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Wang S, Wu B, Todhanakasem T. Expanding the horizons of levan: from microbial biosynthesis to applications and advanced detection methods. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:214. [PMID: 38789837 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Levan, a β-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer, exhibits diverse properties that impart versatility, rendering it a highly sought-after biopolymer with various industrial applications. Levan can be produced by various microorganisms using sucrose, food industry byproducts and agricultural wastes. Microbial levan represents the most potent cost-effective process for commercial-scale levan production. This study reviews the optimization of levan production by understanding its biosynthesis, physicochemical properties and the fermentation process. In addition, genetic and protein engineering for its increased production and emerging methods for its detection are introduced and discussed. All of these comprehensive studies could serve as powerful tools to optimize levan production and broaden its applications across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Center, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Renmin Rd. S 4-13, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tatsaporn Todhanakasem
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
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2
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Basiri S. Applications of Microbial Exopolysaccharides in the Food Industry. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are high molecular weight polysaccharides secreted by microorganisms in the surrounding environment. In addition to the favorable benefits of these compounds for microorganisms, including microbial cell protection, they are used in various food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Investigating the functional and health-promoting characteristics of microbial EPS, identifying the isolation method of these valuable compounds, and their applications in the food industry are the objectives of this study. EPS are used in food industries as thickeners, gelling agents, viscosifiers, and film formers. The antioxidative, anticancer, prebiotic, and cholesterol-lowering effects of some of these compounds make it possible to use them in functional food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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de Lima MZT, de Almeida LR, Mera AM, Bernardes A, Garcia W, Muniz JRC. Crystal Structure of a Sucrose-6-phosphate Hydrolase from Lactobacillus gasseri with Potential Applications in Fructan Production and the Food Industry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10223-10234. [PMID: 34449216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are polymers of fructose with a prebiotic activity because of their production and fermentation by bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are widely used in the industry and new functional foods. Lactobacillus gasseri stands out as an important homofermentative microorganism related to FOS production, and its potential applications in the industry are undeniable. In this study, we report the production and characterization of a sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase from L. gasseri belonging to the GH32 family. Apo-LgAs32 and LgAs32 complexed with β-d-fructose structures were determined at a resolution of 1.94 and 1.84 Å, respectively. The production of FOS, fructans, 1-kestose, and nystose by the recombinant LgAs32, using sucrose as a substrate, shown in this study is very promising. When compared to its homologous enzyme from Lactobacillus reuteri, the production of 1-kestose by LgAs32 is increased; thus, LgAs32 can be considered as an alternative in fructan production and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Z T de Lima
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R de Almeida
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Alain M Mera
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Amanda Bernardes
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - João R C Muniz
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
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4
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Raga-Carbajal E, Díaz-Vilchis A, Rojas-Trejo SP, Rudiño-Piñera E, Olvera C. The molecular basis of the nonprocessive elongation mechanism in levansucrases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100178. [PMID: 33303628 PMCID: PMC7948499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Levansucrases (LSs) synthesize levan, a β2-6-linked fructose polymer, by successively transferring the fructosyl moiety from sucrose to a growing acceptor molecule. Elucidation of the levan polymerization mechanism is important for using LSs in the production of size-defined products for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For a deeper understanding of the levan synthesis reaction, we determined the crystallographic structure of Bacillus subtilis LS (SacB) in complex with a levan-type fructooligosaccharide and utilized site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues involved in substrate binding. The presence of a levanhexaose molecule in the central catalytic cavity allowed us to identify five substrate-binding subsites (−1, +1, +2, +3, and +4). Mutants affecting residues belonging to the identified acceptor subsites showed similar substrate affinity (Km) values to the wildtype (WT) Km value but had a lower turnover number and transfructosylation/hydrolysis ratio. Of importance, compared with the WT, the variants progressively yielded smaller-sized low-molecular-weight levans, as the affected subsites that were closer to the catalytic site, but without affecting their ability to synthesized high-molecular-weight levans. Furthermore, an additional oligosaccharide-binding site 20 Å away from the catalytic pocket was identified, and its potential participation in the elongation mechanism is discussed. Our results clarify, for the first time, the interaction of the enzyme with an acceptor/product oligosaccharide and elucidate the molecular basis of the nonprocessive levan elongation mechanism of LSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Raga-Carbajal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Adelaida Díaz-Vilchis
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sonia P Rojas-Trejo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Clarita Olvera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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5
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Investigating the Product Profiles and Structural Relationships of New Levansucrases with Conventional and Non-Conventional Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155402. [PMID: 32751348 PMCID: PMC7432509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of complex oligosaccharides is desired for their potential as prebiotics, and their role in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), a fructosyl-transferase, can catalyze the synthesis of these compounds. LS acquires a fructosyl residue from a donor molecule and performs a non-Lenoir transfer to an acceptor molecule, via β-(2→6)-glycosidic linkages. Genome mining was used to uncover new LS enzymes with increased transfructosylating activity and wider acceptor promiscuity, with an initial screening revealing five LS enzymes. The product profiles and activities of these enzymes were examined after their incubation with sucrose. Alternate acceptor molecules were also incubated with the enzymes to study their consumption. LSs from Gluconobacter oxydans and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans synthesized fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) with up to 13 units in length. Alignment of their amino acid sequences and substrate docking with homology models identified structural elements causing differences in their product spectra. Raffinose, over sucrose, was the preferred donor molecule for the LS from Vibrio natriegens, N. aromaticivorans, and Paraburkolderia graminis. The LSs examined were found to have wide acceptor promiscuity, utilizing monosaccharides, disaccharides, and two alcohols to a high degree.
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6
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Coetzee G, van Rensburg E, Görgens JF. Evaluation of the performance of an engineered β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus fijiensis to produce short-chain fructooligosaccharides from industrial sugar streams. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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A close look at the structural features and reaction conditions that modulate the synthesis of low and high molecular weight fructans by levansucrases. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:130-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Ureta MM, Romano N, Kakisu E, Gómez-Zavaglia A. Synthesis of fructo-oligosaccharides using grape must and sucrose as raw materials. Food Res Int 2019; 123:166-171. [PMID: 31284964 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grape must market has been rising and there is an increasing interest to use it as a "natural" replacement for traditional sugars. Food or beverages with prebiotic compounds, including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), emerge as an alternative for the new health style trend. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the combination of grape must with sucrose was a suitable raw material for the synthesis of FOS. This way, a prebiotic syrup containing fructose and FOS, potentially useful for the formulation of foods and beverages, could be obtained. The main process consisted of three stages, namely conditioning of grape must (oxidation of the initial glucose concentration, stage 1), synthesis of FOS [incorporation of 20, 30 and 55% (w/w) sucrose, and 3.5% v/v Viscozyme L - 4.2 U/mg-, stage 2], and conditioning of the final product (oxidation of the glucose generated during the synthesis, stage 3). At stage 1, glucose concentration decreased from 222.8 mg/mL to 47.2 mg/mL, representing a decay of about 80% regarding the initial concentration of glucose. At stage 2, incorporating 20% (w/w) sucrose was not enough to impulse FOS synthesis. In turn, although 30 and 55% (w/w) sucrose produced very similar concentrations of total FOS (DP3 + DP4), 55% (w/w) sucrose led to higher glucose generation and less DP4 formation. Hence, 30% (w/w) sucrose was the condition selected for the synthesis and further conditioning of the obtained product (stage 3). In these conditions, the final product consisted of more than 30% of short chain FOS (19% and 13% of DP3 and DP4, respectively), 55% fructose and less than 11% of glucose and sucrose. Considering that fructose has approximately double sweetening power than glucose, the obtained syrup has a bigger sweetening power in comparison with the original grape must, also providing the prebiotic benefits of FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nelson Romano
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Kakisu
- Department of Productive and Technological Development, National University of Lanus, RA 1826 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Gómez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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9
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Martins GN, Ureta MM, Tymczyszyn EE, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Technological Aspects of the Production of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis. Front Nutr 2019; 6:78. [PMID: 31214595 PMCID: PMC6554340 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides (FOS and GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties that can be incorporated into a wide number of products. This review details the general outlines for the production of FOS and GOS, both by enzymatic synthesis using disaccharides or other substrates, and by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Special emphasis is laid on technological aspects, raw materials, properties, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo N. Martins
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - E. Elizabeth Tymczyszyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Paula C. Castilho
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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10
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Effect of metal ions on levan synthesis efficiency and its parameters by levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:237-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Hill A, Chen L, Mariage A, Petit JL, de Berardinis V, Karboune S. Discovery of new levansucrase enzymes with interesting properties and improved catalytic activity to produce levan and fructooligosaccharides. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mining for new levansucrase enzymes with high levan production, transfructosylating activity, and thermal stability and studying their kinetics and acceptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hill
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Lily Chen
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Aline Mariage
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope
- Institut François Jacob
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ Evry
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope
- Institut François Jacob
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ Evry
| | | | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
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12
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Megyesi R, Forró E, Fülöp F. Substrate engineering: Effects of different N-protecting groups in the CAL-B-catalysed asymmetric O-acylation of 1-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Contreras-Hernández MG, Ochoa-Martínez LA, Rutiaga-Quiñones JG, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Lara-Ceniceros TE, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Prado Barragán LA, Rutiaga-Quiñones OM. Effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on the physicochemical composition of Agave durangensis leaves and potential enzyme production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:439-446. [PMID: 29065326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1 million tons of agave plants are processed annually by the Mexican tequila and mezcal industry, generating vast amounts of agroindustrial solid waste. This type of lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be agroindustrial residue, which can be used to produce enzymes, giving it added value. However, the structure of lignocellulosic biomass makes it highly recalcitrant, and results in relatively low yield when used in its native form. The aim of this study was to investigate an effective pre-treatment method for the production of commercially important hydrolytic enzymes. In this work, the physical and chemical modification of Agave durangensis leaves was analysed using ultrasound and high temperature as pre-treatments, and production of enzymes was evaluated. The pre-treatments resulted in modification of the lignocellulosic structure and composition; the ultrasound pre-treatment improved the production of inulinase by 4 U/mg and cellulase by 0.297 U/mg, and thermal pre-treatment improved β-fructofuranosidase by 30 U/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Contreras-Hernández
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1803 Ote, Colonia Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo C.P. 34080, Mexico
| | - L A Ochoa-Martínez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1803 Ote, Colonia Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo C.P. 34080, Mexico
| | - J G Rutiaga-Quiñones
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera (FITECMA), Edificio D, CU, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N. Col Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán C.P. 58040, Mexico
| | - N E Rocha-Guzmán
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1803 Ote, Colonia Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo C.P. 34080, Mexico
| | - T E Lara-Ceniceros
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S. C. (CIMAV-Unidad Monterrey), Grupo de Materiales Funcionales y Nanotecnología, Alianza Norte 202, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto km 10, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - J C Contreras-Esquivel
- Departamento de Investigación de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. José Cárdenas V. S/N. Col. República Ote, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P. 25280, Mexico
| | - L A Prado Barragán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, PA 55-535, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 CDMX, Mexico
| | - O M Rutiaga-Quiñones
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1803 Ote, Colonia Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo C.P. 34080, Mexico.
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14
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Prebiotic Oligosaccharides: Special Focus on Fructooligosaccharides, Its Biosynthesis and Bioactivity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:613-635. [PMID: 28948462 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial groups in the gut ecosystem play key role in the maintenance of host's metabolic and structural functionality. The gut microbiota enhances digestion processing, helps in digestion of complex substances, synthesizes beneficial bioactive compounds, enhances bioavailability of minerals, impedes growth of pathogenic microbes, and prevents various diseases. It is, therefore, desirable to have an adequate intake of prebiotic biomolecules, which promote favorable modulation of intestinal microflora. Prebiotics are non-digestible and chemically stable structures that significantly enhance growth and functionality of gut microflora. The non-digestible carbohydrate, mainly oligosaccharides, covers a major part of total available prebiotics as dietary additives. The review describes the types of prebiotic low molecular weight carbohydrates, i.e., oligosaccharides, their structure, biosynthesis, functionality, and applications, with a special focus given to fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). The review provides an update on enzymes executing hydrolytic and fructosyltransferase activities producing prebiotic FOS biomolecules, and future perspectives.
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15
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Öner ET, Hernández L, Combie J. Review of Levan polysaccharide: From a century of past experiences to future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:827-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Bali V, Panesar PS, Bera MB, Panesar R. Fructo-oligosaccharides: Production, Purification and Potential Applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1475-90. [PMID: 24915337 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.694084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional and therapeutic benefits of prebiotics have attracted the keen interest of consumers and food processing industry for their use as food ingredients. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), new alternative sweeteners, constitute 1-kestose, nystose, and 1-beta-fructofuranosyl nystose produced from sucrose by the action of fructosyltransferase from plants, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. FOS has low caloric values, non-cariogenic properties, and help gut absorption of ions, decrease levels of lipids and cholesterol and bifidus-stimulating functionality. The purified linear fructose oligomers are added to various food products like cookies, yoghurt, infant milk products, desserts, and beverages due to their potential health benefits. This review is focused on the various aspects of biotechnological production, purification and potential applications of fructo-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Bali
- a Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology , Longowal 148106 , Punjab , India
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17
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Singh RS, Singh RP, Kennedy JF. Recent insights in enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides from inulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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19
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Visnapuu T, Mardo K, Alamäe T. Levansucrases of a Pseudomonas syringae pathovar as catalysts for the synthesis of potentially prebiotic oligo- and polysaccharides. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:597-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Trollope KM, Volschenk H, Görgens JF, Bro R, Nieuwoudt HH. Direct, simultaneous quantification of fructooligosaccharides by FT-MIR ATR spectroscopy and chemometrics for rapid identification of superior, engineered β-fructofuranosidases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1661-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Lu L, Fu F, Zhao R, Jin L, He C, Xu L, Xiao M. A recombinant levansucrase from Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1 catalyzes versatile transfructosylation reactions. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Seibel J, Jördening HJ, Buchholz K. Extending synthetic routes for oligosaccharides by enzyme, substrate and reaction engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 120:163-93. [PMID: 20182930 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The integration of all relevant tools for bioreaction engineering has been a recent challenge. This approach should notably favor the production of oligo- and polysaccharides, which is highly complex due to the requirements of regio- and stereoselectivity. Oligosaccharides (OS) and polysaccharides (PS) have found many interests in the fields of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to different specific properties. Food, sweeteners, and food ingredients represent important sectors where OS are used in major amounts. Increasing attention has been devoted to the sophisticated roles of OS and glycosylated compounds, at cell or membrane surfaces, and their function, e.g., in infection and cancer proliferation. The challenge for synthesis is obvious, and convenient approaches using cheap and readily available substrates and enzymes will be discussed. We report on new routes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides (OS), with emphasis on enzymatic reactions, since they offer unique properties, proceeding highly regio- and stereoselective in water solution, and providing for high yields in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany,
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23
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Synthesis of fructooligosaccharides and oligolevans by the combined use of levansucrase and endo-inulinase in one-step bi-enzymatic system. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Timm M, Görl J, Kraus M, Kralj S, Hellmuth H, Beine R, Buchholz K, Dijkhuizen L, Seibel J. An Unconventional Glycosyl Transfer Reaction: Glucansucrase GTFA Functions as an Allosyltransferase Enzyme. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2423-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Mardo K, Visnapuu T, Vija H, Elmi T, Alamäe T. Mutational analysis of conserved regions harboring catalytic triad residues of the levansucrase protein encoded by the
lsc‐3
gene (
lsc3
) of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato
DC
3000. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 61:11-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mardo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Triinu Visnapuu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Heiki Vija
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Triin Elmi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Tiina Alamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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26
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Styevkó G, Styevkó C, Hoschke Á, Nguyen Q. Oligosaccharide synthesized by glycosyltransferase activity from Pectinex ultra SP-L enzyme preparation. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.42.2013.suppl.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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de Regil R, Sandoval G. Biocatalysis for biobased chemicals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:812-47. [PMID: 24970192 PMCID: PMC4030974 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of greener processes that are safe and friendly is an irreversible trend that is driven by sustainable and economic issues. The use of Biocatalysis as part of a manufacturing process fits well in this trend as enzymes are themselves biodegradable, require mild conditions to work and are highly specific and well suited to carry out complex reactions in a simple way. The growth of computational capabilities in the last decades has allowed Biocatalysis to develop sophisticated tools to understand better enzymatic phenomena and to have the power to control not only process conditions but also the enzyme's own nature. Nowadays, Biocatalysis is behind some important products in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and bulk chemicals industry. In this review we want to present some of the most representative examples of industrial chemicals produced in vitro through enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén de Regil
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, A.C. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jal, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Georgina Sandoval
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, A.C. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jal, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
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28
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A novel fluorescence assay and catalytic properties of Crh1 and Crh2 yeast cell wall transglycosylases. Biochem J 2013; 455:307-18. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence assay was devised for the determination of transglycosylating activities of Crh1 and Crh2 yeast cell wall mannoproteins. Both proteins use chitin derivatives as donors and oligosaccharides derived from chitin, β-(1,3)-glucan and β-(1,6)-glucan as acceptors in vitro and in vivo.
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29
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Inthanavong L, Tian F, Khodadadi M, Karboune S. Properties of Geobacillus stearothermophilus levansucrase as potential biocatalyst for the synthesis of levan and fructooligosaccharides. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1405-15. [PMID: 23926090 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The production of levansucrase (LS) by thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus was investigated. LS production was more effective in the presence of sucrose (1%, w/v) than fructose, glucose, glycerol or raffinose. The results (Top 57°C; stable for 6 h at 47°C) indicate the high stability of the transfructosylation activity of G. stearothermophilus LS as compared with LSs from other microbial sources. Contrary to temperature, the pH had a significant effect on the selectivity of G. stearothermophilus LS-catalyzed reaction, favoring the transfructosylation reaction in the pH range of 6.0-6.5. The kinetic parameter study revealed that the catalytic efficiency of transfructosylation activity was higher as compared with the hydrolytic one. In addition to levan, G. stearothermophilus LS synthesized fructooligosaccharides in the presence of sucrose as the sole substrate. The results also demonstrated the wide acceptor specificity of G. stearothermophilus LS with maltose being the best fructosyl acceptor. This study is the first on the catalytic properties and the acceptor specificity of LS from G. stearothermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotthida Inthanavong
- Dept. of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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30
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Aguiar-Oliveira E, Maugeri F. Effects of the Addition of Substrate and Salts in Both the Fructosyltransferase Immobilization and Its Catalytic Properties. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira
- Food Engineering Department (DEA), Food Engineering School (FEA); University of Campinas (UNICAMP); R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz 13083-862 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco Maugeri
- Food Engineering Department (DEA), Food Engineering School (FEA); University of Campinas (UNICAMP); R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz 13083-862 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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31
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Enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides by levansucrase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: specificity, kinetics, and product characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Visnapuu T, Mardo K, Mosoarca C, Zamfir AD, Vigants A, Alamäe T. Levansucrases from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and P. chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca: Substrate specificity, polymerizing properties and usage of different acceptors for fructosylation. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:338-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Esawy MA, Ahmed EF, Helmy WA, Mansour NM, El-Senousy WM, El-Safty MM. Production of levansucrase from novel honey Bacillus subtilis isolates capable of producing antiviral levans. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Pijning T, Anwar MA, Böger M, Dobruchowska JM, Leemhuis H, Kralj S, Dijkhuizen L, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of inulosucrase from Lactobacillus: insights into the substrate specificity and product specificity of GH68 fructansucrases. J Mol Biol 2011; 412:80-93. [PMID: 21801732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructansucrases (FSs) catalyze a transfructosylation reaction with sucrose as substrate to produce fructo-oligosaccharides and fructan polymers that contain either β-2,1 glycosidic linkages (inulin) or β-2,6 linkages (levan). Levan-synthesizing FSs (levansucrases) have been most extensively investigated, while detailed information on inulosucrases is limited. Importantly, the molecular basis of the different product specificities of levansucrases and inulosucrases is poorly understood. We have elucidated the three-dimensional structure of a truncated active bacterial GH68 inulosucrase, InuJ of Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (residues 145-708), in its apo form, with a bound substrate (sucrose), and with a transfructosylation product. The sucrose binding pocket and the sucrose binding mode are virtually identical with those of GH68 levansucrases, confirming that both enzyme types use the same fully conserved structural framework for the binding and cleavage of the donor substrate sucrose in the active site. The binding mode of the first transfructosylation product 1-kestose (Fru-β(2-1)-Fru-α(2-1)-Glc, where Fru=fructose and Glc=glucose) in subsites -1 to +2 shows for the first time how inulin-type fructo-oligosaccharide bind in GH68 FS and how an inulin-type linkage can be formed. Surprisingly, observed interactions with the sugar in subsites +1 and +2 are provided by residues that are also present in levansucrases. The binding mode of 1-kestose and the presence of a more distant sucrose binding site suggest that residues beyond the +2 subsite, in particular residues from the nonconserved 1B-1C loop, determine product linkage type specificity in GH68 FSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaard Pijning
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Strube CP, Homann A, Gamer M, Jahn D, Seibel J, Heinz DW. Polysaccharide synthesis of the levansucrase SacB from Bacillus megaterium is controlled by distinct surface motifs. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17593-600. [PMID: 21454585 PMCID: PMC3093834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.203166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread biological function of carbohydrates, the polysaccharide synthesis mechanisms of glycosyltransferases remain largely unexplored. Bacterial levansucrases (glycoside hydrolase family 68) synthesize high molecular weight, β-(2,6)-linked levan from sucrose by transfer of fructosyl units. The kinetic and biochemical characterization of Bacillus megaterium levansucrase SacB variants Y247A, Y247W, N252A, D257A, and K373A reveal novel surface motifs remote from the sucrose binding site with distinct influence on the polysaccharide product spectrum. The wild type activity (k(cat)) and substrate affinity (K(m)) are maintained. The structures of the SacB variants reveal clearly distinguishable subsites for polysaccharide synthesis as well as an intact active site architecture. These results lead to a new understanding of polysaccharide synthesis mechanisms. The identified surface motifs are discussed in the context of related glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Strube
- From the Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arne Homann
- the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Martin Gamer
- the Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- the Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Dirk W. Heinz
- From the Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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37
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38
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Seibel J. Vom Gen zum Produkt: Maßgeschneiderte Oligosaccharide durch Substrat-, Enzym- und genetisches Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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40
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Membrane technology for purification of enzymatically produced oligosaccharides: Molecular and operational features affecting performance. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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42
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Galonde N, Dyubankova N, Qin D, Boutique JP, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W. Effect of ethylene glycol and glycerol fructosides on the activity and product specificity of bacterial and plant fructosyltransferases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903219175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Biedendieck R, Malten M, Barg H, Bunk B, Martens JH, Deery E, Leech H, Warren MJ, Jahn D. Metabolic engineering of cobalamin (vitamin B12) production in Bacillus megaterium. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:24-37. [PMID: 21255303 PMCID: PMC3815944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) production in Bacillus megaterium has served as a model system for the systematic evaluation of single and multiple directed molecular and genetic optimization strategies. Plasmid and genome‐based overexpression of genes involved in vitamin B12 biosynthesis, including cbiX, sirA, modified hemA, the operons hemAXCDBL and cbiXJCDETLFGAcysGAcbiYbtuR,and the regulatory gene fnr, significantly increased cobalamin production. To reduce flux along the heme branch of the tetrapyrrole pathway, an antisense RNA strategy involving silencing of the hemZ gene encoding coproporphyrinogen III oxidase was successfully employed. Feedback inhibition of the initial enzyme of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, HemA, by heme was overcome by stabilized enzyme overproduction. Similarly, the removal of the B12 riboswitch upstream of the cbiXJCDETLFGAcysGAcbiYbtuRoperon and the recombinant production of three different vitamin B12 binding proteins (glutamate mutase GlmS, ribonucleotide triphosphate reductase RtpR and methionine synthase MetH) partly abolished B12‐dependent feedback inhibition. All these strategies increased cobalamin production in B. megaterium. Finally, combinations of these strategies enhanced the overall intracellular vitamin B12 concentrations but also reduced the volumetric cellular amounts by placing the organism under metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Biedendieck
- Protein Science Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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44
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Visnapuu T, Zamfir AD, Mosoarca C, Stanescu MD, Alamäe T. Fully automated chip-based negative mode nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of fructooligosaccharides produced by heterologously expressed levansucrase from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1337-1346. [PMID: 19337979 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars possess multiple levansucrases with still unclear specific roles for bacteria. We have cloned and expressed three levansucrase genes, lsc1, lsc2 and lsc3, from P. syringae DC3000 in Escherichia coli. Levansucrases synthesize a high molecular weight fructan polymer, levan, from sucrose and in the case of some levansucrases, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with potential prebiotic effects are also produced. The ability of purified Lsc3 protein of DC3000 to synthesize FOS was tested using prolonged incubation time and varied concentrations of sugar substrates. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of reaction products disclosed formation of FOS from both sucrose and raffinose, revealing a new catalytic property for P. syringae levansucrases. In order to analyze Lsc3-produced FOS in underivatized form, we optimized a novel method recently introduced in carbohydrate research, based on fully automated chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high-capacity ion trap mass spectrometry (HCT-MS). Uding chip-based nanoESI MS in negative ion mode, FOS, with degrees of polymerization up to five, were detected in reaction mixtures of Lsc3 with sucrose and raffinose. For confirmation, further structural analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing collision-induced dissociation at low energies was performed. To validate the method, commercial inulin-derived FOS preparations Orafti P95 and Orafti Synergy1, which are currently used as prebiotics, were used as controls. By chip-based nanoESI HCT-MS, similar FOS distribution was observed in these reference mixtures. Thereby, the obtained data allowed us to postulate that FOS produced by the Lsc3 protein of P. syringae DC3000 may be prebiotic as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triinu Visnapuu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
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45
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Towards tailor-made oligosaccharides-chemo-enzymatic approaches by enzyme and substrate engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:209-16. [PMID: 19357843 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate structures have been identified in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as glycoconjugates with communication skills. Their recently discussed role in various diseases has attracted high attention in the development of simple and convenient methods for oligosaccharide synthesis. In this review, recent approaches combining nature's power for the design of tailor made biocatalysts by enzyme engineering and substrate engineering will be presented. These strategies lead to highly efficient and selective glycosylation reactions. The introduced concept shall be a first step in the direction to a glycosylation toolbox which paves the way for the tailor-made synthesis of designed carbohydrate structures.
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46
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Homann A, Seibel J. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis and functional analysis of natural and modified glycostructures. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1555-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b909990p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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