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Human Enterovirus Group B Viruses Rely on Vimentin Dynamics for Efficient Processing of Viral Nonstructural Proteins. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01393-19. [PMID: 31619557 PMCID: PMC6955253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01393-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that several viruses from the human enterovirus group B cause massive vimentin rearrangements during lytic infection. Comprehensive studies suggested that viral protein synthesis was triggering the vimentin rearrangements. Blocking the host cell vimentin dynamics with β, β'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) did not significantly affect the production of progeny viruses and only moderately lowered the synthesis of structural proteins such as VP1. In contrast, the synthesis of the nonstructural proteins 2A, 3C, and 3D was drastically lowered. This led to attenuation of the cleavage of the host cell substrates PABP and G3BP1 and reduced caspase activation, leading to prolonged cell survival. Furthermore, the localization of the proteins differed in the infected cells. Capsid protein VP1 was found diffusely around the cytoplasm, whereas 2A and 3D followed vimentin distribution. Based on protein blotting, smaller amounts of nonstructural proteins did not result from proteasomal degradation but from lower synthesis without intact vimentin cage structure. In contrast, inhibition of Hsp90 chaperone activity, which regulates P1 maturation, lowered the amount of VP1 but had less effect on 2A. The results suggest that the vimentin dynamics regulate viral nonstructural protein synthesis while having less effect on structural protein synthesis or overall infection efficiency. The results presented here shed new light on differential fate of structural and nonstructural proteins of enteroviruses, having consequences on host cell survival.IMPORTANCE A virus needs the host cell in order to replicate and produce new progeny viruses. For this, the virus takes over the host cell and modifies it to become a factory for viral proteins. Irrespective of the specific virus family, these proteins can be divided into structural and nonstructural proteins. Structural proteins are the building blocks for the new progeny virions, whereas the nonstructural proteins orchestrate the takeover of the host cell and its functions. Here, we have shown a mechanism that viruses exploit in order to regulate the host cell. We show that viral protein synthesis induces vimentin cages, which promote production of specific viral proteins that eventually control apoptosis and host cell death. This study specifies vimentin as the key regulator of these events and indicates that viral proteins have different fates in the cells depending on their association with vimentin cages.
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Hindriksen S, Bramer AJ, Truong MA, Vromans MJM, Post JB, Verlaan-Klink I, Snippert HJ, Lens SMA, Hadders MA. Baculoviral delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 facilitates efficient genome editing in human cells. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640891 PMCID: PMC5480884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a highly effective tool for genome editing. Key to robust genome editing is the efficient delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery. Viral delivery systems are efficient vehicles for the transduction of foreign genes but commonly used viral vectors suffer from a limited capacity in the genetic information they can carry. Baculovirus however is capable of carrying large exogenous DNA fragments. Here we investigate the use of baculoviral vectors as a delivery vehicle for CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing tools. We demonstrate transduction of a panel of cell lines with Cas9 and an sgRNA sequence, which results in efficient knockout of all four targeted subunits of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). We further show that introduction of a homology directed repair template into the same CRISPR/Cas9 baculovirus facilitates introduction of specific point mutations and endogenous gene tags. Tagging of the CPC recruitment factor Haspin with the fluorescent reporter YFP allowed us to study its native localization as well as recruitment to the cohesin subunit Pds5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Hindriksen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne J. Bramer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - My Anh Truong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. M. Vromans
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin B. Post
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verlaan-Klink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J. Snippert
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M. A. Lens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SMAL); (MAH)
| | - Michael A. Hadders
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SMAL); (MAH)
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Imai A, Tadokoro T, Kita S, Horiuchi M, Fukuhara H, Maenaka K. Establishment of the BacMam system using silkworm baculovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:580-5. [PMID: 27480929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The BacMam system uses modified insect viruses (baculoviruses) as vehicles to efficiently deliver genes for expression in mammalian cells. The technique can be widely applied to large-scale recombinant protein production with appropriate modifications, high-throughput screening platforms for cell-based assays, and the delivery of large genes. The silkworm system is often employed as a rapid and cost-effective approach for recombinant baculovirus generation. Here we have developed the novel BacMam system using silkworm baculovirus, and shown the successful expression of EGFP in mammalian cells. The transduction to mammalian cells via the BacMam system was improved by adding phosphate-buffered saline and sodium butyrate to the culture medium and lowering the temperature after viral infection. This study provides an alternative gene delivery system for mammalian cells, which has various potential applications, including efficient native protein production and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutoshi Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masataka Horiuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Makkonen KE, Airenne K, Ylä-Herttulala S. Baculovirus-mediated gene delivery and RNAi applications. Viruses 2015; 7:2099-125. [PMID: 25912715 PMCID: PMC4411692 DOI: 10.3390/v7042099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are widely encountered in nature and a great deal of data is available about their safety and biology. Recently, these versatile, insect-specific viruses have demonstrated their usefulness in various biotechnological applications including protein production and gene transfer. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies exist and support their use as gene delivery vehicles in vertebrate cells. Recently, baculoviruses have also demonstrated high potential in RNAi applications in which several advantages of the virus make it a promising tool for RNA gene transfer with high safety and wide tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa-Emilia Makkonen
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
| | - Kari Airenne
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttulala
- Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211 Finland.
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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Lin SY, Chung YC, Hu YC. Update on baculovirus as an expression and/or delivery vehicle for vaccine antigens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1501-21. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.951637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Cell susceptibility to baculovirus transduction and echovirus infection is modified by protein kinase C phosphorylation and vimentin organization. J Virol 2013; 87:9822-35. [PMID: 23824807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01004-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cell types are more susceptible to viral gene transfer or virus infection than others, irrespective of the number of viral receptors or virus binding efficacy on their surfaces. In order to characterize the cell-line-specific features contributing to efficient virus entry, we studied two cell lines (Ea.hy926 and MG-63) that are nearly nonpermissive to insect-specific baculovirus (BV) and the human enterovirus echovirus 1 (EV1) and compared their characteristics with those of a highly permissive (HepG2) cell line. All the cell lines contained high levels of viral receptors on their surfaces, and virus binding was shown to be efficient. However, in nonpermissive cells, BV and its receptor, syndecan 1, were unable to internalize in the cells and formed large aggregates near the cell surface. Accordingly, EV1 had a low infection rate in nonpermissive cells but was still able to internalize the cells, suggesting that the postinternalization step of the virus was impaired. The nonpermissive and permissive cell lines showed differential expression of syntenin, filamentous actin, vimentin, and phosphorylated protein kinase C subtype α (pPKCα). The nonpermissive nature of the cells could be modulated by the choice of culture medium. RPMI medium could partially rescue infection/transduction and concomitantly showed lower syntenin expression, a modified vimentin network, and altered activities of PKC subtypes PKCα and PKCε. The observed changes in PKCα and PKCε activation caused alterations in the vimentin organization, leading to efficient BV transduction and EV1 infection. This study identifies PKCα, PKCε, and vimentin as key factors affecting efficient infection and transduction by EV1 and BV, respectively.
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Baculovirus as an ideal radionuclide reporter gene vector: a new strategy for monitoring the fate of human stem cells in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61305. [PMID: 23596521 PMCID: PMC3626603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radionuclide reporter gene imaging holds promise for non-invasive monitoring of transplanted stem cells. Thus, the feasibility of utilizing recombinant baculoviruses carrying the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene in monitoring stem cell therapy by radionuclide imaging was explored in this study. METHODS Recombinant baculoviruses carrying NIS and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes (Bac-NIS and Bac-GFP) were constructed and used to infect human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs). Infection efficiency, total fluorescence intensity and duration of transgene expression were determined by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity/proliferative effects of baculovirus on hUCB-MSCs were assessed using CCK-8 assays. ¹²⁵I uptake and perchlorate inhibition assays were performed on Bac-NIS-infected hUCB-MSCs. Radionuclide imaging of mice transplanted with Bac-NIS-infected hUCB-MSCs was performed by NanoSPECT/CT imaging. RESULTS Infection efficiencies of recombinant baculovirus in hESCs, hiPSCs and hUCB-MSCs increased with increasing MOIs (27.3%, 35.8% and 95.6%, respectively, at MOI = 800). Almost no cytotoxicity and only slight effects on hUCB-MSCs proliferation were observed. Obvious GFP expression (40.6%) remained at 8 days post-infection. The radioiodide was functionally accumulated by NIS gene products and specifically inhibited by perchlorate (ClO₄⁻). Radioiodide uptake, peaking at 30 min and gradually decreasing over time, significantly correlated with hUCB-MSCs cell number (R² = 0.994). Finally, radionuclide imaging showed Bac-NIS-infected hUCB-MSCs effectively accumulated radioiodide in vivo, which gradually weakened over time. CONCLUSION Baculovirus as transgenic vector of radionuclide reporter gene imaging technology is a promising strategy for monitoring stem cell transplantation therapy.
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Airenne KJ, Hu YC, Kost TA, Smith RH, Kotin RM, Ono C, Matsuura Y, Wang S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Baculovirus: an insect-derived vector for diverse gene transfer applications. Mol Ther 2013; 21:739-49. [PMID: 23439502 PMCID: PMC3616530 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived baculoviruses have emerged as versatile and safe workhorses of biotechnology. Baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) have been applied widely for crop and forest protection, as well as safe tools for recombinant protein production in insect cells. However, BEVs ability to efficiently transduce noninsect cells is still relatively poorly recognized despite the fact that efficient baculovirus-mediated in vitro and ex vivo gene delivery into dormant and dividing vertebrate cells of diverse origin has been described convincingly by many authors. Preliminary proof of therapeutic potential has also been established in preclinical studies. This review summarizes the advantages and current status of baculovirus-mediated gene delivery. Stem cell transduction, preclinical animal studies, tissue engineering, vaccination, cancer gene therapy, viral vector production, and drug discovery are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Airenne
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thomas A Kost
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard H Smith
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Kotin
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Heikura T, Nieminen T, Roschier MM, Karvinen H, Kaikkonen MU, Mähönen AJ, Lesch HP, Rissanen TT, Laitinen OH, Airenne KJ, Ylä-Herttuala S. Baculovirus-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor-D(ΔNΔC) gene transfer induces angiogenesis in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Gene Med 2012; 14:35-43. [PMID: 22162149 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occluded arteries and ischemic tissues cannot always be treated by angioplasty, stenting or by-pass-surgery. Under such circumstances, viral gene therapy may be useful in inducing increased blood supply to ischemic area. There is evidence of improved blood flow in ischemic skeletal muscle and myocardium in both animal and human studies using adenoviral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene therapy. However, the expression is transient and repeated gene transfers with the same vector are inefficient due to immune responses. METHODS Different baculoviral vectors pseudotyped with or without vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) and/or carrying woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (Wpre) were tested both in vitro and in vivo. VEGF-D(ΔNΔC) was used as therapeutic transgene and lacZ as a control. In vivo efficacy was evaluated as capillary enlargement and transgene expression in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit skeletal muscle. RESULTS A statistically significant capillary enlargement was detected 6 days after gene transfer in transduced areas compared to the control gene transfers with baculovirus and adenovirus encoding β-galactosidase (lacZ). Substantially improved gene transfer efficiency was achieved with a modified baculovirus pseudotyped with VSV-G and carrying Wpre. Dose escalation experiments revealed that either too large volume or too many virus particles caused inflammation and necrosis in the target tissue, whereas 10(9) plaque forming units injected in multiple aliquots resulted in transgene expression with only mild immune reactions. CONCLUSIONS We show the first evidence of biologically significant baculoviral gene transfer in skeletal muscle of NZW rabbits using VEGF-D(ΔNΔC) as a therapeutic transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Heikura
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, AI Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Roldão A, Vicente T, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Quality control and analytical methods for baculovirus-based products. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S94-105. [PMID: 21784235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- António Roldão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Chen CY, Lin CY, Chen GY, Hu YC. Baculovirus as a gene delivery vector: recent understandings of molecular alterations in transduced cells and latest applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:618-31. [PMID: 21550393 PMCID: PMC7126054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus infects insects in nature and is non-pathogenic to humans, but can transduce a broad range of mammalian and avian cells. Thanks to the biosafety, large cloning capacity, low cytotoxicity and non-replication nature in the transduced cells as well as the ease of manipulation and production, baculovirus has gained explosive popularity as a gene delivery vector for a wide variety of applications. This article extensively reviews the recent understandings of the molecular mechanisms pertinent to baculovirus entry and cellular responses, and covers the latest advances in the vector improvements and applications, with special emphasis on antiviral therapy, cancer therapy, regenerative medicine and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Efficient gene delivery into fish cells by an improved recombinant baculovirus. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:294-9. [PMID: 21354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies on transduction of mammalian cells have shown that baculovirus can be used as an effective vector for gene delivery. However, previous studies have found the gene delivery efficiency to be very low in differentiated fish cells. In this study, an improved recombinant baculovirus, containing cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV-IE) promoter and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene as the reporter gene, was constructed. The transduction efficiency of recombinant baculovirus in several fish cell lines was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) and the persistence of EGFP was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrated that baculovirus can mediate the high efficiency of gene delivery into differentiated fish cells. Furthermore, it was found that growth medium is superior to PBS as the surrounding solution to enhance the transduction efficiency in some fish cells. In addition, transgene expression can persist for a lengthy period in fish cells, and attained highest level several days later after transduction. This study suggest that the improved recombinant baculovirus can be an excellent gene delivery vector for fish cells and also providing new insights into the transduction of vertebrate cells with baculovirus.
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Lesch HP, Laitinen A, Peixoto C, Vicente T, Makkonen KE, Laitinen L, Pikkarainen JT, Samaranayake H, Alves PM, Carrondo MJT, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ. Production and purification of lentiviral vectors generated in 293T suspension cells with baculoviral vectors. Gene Ther 2011; 18:531-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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