1
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Yang CH, Li HC, Lo SY. Enhancing recombinant antibody yield in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:240-250. [PMID: 38993821 PMCID: PMC11236083 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_315_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A range of recombinant monoclonal antibodies (rMAbs) have found application in treating diverse diseases, spanning various cancers and immune system disorders. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have emerged as the predominant choice for producing these rMAbs due to their robustness, ease of transfection, and capacity for posttranslational modifications akin to those in human cells. Transient transfection and/or stable expression could be conducted to express rMAbs in CHO cells. To bolster the yield of rMAbs in CHO cells, a multitude of approaches have been developed, encompassing vector optimization, medium formulation, cultivation parameters, and cell engineering. This review succinctly outlines these methodologies when also addressing challenges encountered in the production process, such as issues with aggregation and fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical, Hualien, Taiwan
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2
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Stuible M, Burlacu A, Perret S, Brochu D, Paul-Roc B, Baardsnes J, Loignon M, Grazzini E, Durocher Y. Optimization of a high-cell-density polyethylenimine transfection method for rapid protein production in CHO-EBNA1 cells. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:39-47. [PMID: 29886030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For pre-clinical evaluation of biotherapeutic candidates, protein production by transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells offers important advantages, including the capability of rapidly and cost-effectively generating recombinant proteins that are highly similar to those produced in stable CHO clones. We have established a novel CHO clone (CHO-3E7) expressing a form of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) with improved TGE productivity relative to parental CHO cells. Taking advantage of a new transfection-compatible media formulation that permits prolonged, high-density culture, we optimized transfection parameters (cell density, plasmid vector and polyethylenimine concentrations) and post-transfection culture conditions to establish a new, high-performing process for rapid protein production. The growth media is chemically defined, and a single hydrolysate feed is added post-transfection, followed by periodic glucose supplementation. This method gave significantly higher yields than our standard low-cell density, F17-based CHO-3E7 TGE method, averaging several hundred mg/l for a panel of recombinant proteins and antibodies. Purified antibodies produced using the two methods had distinct glycosylation profiles but showed identical target binding kinetics by SPR. Key advantages of this new protein production platform include the cost-effectiveness of the transfection reagent, the commercial availability of the culture media and the ability to perform high-cell-density transfection without media change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Alina Burlacu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Perret
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Denis Brochu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Béatrice Paul-Roc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Martin Loignon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Eric Grazzini
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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3
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Lee JH, Park JH, Park SH, Kim SH, Kim JY, Min JK, Lee GM, Kim YG. Co-amplification of EBNA-1 and PyLT through dhfr-mediated gene amplification for improving foreign protein production in transient gene expression in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4729-4739. [PMID: 29654557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relatively low transfection efficiency and low specific foreign protein productivity (qp) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-based transient gene expression (TGE) systems, TGE-based recombinant protein production technology predominantly employs CHO cells for pre-clinical research and development purposes. To improve TGE in CHO cells, Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1)/polyoma virus large T antigen (PyLT)-co-amplified recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells stably expressing EBNA-1 and PyLT were established using dihydrofolate reductase/methotrexate-mediated gene amplification. The level of transiently expressed Fc-fusion protein was significantly higher in the EBNA-1/PyLT-co-amplified pools compared to control cultures. Increased Fc-fusion protein production by EBNA-1/PyLT-co-amplification resulted from a higher qp attributable to EBNA-1 but not PyLT expression. The qp for TGE-based production with EBNA-1/PyLT-co-amplified rCHO cells (EP-amp-20) was approximately 22.9-fold that of the control culture with CHO-DG44 cells. Rather than improved transfection efficiency, this cell line demonstrated increased levels of mRNA expression and replicated DNA, contributing to an increased qp. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in N-glycan profiles in Fc-fusion proteins produced in the TGE system. Taken together, these results showed that the use of rCHO cells with co-amplified expression of the viral elements EBNA-1 and PyLT improves TGE-based therapeutic protein production dramatically. Therefore, EBNA-1/PyLT-co-amplified rCHO cells will likely be useful as host cells in CHO cell-based TGE systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hong Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jee Yon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
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4
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Peng L, Xiong W, Cai Y, Chen Y, He Y, Yang J, Jin J, Li H. A simple, rapid method for evaluation of transfection efficiency based on fluorescent dye. Bioengineered 2017; 8:225-231. [PMID: 27676288 PMCID: PMC5470522 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1222995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced transfection efficiency of transient gene expression (TGE) and electroporation is a useful approach for improvement of recombinant therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells. A novel method is described here in which CHO cells expressing recombinant FVII (rFVII) were labeled with fluorescent dye and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Cells with or without rFVII encoding gene were detectable by flow cytometry. Thus, we were able to distinguish positive cells (with rFVII encoding gene) and quantify their percentages. We evaluated the effects of varying electroporation conditions (voltage, number of repetitions, plasmid amount, carrier DNA) in order to optimize transfection efficiency. The highest transfection efficiency achieved was ∼86%. The method described here allows rapid evaluation of transfection efficiency without co-expression of reporter genes. In combination with appropriate antibodies, the method can be extended to evaluation of transfection efficiency in cells expressing other recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wendian Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Lesueur LL, Mir LM, André FM. Overcoming the Specific Toxicity of Large Plasmids Electrotransfer in Primary Cells In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e291. [PMID: 27111417 PMCID: PMC5014460 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is a safe and efficient nonviral technique for the transfer of nucleic acids of all sizes. Using a small reporter plasmid (3.5 kbp), electrotransfer of more than 90% of the cells, with ~70% viability, can be routinely achieved even in primary cells like mesenchymal stem cells. However, under the same experimental conditions, electrotransfer of larger plasmids (from 6 to 16 kbp) results in very low viability and transfection efficacy. Here, we show that these strong decreases are directly linked to the physical size of the plasmid molecule. Moreover, large plasmids are toxic only when the cells are exposed to electrotransfer pulses. This specific toxicity of large plasmids during electrotransfer is not due to transgene expression and occurs within less than 45 minutes. Indeed, postpulses recovery times of up to 45 minutes are able to entirely abolish the specific toxicity of large plasmid electrotransfer, resulting in a survival and transfection efficacy identical to that of small plasmids. Finally, electrotransfer of small and large plasmids can reach 90–99% of transfection with 60–90% survival considering the findings here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa L Lesueur
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M André
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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6
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Nishioka K, Kishida T, Masui S, Mazda O. De novo CpG methylation on an artificial chromosome-like vector maintained for a long-term in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:731-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Kami D, Kitani T, Kishida T, Mazda O, Toyoda M, Tomitaka A, Ota S, Ishii R, Takemura Y, Watanabe M, Umezawa A, Gojo S. Pleiotropic functions of magnetic nanoparticles for ex vivo gene transfer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1165-74. [PMID: 24709330 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gene transfer technique has various applications, ranging from cellular biology to medical treatments for diseases. Although nonviral vectors, such as episomal vectors, have been developed, it is necessary to improve their gene transfer efficacy. Therefore, we attempted to develop a highly efficient gene delivery system combining an episomal vector with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). In comparison with the conventional method using transfection reagents, polyethylenimine-coated MNPs introduced episomal vectors more efficiently under a magnetic field and could express the gene in mammalian cells with higher efficiency and for longer periods. This novel in vitro separation method of gene-introduced cells utilizing the magnetic property of MNPs significantly facilitated the separation of cells of interest. Transplanted cells in vivo were detected using magnetic resonance. These results suggest that MNPs play multifunctional roles in ex vivo gene transfer, such as improvement of gene transfer efficacy, separation of cells, and detection of transplanted cells. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This study convincingly demonstrates enhanced efficiency of gene transfer via magnetic nanoparticles. The method also enables magnetic sorting of cells positive for the transferred gene, and in vivo monitoring of the process with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asahi Tomitaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Satoshi Ota
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuga Ishii
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takemura
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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8
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Daramola O, Stevenson J, Dean G, Hatton D, Pettman G, Holmes W, Field R. A high-yielding CHO transient system: Coexpression of genes encoding EBNA-1 and GS enhances transient protein expression. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:132-41. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Jessica Stevenson
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Greg Dean
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Gary Pettman
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - William Holmes
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Ray Field
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
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9
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Gao F, Kishida T, Ejima A, Gojo S, Mazda O. Myostatin acts as an autocrine/paracrine negative regulator in myoblast differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:309-14. [PMID: 23291166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor (GDF-8), regulates proliferation of muscle satellite cells, and suppresses differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes via down-regulation of key myogenic differentiation factors including MyoD. Recent advances in stem cell biology have enabled generation of myoblasts from pluripotent stem cells, but it remains to be clarified whether myostatin is also involved in regulation of artificial differentiation of myoblasts from pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that the human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cells that were induced to differentiate into myoblasts expressed myostatin and its receptor during the differentiation. An addition of recombinant human myostatin (rhMyostatin) suppressed induction of MyoD and Myo5a, resulting in significant suppression of myoblast differentiation. The rhMyostatin treatment also inhibited proliferation of the cells at a later phase of differentiation. RNAi-mediated silencing of myostatin promoted differentiation of human iPS-derived embryoid body (EB) cells into myoblasts. These results strongly suggest that myostatin plays an important role in regulation of myoblast differentiation from iPS cells of human origin. The present findings also have significant implications for potential regenerative medicine for muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Abstract
The first protocols describing transient gene expression in mammalian cells for the rapid generation of recombinant proteins emerged more than 10 years ago as an alternative to the establishment of stable, often amplified clonal cell lines, and relieved somewhat the bias against mammalian cell systems as being too complicated, labor intensive, and tedious to serve as a source for tool proteins in industrial research and academia. Over the past decade, these attempts have been refined and optimized, giving rise to expression protocols applicable in every lab in dependence on available tools, equipment, and envisaged outcome. This chapter summarizes the development of transient expression technologies over the past decade up to its current status and provides an outlook into what may be the future of transient technology development.
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11
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Symens N, Soenen SJ, Rejman J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Intracellular partitioning of cell organelles and extraneous nanoparticles during mitosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:78-94. [PMID: 22210278 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of nanoparticles as a result of cell division is highly relevant to the field of nonviral gene delivery. We reviewed the literature on the intracellular distribution of cell organelles (the endosomal vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus), foreign macromolecules (dextrans and plasmid DNA) and inorganic nanoparticles (gold, quantum dot and iron oxide) during mitosis. For nonviral gene delivery particles (lipid- or polymer-based), indirect proof of nuclear entry during mitosis is provided. We also describe how retroviruses and latent DNA viruses take advantage of mitosis to transfer their viral genome and segregate their episomes into the host daughter nuclei. Based on this knowledge, we propose strategies to improve nonviral gene delivery in dividing cells with the ultimate goal of designing nonviral gene delivery systems that are as efficient as their viral counterparts but non-immunogenic, non-oncogenic and easy and inexpensive to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Symens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Fliedl L, Kaisermayer C. Transient gene expression in HEK293 and vero cells immobilised on microcarriers. J Biotechnol 2011; 153:15-21. [PMID: 21356254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The upscale of transient gene expression (TGE) gained popularity over the last decade as it drastically shortens timelines for the production of recombinant proteins. Bottlenecks of the method turned out to be media composition and media exchange, which is usually required as conditioned medium drastically reduces the transfection efficiency. Media exchanges are typically done by centrifugation, which limits upscale, is prone to contamination or is a high cost factor when continuous centrifuges are used. In this work HEK/EBNA cells were grown and transfected on microcarriers. Cell immobilisation allows easy media exchange after sedimentation. The transfection method was optimised regarding polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, optimal DNA:PEI ratio, type of PEI, incubation time and polyplex formation time. In addition to HEK, Vero cells were also transfected using the same protocol. The method was established in spinner flasks and scaled up to a 1.5 litre stirred tank reactor. Transfection efficiencies of up to 33% with pCEP4 and 98% with pMAX were reached. Additionally immobilisation on microcarriers was used to retain the cells during cultivation, thus allowing media replacement and prolonging cultivation time from one to two weeks with continuous expression of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fliedl
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Sia KC, Chong WK, Ho IAW, Yulyana Y, Endaya B, Huynh H, Lam PYP. Hybrid herpes simplex virus/Epstein-Barr virus amplicon viral vectors confer enhanced transgene expression in primary human tumors and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Gene Med 2011; 12:848-58. [PMID: 20963807 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors are attractive tools for gene transfer because of their large DNA insert capacity, their broad host range of vector transduction and a minimal immune response as a result of the absence of helper viruses during viral packaging. However, the transient gene expression remains a challenge for the translation of HSV-1 amplicon based therapeutic strategies to a clinical setting. Although oriP/EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 elements of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been successfully employed to achieve prolonged transgene expression, little is known about the stability of the EBNA-1 elements in the context of HSV-1 amplicon viral vectors. METHODS We have generated HSV/EBV hybrid vectors expressing the mutant EBNA-1 gene with the luciferase reporter gene bicistronically to enable monitoring of EBNA-1 expression in real-time, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The results obtained showed that the HSV/EBV hybrid vectors could mediate high levels of transgene expression (ranging from approximately two-fold to nine-fold) in primary human tumor cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to the control vector. Prolonged transgene expression could also be observed in primary patient-derived human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts and in the mouse brain parenchyma up to a period of 17 and 365 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we have demonstrated that these hybrid vectors could be promising tools as carriers of therapeutic genes in mesenchymal stem cells or even provide an alternative non-integrating platform for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Chuan Sia
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division, Humprey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Codamo J, Munro TP, Hughes BS, Song M, Gray PP. Enhanced CHO Cell-Based Transient Gene Expression with the Epi-CHO Expression System. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 48:109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Hakamada K, Fujita S, Miyake J. Onset timing of transient gene expression depends on cell division. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Reflections on more than 10 years of TGE approaches. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 64:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The timely availability of recombinant proteins in sufficient quantity and of validated quality is of utmost importance in driving drug discovery and the development of low molecular weight compounds, as well as for biotherapeutics. Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells has emerged as a promising technology for protein generation over the past decade as TGE meets all the prerequisites with respect to quantity and quality of the product as well as cost-effectiveness and speed of the process. Optimized protocols have been developed for both HEK293 and CHO cell lines which allow protein production at any desired scale up to >100 l and in milligram to gram quantities. Along with an overview on current scientific and technological knowledge, detailed protocols for expression of recombinant proteins on small, medium, and large scale are discussed in the following chapter.
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