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Hanck-Silva G, Fatori Trevizan LN, Petrilli R, de Lima FT, Eloy JO, Chorilli M. A Critical Review of Properties and Analytical/Bioanalytical Methods for Characterization of Cetuximab. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:125-135. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1581984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilmar Hanck-Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Petrilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Tita de Lima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josimar O. Eloy
- College of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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A Novel Anti-EGFR mAb Ame55 with Lower Toxicity and Better Efficacy than Cetuximab When Combined with Irinotecan. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3017360. [PMID: 30733972 PMCID: PMC6348820 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3017360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve efficacy and minimize toxicity of EGFR inhibition treatment, we developed Ame55, a novel anti-EGFR IgG1 with lower affinity to EGFR than cetuximab (C225) from a human phage library. Ame55 had lower bioactivity than cetuximab in vitro but similar antitumor efficacy as cetuximab in vivo. Moreover, Ame55 was more efficacious than cetuximab in a Lovo cell xenograft tumor model when combined with irinotecan (CPT-11). Ame55 concentrates in the mouse xenograft tumor and has less toxicity than cetuximab in cynomolgus monkeys in an overdose study.
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3
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Kim SH. ELISA for Quantitative Determination of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen. Immune Netw 2017; 17:451-459. [PMID: 29302257 PMCID: PMC5746614 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported a good correlation between levels of serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) before and after antiviral therapy. As a result, the quantification of HBsAg levels has attracted much attention in recent years as an important approach to evaluate viral activity. In this study, mAbs against HBsAg were generated and 9 mAbs (H17, H30, H31, H67, H73, H97, H101, H118, and H128) were investigated for optimization of HBsAg quantitation ELISA. Determination of the best combinations of mAbs for sandwich ELISA identified H17 and H31 mAbs as the ideal capture and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate mAbs, respectively. A standard curve for the current assay system exhibited linearity up to 40 ng/ml of HBsAg while a detection limit of approximately 1 ng/ml of HBsAg was also estimated, which was comparable to that of the other commercial ELISA kits. The ELISA system established in this study is particularly differentiated from other commercial kits in using mAbs for both capture and HRP conjugate, which provides a solution to inconsistency of quality and ethical issues in polyclonal antibodies production using laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Kang HN, Kim SH, Yun MR, Kim HR, Lim SM, Kim MS, Hong KW, Kim SM, Kim H, Pyo KH, Park HJ, Han JY, Youn HA, Chang KH, Cho BC. ER2, a novel human anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody inhibit tumor activity in non-small cell lung cancer models. Lung Cancer 2016; 95:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Klöss S, Chambron N, Gardlowski T, Weil S, Koch J, Esser R, Pogge von Strandmann E, Morgan MA, Arseniev L, Seitz O, Köhl U. Cetuximab Reconstitutes Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretions and Tumor-Infiltrating Capabilities of sMICA-Inhibited NK Cells in HNSCC Tumor Spheroids. Front Immunol 2015; 6:543. [PMID: 26579120 PMCID: PMC4629470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive factors, such as soluble major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related peptide A (sMICA) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), are involved in tumor immune escape mechanisms (TIEMs) exhibited by head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and may represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In order to overcome TIEMs, we investigated the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytokine release and retargeted tumor infiltration of sMICA-inhibited patient NK cells expressing Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa, CD16a) in the presence of cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1) monoclonal antibody (mAb). Compared to healthy controls, relapsed HNSCC patients (n = 5), not currently in treatment revealed decreased levels of circulating regulatory NK cell subsets in relation to increased cytotoxic NK cell subpopulations. Elevated sMICA and TGF-β1 plasma levels correlated with diminished TNFα and IFN-γ release and decreased NKG2D (natural killer group 2 member D)-dependent killing of HNSCC cells by NK cells. Incubation of IL-2-activated patient NK cells with patient plasma containing elevated sMICA or sMICA analogs (shed MICA and recombinant MICA) significantly impaired NKG2D-mediated killing by down-regulation of NKG2D surface expression. Of note, CD16 surface expression levels, pro-apoptotic and activation markers, and viability of patient and healthy donor NK cell subpopulations were not affected by this treatment. Accordingly, cetuximab restored killing activity of sMICA-inhibited patient NK cells against cetuximab-coated primary HNSCC cells via ADCC in a dose-dependent manner. Rapid reconstitution of anti-tumor recognition and enhanced tumor infiltration of treated NK cells was monitored by 24 h co-incubation of HNSCC tumor spheroids with cetuximab (1 μg/ml) and was characterized by increased IFN-γ and TNFα secretion. This data show that the impaired NK cell-dependent tumor surveillance in relapsed HNSCC patients could be reversed by the re-establishment of ADCC-mediated effector cell activity, thus supporting NK cell-based immunotherapy in combination with antineoplastic monoclonal mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klöss
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Nicole Chambron
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Klinikum Hanau GmbH , Hanau , Germany
| | - Tanja Gardlowski
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | | | - Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Lubomir Arseniev
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Klinikum Hanau GmbH , Hanau , Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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6
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Zhou Y, Zhang J, Jin H, Chen Z, Wu Q, Li W, Yue M, Luo C, Wang M. Prokaryotic expression and refolding of EGFR extracellular domain and generation of phage display human scFv against EGFR. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:737-43. [PMID: 23639232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), overexpressed in many epithelial tumors, is emerging as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Antibodies to the extracellular region of EGFR play a key role in the development of a mechanistic understanding and cancer therapy. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that EGFR-truncated extracellular domain (EGFR-tED), which was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells in the form of inclusion bodies, could be purified and renatured. The EGFR-tED protein was purified by gel filtration and Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with high purity (>90%) and refolded by a urea gradient size-exclusion chromatography, which could bind its ligand EGF in a concentration-dependent manner. The renatured EGFR was used for biopanning anti-EGFR scFvs from a human synthetic antibody phage display library. Combined with an additional cell-based ELISA screen, a novel scFv, E10, was obtained with two-fold more potent on the binding to EGFR-bearing tumor cells (the epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431) and the inhibition of A431 cells proliferation than scFv 11F8, suggesting that the E10 has the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents to solid tumors associated with EGFR overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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7
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Chang KH, Kim MS, Hong GW, Seo MS, Shin YN, Kim SH. Affinity Maturation of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targeting Human Monoclonal Antibody ER414 by CDR Mutation. Immune Netw 2012; 12:155-64. [PMID: 23091439 PMCID: PMC3467414 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.4.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that blocking the interaction of EGFR with growth factors leads to the arrest of tumor growth, resulting in tumor cell death. ER414 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived by guided selection of the mouse mAb A13. The ER414 exhibited a ~17-fold lower affinity and, as a result, lower efficacy of inhibition of the EGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR when compared with mAb A13 and cetuximab. We performed a stepwise in vitro affinity maturation to improve the affinity of ER414. We obtained a 3D model of ER414 to identify the amino acids in the CDRs that needed to be mutated. Clones were selected from the phage library with randomized amino acids in the CDRs and substitution of amino acids in the HCDR3 and LCDR1 of ER414 led to improved affinity. A clone, H3-14, with a ~20-fold increased affinity, was selected from the HCDR3 randomized library. Then three clones, ER2, ER78 and ER79, were selected from the LCDR1 randomized library based on the H3-14 but did not show further increased affinities compared to that of H3-14. Of the three, ER2 was chosen for further characterization due to its better expression than others. We successfully performed affinity maturation of ER414 and obtained antibodies with a similar affinity as cetuximab. And antibody from an affinity maturation inhibits the EGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR in a manner similar to cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hwan Chang
- Antibody Engineering Lab., Green Cross Research Center, Green Cross Corp., Yongin 446-770, Korea
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8
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Chang KH, Kim MS, Hong GW, Shin YN, Kim SH. Conversion of a murine monoclonal antibody A13 targeting epidermal growth factor receptor to a human monoclonal antibody by guided selection. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:52-9. [PMID: 22064379 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. Also it is well established that blocking the interaction of EGFR and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. A13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically binds to various sets of EGFR-expressing tumor cells and inhibits EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. We isolated human immunoglobulin genes by guided selection based on the mAb A13. Four different human single chain Fvs (scFvs) were isolated from from hybrid scFv libraries containing a human VH repertoire with the VL of mAb A13 and a human VL repertoire with the VH of mAb A13. All the 4 scFvs bound to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. One scFv (SC414) with the highest affinity was converted to IgG1 (ER414). The ER414 exhibited ∼17 fold lower affinity compared to the A13 mAb. In addition the ER414 inhibited an EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR with much lower efficacy compared to the A13 mAb and Cetuximab (Merck KgaA, Germany). We identified that the epitope of A13 mAb is retained in ER414. This approach will provide an efficient way of converting a murine mAb to a human mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Chang
- Antibody Engineering Lab Central Research Center, Green Cross Corp. Yongin, Korea
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9
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Pan S, Wang F, Huang P, Xu T, Zhang L, Xu J, Li Q, Xia W, Sun R, Huang L, Peng Y, Qin X, Shu Y, Hu Z, Shen H. The study on newly developed McAb NJ001 specific to non-small cell lung cancer and its biological characteristics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33009. [PMID: 22479355 PMCID: PMC3316548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (McAb) is the key tool for cancer immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy. McAb-based immunotherapy that targets tumor antigens has had great achivement. In this study, a cell clone which kept secreting high-titer IgG1-type McAb named NJ001 against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was obtained. The titer of purified NJ001 was 2×106. The antigen named SP70 of NSCLC specifically identified by NJ001 was proved to be a protein with the relative molecular mass (Mr) of 70 kDa. The results of immunohistochemical staining indicated that NJ001 could positively react to NSCLC, but weak positively or negatively react to human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), pulmonary pseudotumor and other epithelial tumors. In soft agar assay, the colony formation efficiency in NJ001 groups decreased in a dose-dependent manner. For the concentration of 100 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml, the inhibition ratio of colony formation was 23.4%, 62.5% and 100% respectively. Meanwhile, NJ001 caused significant reduction in tumor volume and tumor weight compared to control mice in lung cancer xenograft model. The tumor growth inhibition ratio in 200 µg, 400 µg and 800 µg NJ001 groups was 10.44%, 37.29% and 44.04%, respectively. NJ001 also led to cytomorphological changes and induced the apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1 significantly. The newly developed NJ001 selectively reacted to NSCLC and exhibited anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. NJ001 is of great value concerning immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy for NSCLC and holds promise for further research regarding the mechanism underlying tumor progression of NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Weight
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Hussain AF, Kampmeier F, von Felbert V, Merk HF, Tur MK, Barth S. SNAP-Tag Technology Mediates Site Specific Conjugation of Antibody Fragments with a Photosensitizer and Improves Target Specific Phototoxicity in Tumor Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2487-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200304k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hans-F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kemal Tur
- Institute of Pathology, University
Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Giessen,
Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of
Pharmaceutical
Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Boersma YL, Chao G, Steiner D, Wittrup KD, Plückthun A. Bispecific designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor inhibit A431 cell proliferation and receptor recycling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41273-41285. [PMID: 21979953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the development and progression of many tumors. Although monoclonal antibodies directed against EGFR have been approved for the treatment of cancer in combination with chemotherapy, there are limitations in their clinical efficacy, necessitating the search for robust targeting molecules that can be equipped with new effector functions or show a new mechanism of action. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) may provide the targeting component for such novel reagents. Previously, four DARPins were selected against EGFR with (sub)nanomolar affinity. As any targeting module should preferably be able to inhibit EGFR-mediated signaling, their effect on A431 cells overexpressing EGFR was examined: three of them were shown to inhibit proliferation by inducing G(1) arrest, as seen for the Food and Drug Administration-approved antibody cetuximab. To understand this inhibitory mechanism, we mapped the epitopes of the DARPins using yeast surface display. The epitopes for the biologically active DARPins overlapped with the EGF-binding site, whereas the fourth DARPin bound to a different domain, explaining the lack of a biological effect. To optimize the biological activity of the DARPins, we combined two DARPins binding to different epitopes with a flexible linker or with a leucine zipper, leading to a homodimer. The latter DARPin was able to reduce surface EGFR by inhibiting receptor recycling, leading to a dramatic decrease in cell viability. These results indicate that multispecific EGFR-specific DARPins are superior to cetuximab and may form the basis of new opportunities in tumor targeting and tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ykelien L Boersma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ginger Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Daniel Steiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Haun JB, Devaraj NK, Hilderbrand SA, Lee H, Weissleder R. Bioorthogonal chemistry amplifies nanoparticle binding and enhances the sensitivity of cell detection. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:660-5. [PMID: 20676091 PMCID: PMC2934903 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have emerged as key materials for biomedical applications because of their unique and tunable physical properties, multivalent targeting capability, and high cargo capacity. Motivated by these properties and by current clinical needs, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic nanomaterials have recently emerged. Here we describe a novel nanoparticle targeting platform that uses a rapid, catalyst-free cycloaddition as the coupling mechanism. Antibodies against biomarkers of interest were modified with trans-cyclooctene and used as scaffolds to couple tetrazine-modified nanoparticles onto live cells. We show that the technique is fast, chemoselective, adaptable to metal nanomaterials, and scalable for biomedical use. This method also supports amplification of biomarker signals, making it superior to alternative targeting techniques including avidin/biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jered B. Haun
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Scott A. Hilderbrand
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.W.,
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