreus KPR12 and A. caespitosus ASEF14.
Results
The intra- and extracellular concentrations of lovastatin produced by A. terreus KPR12 and A. caespitosus ASEF14 were lactonized. Because A. caespitosus ASEF14 produced a negligible amount of lovastatin, further kinetics of lovastatin production in SWW was studied using the KPR12 strain for 9 days. Lovastatin concentrations in the intra- and extracellular fractions of the A. terreus KPR12 cultured in a synthetic medium (SM) were 117.93 and 883.28 mg L–1, respectively. However, these concentrations in SWW were 142.23 and 429.98 mg L–1, respectively. The yeast growth inhibition bioassay confirmed the antifungal property of fungal extracts. A. terreus KPR12 showed a higher inhibition zone of 14 mm than the ASEF14 strain. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.01) showed significant differences in the localization pattern, fungal strains, growth medium, and their respective interactions. The lovastatin yield coefficient values were 0.153 g g–1 on biomass (YLOV/X) and 0.043 g g–1 on the substrate, starch (YLOV/S). The pollutant level of treated SWW exhibited a reduction in total solids (TS, 59%), total dissolved solids (TDS, 68%), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 79.5%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 57.1%), phosphate (88%), cyanide (65.4%), and void of nutrients such as nitrate (100%), and ammonia (100%).
Conclusion
The starch-rich wastewater serves as a suitable medium for A. terreus KPR12 for the production of lovastatin. It simultaneously decontaminates the sago processing wastewater, enabling its reuse for irrigation/recreation.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
2
|
Barrios-González J, Pérez-Sánchez A, Bibián ME. New knowledge about the biosynthesis of lovastatin and its production by fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8979-8998. [PMID: 32930839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, and its semisynthetic derivative simvastatine, has great medical and economic importance, besides great potential for other uses. In the last years, a deeper and more complex view of secondary metabolism regulation has emerged, with the incorporation of cluster-specific and global transcription factors, and their relation to signaling cascades, as well as the new level of epigenetic regulation. Recently, a new mechanism, which regulates lovastatin biosynthesis, at transcriptional level, has been discovered: reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation; also new unexpected environmental stimuli have been identified, which induce the synthesis of lovastatin, like quorum sensing-type molecules and support stimuli. The present review describes this new panorama and uses this information, together with the knowledge on lovastatin biosynthesis and genomics, as the foundation to analyze literature on optimization of fermentation parameters and medium composition, and also to fully understand new strategies for strain genetic improvement. This new knowledge has been applied to the development of more effective culture media, with the addition of molecules like butyrolactone I, oxylipins, and spermidine, or with addition of ROS-generating molecules to increase internal ROS levels in the cell. It has also been applied to the development of new strategies to generate overproducing strains of Aspergillus terreus, including engineering of the cluster-specific transcription factor (lovE), global transcription factors like the ones implicated in ROS regulation (or even mitochondrial alternative respiration aox gen), or the global regulator LaeA. Moreover, there is potential to apply some of these findings to the development of novel unconventional production systems. KEY POINTS: • New findings in regulation of lovastatin biosynthesis, like ROS regulation. • Induction by unexpected stimuli: autoinducer molecules and support stimuli. • Recent reports on culture medium and process optimization from this stand point. • Applications to molecular genetic strain improvement methods and production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Barrios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ailed Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Esmeralda Bibián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira MCLD, Paulo AJ, Lima CDA, de Lima Filho JL, Souza-Motta CM, Vidal EE, Nascimento TP, Marques DDAV, Porto ALF. Lovastatin producing by wild strain of Aspergillus terreus isolated from Brazil. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:164-172. [PMID: 32795118 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1805624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is a drug in the statin class which acts as a natural inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, a coenzyme reductase reported as being a potential therapeutic agent for several diseases: Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis and due to its anti-cancer properties. Aspergillus terreus is known for producing a cholesterol reducing drug. This study sets out to evaluate the production of lovastatin by Brazilian wild strains of A. terreus isolated from a biological sample and natural sources. Carbon and nitrogen sources and the best physicochemical conditions using factorial design were also evaluated. The 37 fungal were grown to produce lovastatin by submerged fermentation. A. terreus URM5579 strain was the best lovastatin producer with a level of 13.96 mg/L. Soluble starch and soybean flour were found to be the most suitable substrates for producing lovastatin (41.23 mg/L) and biomass (6.1 mg/mL). The most favorable production conditions were found in run 16 with 60 g/L soluble starch, 15 g/L soybean flour, pH 7.5, 200 rpm and maintaining the solution at 32 °C for 7 days, which led to producing 100.86 mg/L of lovastatin and 17.68 mg/mL of biomass. Using natural strains and economically viable substrates helps to optimize the production of lovastatin and promote its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Cardoso Lemos de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Anderson José Paulo
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - José Luiz de Lima Filho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Espinosa Vidal
- Central Analytical, Northeastern Center of Strategic Technologies (CETENE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pajeú Nascimento
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Araújo Viana Marques
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Biological Science Institute, University of Pernambuco-ICB/UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neto RNM, de Barros Gomes E, Weba-Soares L, Dias LRL, da Silva LCN, de Miranda RDCM. Biotechnological Production of Statins: Metabolic Aspects and Genetic Approaches. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1244-1259. [PMID: 31333127 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190718165746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are drugs used for people with abnormal lipid levels (hyperlipidemia) and are among the best-selling medications in the United States. Thus, the aspects related to the production of these drugs are of extreme importance for the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we provide a non-exhaustive review of fungal species used to produce statin and highlighted the major factors affecting the efficacy of this process. The current biotechnological approaches and the advances of a metabolic engineer to improve statins production are also emphasized. The biotechnological production of the main statins (lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin) uses different species of filamentous fungi, for example Aspergillus terreus. The statins production is influenced by different types of nutrients available in the medium such as the carbon and nitrogen sources, and several researches have focused their efforts to find the optimal cultivation conditions. Enzymes belonging to Lov class, play essential roles in statin production and have been targeted to genetic manipulations in order to improve the efficiency for Lovastatin and Simvastatin production. For instance, Escherichia coli strains expressing the LovD have been successfully used for lovastatin production. Other examples include the use of iRNA targeting LovF of A. terreus. Therefore, fungi are important allies in the fight against hyperlipidemias. Although many studies have been conducted, investigations on bioprocess optimization (using both native or genetic- modified strains) still necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberval N M Neto
- Pro-reitoria de Pos-Graduacao, Pesquisa e Extensao, Universidade Ceuma, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Weba-Soares
- Pro-reitoria de Pos-Graduacao, Pesquisa e Extensao, Universidade Ceuma, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Léo R L Dias
- Pro-reitoria de Pos-Graduacao, Pesquisa e Extensao, Universidade Ceuma, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Luís C N da Silva
- Pro-reitoria de Pos-Graduacao, Pesquisa e Extensao, Universidade Ceuma, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| | - Rita de C M de Miranda
- Pro-reitoria de Pos-Graduacao, Pesquisa e Extensao, Universidade Ceuma, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abd Rahim MH, Lim EJ, Hasan H, Abbas A. The investigation of media components for optimal metabolite production of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105672. [PMID: 31326443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen, salt and pre-culture conditions on the production of lovastatin in A. terreus ATCC 20542. METHODS Different combinations of nitrogen sources, salts and pre-culture combinations were applied in the fermentation media and lovastatin yield was analysed chromatographically. RESULT The exclusion of MnSO4 ·5H2O, CuSO4·5H2O and FeCl3·6H2O were shown to significantly improve lovastatin production (282%), while KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and NaCl and ZnSO4·7H2O were indispensable for good lovastatin production. Simple nitrogen source (ammonia) was unfavourable for morphology, growth and lovastatin production. In contrast, yeast extract (complex nitrogen source) produced the highest lovastatin yield (25.52 mg/L), while powdered soybean favoured the production of co-metabolites ((+)-geodin and sulochrin). Intermediate lactose: yeast extract (5:4) ratio produced the optimal lovastatin yield (12.33 mg/L) during pre-culture, while high (5:2) or low (5:6) lactose to yeast extract ratio produced significantly lower lovastatin yield (7.98 mg/L and 9.12 mg/L, respectively). High spore concentration, up to 107 spores/L was shown to be beneficial for lovastatin, but not for co-metabolite production, while higher spore age was shown to be beneficial for all of its metabolites. CONCLUSION The findings from these investigations could be used for future cultivation of A. terreus in the production of desired metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Elicia Jitming Lim
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ali Abbas
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balraj J, Jairaman K, Kalieswaran V, Jayaraman A. Bioprospecting lovastatin production from a novel producer Cunninghamella blakesleeana. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:359. [PMID: 30105184 PMCID: PMC6081836 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside anti-cholesterol activity, lovastatin garners worldwide attention for therapeutical application against various diseases especially cancer. A total of 36 filamentous fungi from soil samples were isolated and screened for lovastatin production by yeast growth bioassay method. C9 strain (later identified as Cunninghamella blakesleeana) was screened as potential strain of lovastatin production. Further confirmation of the compound was made using TLC, HPTLC and HPLC in which similar Rf value, densitogram peak and chromatogram peak against the standard lovastatin were observed, respectively. The purified lovastatin subjected for IR analysis showed a lactone ring peak at 1763.63 cm-1 similar to standard lovastatin. Further structural analysis including NMR and LC-MS of the purified lovastatin reassures the molecular formula and molecular weight similar to standard. In quantitative terms, C. blakesleeana, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus flavus produced 1.4 mg g-1 DWS, 0.83 mg g-1 DWS and 0.3 mg g-1 DWS of lovastatin, respectively, (p < 0.0001) without any optimization. Lovastatin showed significant antioxidant property with IC50: 145.9 µg mL-1 (140 µL), and the percentage of inhibition is maximum at 199.5 µg/mL which is statistically significant (p < 0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Balraj
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Karunyadevi Jairaman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Vidhya Kalieswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhgun AA, Dumina MV, Voinova TM, Dzhavakhiya VV, Eldarov MA. Role of acetyl-CoA Synthetase and LovE Regulator Protein of Polyketide Biosynthesis in Lovastatin Production by Wild-Type and Overproducing Aspergillus terreus Strains. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Kowalska A, Boruta T, Bizukojć M. Morphological evolution of various fungal species in the presence and absence of aluminum oxide microparticles: Comparative and quantitative insights into microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC). Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00603. [PMID: 29504287 PMCID: PMC6182563 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of microparticle‐enhanced cultivation (MPEC) is an attractive method to control mycelial morphology, and thus enhance the production of metabolites and enzymes in the submerged cultivations of filamentous fungi. Unfortunately, most literature data deals with the spore‐agglomerating species like aspergilli. Therefore, the detailed quantitative study of the morphological evolution of four different fungal species (Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium rubens, Chaetomium globosum, and Mucor racemosus) based on the digital analysis of microscopic images was presented in this paper. In accordance with the current knowledge, these species exhibit different mechanisms of agglomerates formation. The standard submerged shake flask cultivations (as a reference) and MPEC involving 10 μm aluminum oxide microparticles (6 g·L−1) were performed. The morphological parameters, including mean projected area, elongation, roughness, and morphology number were determined for the mycelial objects within the first 24 hr of growth. It occurred that heretofore observed and widely discussed effect of microparticles on fungi, namely the decrease in pellet size, was not observed for the species whose pellet formation mechanism is different from spore agglomeration. In the MPEC, C. globosum developed core‐shell pellets, and M. racemosus, a nonagglomerative species, formed the relatively larger, compared to standard cultures, pellets with distinct cores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Bioprocess EngineeringLodz University of TechnologyLodzPoland
| | - Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Bioprocess EngineeringLodz University of TechnologyLodzPoland
| | - Marcin Bizukojć
- Faculty of Process and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Bioprocess EngineeringLodz University of TechnologyLodzPoland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stable isotope ratio analysis for authentication of red yeast rice. Talanta 2017; 174:228-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Growth and lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus under different carbohyrates as carbon sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Subhan M, Faryal R, Macreadie I. Exploitation of Aspergillus terreus for the Production of Natural Statins. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2020013. [PMID: 29376930 PMCID: PMC5753075 DOI: 10.3390/jof2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus (A.) terreus has dominated the biological production of the “blockbuster” drugs known as statins. The statins are a class of drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and lead to lower cholesterol production. The statins were initially discovered in fungi and for many years fungi were the sole source for the statins. At present, novel chemically synthesised statins are produced as inspired by the naturally occurring statin molecules. The isolation of the natural statins, compactin, mevastatin and lovastatin from A. terreus represents one of the great achievements of industrial microbiology. Here we review the discovery of statins, along with strategies that have been applied to scale up their production by A. terreus strains. The strategies encompass many of the techniques available in industrial microbiology and include the optimization of media and fermentation conditions, the improvement of strains through classical mutagenesis, induced genetic manipulation and the use of statistical design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Subhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Bioprocess Engineering Aspects of the Cultivation of a Lovastatin Producer Aspergillus terreus. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 149:133-70. [PMID: 25633258 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review bioprocess engineering aspects of lovastatin (antihypercholesterolemia drug) production by Aspergillus terreus in the submerged culture in the bioreactors of various scale presented in the scientific literature since the nineties of the twentieth century. The key factor influencing the cultivation of any filamentous species is fungal morphology and that is why this aspect was treated as the starting point for further considerations. Fungal morphology is known to have an impact on the following issues connected with the cultivation of A. terreus reviewed in this article. These are broth viscosity in conjunction with non-Newtonian behaviour of the cultivation broths, and multistage oxygen transfer processes: from gas phase (air) to liquid phase (broth) and diffusion in the fungal agglomerates. The latest achievements concerning the controlling A. terreus morphology during lovastatin biosynthesis with the use of morphological engineering techniques were also reviewed. Last but not least, some attention was paid to the type of a bioreactor, its operational mode and kinetic modelling of lovastatin production by A. terreus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lovastatin production: From molecular basis to industrial process optimization. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:648-65. [PMID: 25868803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, composed of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, is the most frequently used drug for hypercholesterolemia treatment due to the fact that lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Moreover, recent studies have shown several important applications for lovastatin including antimicrobial agents and treatments for cancers and bone diseases. Studies regarding the lovastatin biosynthetic pathway have also demonstrated that lovastatin is synthesized from two-chain reactions using acetate and malonyl-CoA as a substrate. It is also known that there are two key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway called polyketide synthases (PKS). Those are characterized as multifunctional enzymes and are encoded by specific genes organized in clusters on the fungal genome. Since it is a secondary metabolite, cultivation process optimization for lovastatin biosynthesis has included nitrogen limitation and non-fermentable carbon sources such as lactose and glycerol. Additionally, the influences of temperature, pH, agitation/aeration, and particle and inoculum size on lovastatin production have been also described. Although many reviews have been published covering different aspects of lovastatin production, this review brings, for the first time, complete information about the genetic basis for lovastatin production, detection and quantification, strain screening and cultivation process optimization. Moreover, this review covers all the information available from patent databases covering each protected aspect during lovastatin bio-production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abd Rahim MH, Hasan H, Montoya A, Abbas A. Lovastatin and (+)-geodin production by Aspergillus terreusfrom crude glycerol. Eng Life Sci 2015; 15:220-228. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Department of Food Science; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Department of Food Science; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Alejandro Montoya
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Ali Abbas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pawlak M, Bizukojc M. Feeding profile is not the sole factor influencing lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus ATCC20542 in a continuous fed-batch stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Chegwin-Angarita C, Jeannette Nieto-Ramirez I, Diaz GJ, Rojas L. JR, Sepúlveda L, Atehortúa L. Evaluation of a method using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of statins in macromycetes of the genus Pleurotus cultivated by fermentation processes. Talanta 2013; 116:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Singh SK, Pandey A. Emerging Approaches in Fermentative Production of Statins. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:927-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
18
|
Liu J, Gao Q, Xu N, Liu L. Genome-scale reconstruction and in silico analysis of Aspergillus terreus metabolism. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1939-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
19
|
Boettger D, Bergmann H, Kuehn B, Shelest E, Hertweck C. Evolutionary Imprint of Catalytic Domains in Fungal PKS-NRPS Hybrids. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2363-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
20
|
Bizukojc M, Pecyna M. Lovastatin and (+)-geodin formation by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a batch culture with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol as carbon sources. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
21
|
Pecyna M, Bizukojc M. Lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol in a discontinuous fed-batch culture. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
22
|
Kaur H, Kaur A, Saini HS, Chadha BS. Response surface methodology for lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus GD13 strain. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2010; 57:377-91. [PMID: 21183423 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.57.2010.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A wild type Aspergillus terreus GD13 strain, chosen after extensive screening, was optimized for lovastatin production using statistical Box-Behnken design of experiments. The interactive effect of four process parameters, i.e. lactose and soybean meal, inoculum size (spore concentration) and age of the spore culture, on the production of lovastatin was evaluated employing response surface methodology (RSM). The model highlighted the positive effect of soybean meal concentration and inoculum level for achieving maximal level of lovastatin (1342 mg/l). The optimal fermentation conditions improved the lovastatin titre by 7.0-folds when compared to the titres obtained under unoptimized conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. The morphological and physiological evolution of Aspergillus terreus mycelium in the submerged culture and its relation to the formation of secondary metabolites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Physiological, morphological and kinetic aspects of lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:647-64. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Biosynthesis of lovastatin and (+)-geodin by Aspergillus terreus in batch and fed-batch culture in the stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|