1
|
Abstract
The phenomenal advances in pharmaceutical sciences over the last few decades have led to the development of new therapeutics like peptides, proteins, RNAs, DNAs and highly potent small molecules. Fruitful applications of these therapeutics have been challenged by several anatomical and physiological barriers that limit adequate drug disposition at the site-of-action and by off-target drug distribution to undesired tissues, which together result in the reduced effectiveness and increased side effects of therapeutic agents. As such, the development of drug delivery and targeting systems has been recognised as a cornerstone for future drug development. Research in pharmaceutical sciences is now devoted to tackling delivery challenges through engineering delivery systems that move beyond conventional dosage forms and regimens into state-of-the-art targeted drug delivery tailored toward specific therapeutic needs. Modern drug delivery systems comprise passive and active targeting approaches. While passive targeting relies on the natural course of distribution of drugs or drug carriers in the body, as governed by their physicochemical properties, active targeting often exploits targeting moieties that home preferentially into target tissues. Here, we provide an overview of theories of and approaches to passive and active drug delivery. As the design of drug delivery is dependent on the unique structure of target tissues and organs, we present our discussion in an organ-specific manner with the aim to inspire the development of new strategies for curing disease with high accuracy and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alsaggar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy , Jordon University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Dexi Liu
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McErlean EM, McCrudden CM, McCarthy HO. Delivery of nucleic acids for cancer gene therapy: overcoming extra- and intra-cellular barriers. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:619-37. [PMID: 27582234 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of cancer gene therapy has been limited by the difficulty of delivering genetic material to target sites. Various biological and molecular barriers exist which need to be overcome before effective nonviral delivery systems can be applied successfully in oncology. Herein, various barriers are described and strategies to circumvent such obstacles are discussed, considering both the extracellular and intracellular setting. Development of multifunctional delivery systems holds much promise for the progression of gene delivery, and a growing body of evidence supports this approach involving rational design of vectors, with a unique molecular architecture. In addition, the potential application of composite gene delivery platforms is highlighted which may provide an alternative delivery strategy to traditional systemic administration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosenkranz AA, Ulasov AV, Slastnikova TA, Khramtsov YV, Sobolev AS. Use of intracellular transport processes for targeted drug delivery into a specified cellular compartment. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:928-46. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
4
|
Favaro MTP, de Toledo MAS, Alves RF, Santos CA, Beloti LL, Janissen R, de la Torre LG, Souza AP, Azzoni AR. Development of a non-viral gene delivery vector based on the dynein light chain Rp3 and the TAT peptide. J Biotechnol 2014; 173:10-8. [PMID: 24417903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy and DNA vaccination trials are limited by the lack of gene delivery vectors that combine efficiency and safety. Hence, the development of modular recombinant proteins able to mimic mechanisms used by viruses for intracellular trafficking and nuclear delivery is an important strategy. We designed a modular protein (named T-Rp3) composed of the recombinant human dynein light chain Rp3 fused to an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal membrane active peptide, TAT. The T-Rp3 protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and interacted with the dynein intermediate chain in vitro. It was also proven to efficiently interact and condense plasmid DNA, forming a stable, small (∼100nm) and positively charged (+28.6mV) complex. Transfection of HeLa cells using T-Rp3 revealed that the vector is highly dependent on microtubule polarization, being 400 times more efficient than protamine, and only 13 times less efficient than Lipofectamine 2000™, but with a lower cytotoxicity. Confocal laser scanning microcopy studies revealed perinuclear accumulation of the vector, most likely as a result of transport via microtubules. This study contributes to the development of more efficient and less cytotoxic proteins for non-viral gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T P Favaro
- Laboratório de Análise Genética e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M A S de Toledo
- Laboratório de Análise Genética e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Alves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Santos
- Laboratório de Análise Genética e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L L Beloti
- Laboratório de Análise Genética e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R Janissen
- Instituto de Física Aplicada "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L G de la Torre
- Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A P Souza
- Laboratório de Análise Genética e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Azzoni
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brice A, Moseley GW. Viral interactions with microtubules: orchestrators of host cell biology? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Viral interaction with the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is critical to infection by many viruses. Most data regarding virus–MT interaction indicate key roles in the subcellular transport of virions/viral genomic material to sites of replication, assembly and egress. However, the MT cytoskeleton orchestrates diverse processes in addition to subcellular cargo transport, including regulation of signaling pathways, cell survival and mitosis, suggesting that viruses, expert manipulators of the host cell, may use the virus–MT interface to control multiple aspects of cell biology. Several lines of evidence support this idea, indicating that specific viral proteins can modify MT dynamics and/or structure and regulate processes such as apoptosis and innate immune signaling through MT-dependent mechanisms. Here, the authors review general aspects of virus–MT interactions, with emphasis on viral mechanisms that modify MT dynamics and functions to affect processes beyond virion transport. The emerging importance of discrete viral protein–MT interactions in pathogenic processes indicates that these interfaces may represent new targets for future therapeutics and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Brice
- Viral Immune Evasion & Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Viral Immune Evasion & Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oksayan S, Wiltzer L, Rowe CL, Blondel D, Jans DA, Moseley GW. A novel nuclear trafficking module regulates the nucleocytoplasmic localization of the rabies virus interferon antagonist, P protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28112-21. [PMID: 22700958 PMCID: PMC3431689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins is central to cellular function and dysfunction during processes such as viral infection. Active protein trafficking into and out of the nucleus is dependent on the presence within cargo proteins of intrinsic specific modular signals for nuclear import (nuclear localization signals, NLSs) and export (nuclear export signals, NESs). Rabies virus (RabV) phospho (P) protein, which is largely responsible for antagonising the host anti-viral response, is expressed as five isoforms (P1-P5). The subcellular trafficking of these isoforms is thought to depend on a balance between the activities of a dominant N-terminal NES (N-NES) and a distinct C-terminal NLS (C-NLS). Specifically, the N-NES-containing isoforms P1 and P2 are cytoplasmic, whereas the shorter P3-P5 isoforms, which lack the N-NES, are believed to be nuclear through the activity of the C-NLS. Here, we show for the first time that RabV P contains an additional strong NLS in the N-terminal region (N-NLS), which, intriguingly, overlaps with the N-NES. This arrangement represents a novel nuclear trafficking module where the N-NLS is inactive in P1 but becomes activated in P3, concomitant with truncation of the N-NES, to become the principal targeting signal conferring nuclear accumulation. Understanding this unique switch arrangement of overlapping, co-regulated NES/NLS sequences is vital to delineating the critical role of RabV P protein in viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibil Oksayan
- From the Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenicity Laboratory and
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia and
| | - Linda Wiltzer
- From the Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenicity Laboratory and
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia and
| | - Caitlin L. Rowe
- From the Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenicity Laboratory and
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia and
| | - Danielle Blondel
- the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia and
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The evasion of host innate immunity by Rabies virus, the prototype of the genus Lyssavirus, depends on a unique mechanism of selective targeting of interferon-activated STAT proteins by the viral phosphoprotein (P-protein). However, the immune evasion strategies of other lyssaviruses, including several lethal human pathogens, are unresolved. Here, we show that this mechanism is conserved between the most distantly related members of the genus, providing important insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targeting of lyssaviruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Toledo MA, Janissen R, Favaro MT, Cotta MA, Monteiro GA, Prazeres DMF, Souza AP, Azzoni AR. Development of a recombinant fusion protein based on the dynein light chain LC8 for non-viral gene delivery. J Control Release 2012; 159:222-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Sui M, Liu W, Shen Y. Nuclear drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy. J Control Release 2011; 155:227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Tanaka K, Kanazawa T, Sugawara K, Horiuchi S, Takashima Y, Okada H. A cytoplasm-sensitive peptide vector cross-linked with dynein light chain association sequence (DLCAS) enhances gene expression. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Cohen S, Au S, Panté N. How viruses access the nucleus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1634-45. [PMID: 21167871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses depend on nuclear proteins for replication. Therefore, their viral genome must enter the nucleus of the host cell. In this review we briefly summarize the principles of nucleocytoplasmic transport, and then describe the diverse strategies used by viruses to deliver their genomes into the host nucleus. Some of the emerging mechanisms include: (1) nuclear entry during mitosis, when the nuclear envelope is disassembled, (2) viral genome release in the cytoplasm followed by entry of the genome through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), (3) capsid docking at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, followed by genome release, (4) nuclear entry of intact capsids through the NPC, followed by genome release, and (5) nuclear entry via virus-induced disruption of the nuclear envelope. Which mechanism a particular virus uses depends on the size and structure of the virus, as well as the cellular cues used by the virus to trigger capsid disassembly and genome release. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|