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Yan Y, Jaffri SA, Schwirz J, Stein C, Schetelig MF. Identification and characterization of four Drosophila suzukii cellularization genes and their promoters. BMC Genet 2020; 21:146. [PMID: 33339500 PMCID: PMC7747377 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is a widespread invasive pest that causes severe economic damage to fruit crops. The early development of D. suzukii is similar to that of other Drosophilids, but the roles of individual genes must be confirmed experimentally. Cellularization genes coordinate the onset of cell division as soon as the invagination of membranes starts around the nuclei in the syncytial blastoderm. The promoters of these genes have been used in genetic pest-control systems to express transgenes that confer embryonic lethality. Such systems could be helpful in sterile insect technique applications to ensure that sterility (bi-sex embryonic lethality) or sexing (female-specific embryonic lethality) can be achieved during mass rearing. The activity of cellularization gene promoters during embryogenesis controls the timing and dose of the lethal gene product. Results Here, we report the isolation of the D. suzukii cellularization genes nullo, serendipity-α, bottleneck and slow-as-molasses from a laboratory strain. Conserved motifs were identified by comparing the encoded proteins with orthologs from other Drosophilids. Expression profiling confirmed that all four are zygotic genes that are strongly expressed at the early blastoderm stage. The 5′ flanking regions from these cellularization genes were isolated, incorporated into piggyBac vectors and compared in vitro for the promoter activities. The Dsnullo promoter showed the highest activity in the cell culture assays using D. melanogaster S2 cells. Conclusions The similarities in the gene coding and 5′ flanking sequence as well as in the expression pattern of the four cellularization genes between D. melanogaster and D. suzukii, suggest that conserved functions may be involved in both species. The high expression level at the early blastoderm stage of the four cellularization genes were confirmed, thus their promoters can be considered in embryonic lethality systems. While the Dsnullo promoter could be a suitable candidate, all reported promoters here are subject to further in vivo analyses before constructing potential pest control systems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-020-00939-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Syeda A Jaffri
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Schwirz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carl Stein
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc F Schetelig
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Pilatti L, Mancini Astray R, Rocca MP, Barbosa FF, Jorge SAC, Butler M, de Fátima Pires Augusto E. Purification of rabies virus glycoprotein produced in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: An efficient immunoaffinity method. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3046. [PMID: 32628317 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most rabies vaccines are based on inactivated virus, which production process demands a high level of biosafety structures. In the past decades, recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) produced in several expression systems has been extensively studied to be used as an alternative vaccine. The immunogenic characteristics of this protein depend on its correct conformation, which is present only after the correct post-translational modifications, typically performed by animal cells. The main challenge of using this protein as a vaccine candidate is to keep its trimeric conformation after the purification process. We describe here a new immunoaffinity chromatography method using a monoclonal antibody for RVGP Site II for purification of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein expressed on the membrane of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. RVGP recovery achieved at least 93%, and characterization analysis showed that the main antigenic proprieties were preserved after purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pilatti
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Viral Immunology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Biotechnology Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland
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Decarli MC, dos Santos DP, Astray RM, Ventini-Monteiro DC, Jorge SAC, Correia DM, de Sá da Silva J, Rocca MP, Langoni H, Menozzi BD, Pereira CA, Suazo CAT. DROSOPHILA S2 cell culture in a WAVE Bioreactor: potential for scaling up the production of the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4773-4783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Production of Recombinant Rabies Virus Glycoprotein by Insect Cells in a Single-Use Fixed-Bed Bioreactor. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28921430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7312-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A single-use fixed-bed bioreactor (iCELLis nano) can be used for cultivating non adherent insect cells, which can be then recovered for scaling up or for harvesting a membrane-associated viral glycoprotein with high quality in terms of preserved protein structure and biological function. Here, we describe the procedures for establishing genetically modified Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cell cultures in the iCELLis nano bioreactor and for quantifying by ELISA the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP) synthesized. By using the described protocol of production, the following performance can be regularly achieved: 1.7 ± 0.6 × 1E10 total cells; 2.4 ± 0.8 × 1E7 cells/mL and 1.2 ± 0.9 μg of rRVGP/1E7 cells; 1.5 ± 0.8 mg of total rRVGP.
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Picotto L, Sguazza G, Tizzano M, Galosi C, Cavalitto S, Pecoraro M. An effective and simplified DO-stat control strategy for production of rabies glycoprotein in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 132:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Santos NGL, Rocca MP, Pereira CA, Ventini DC, Puglia ALP, Jorge SAC, Lemos MAN, Astray RM. Impact of recombinant Drosophila S2 cell population enrichment on expression of rabies virus glycoprotein. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2605-2611. [PMID: 27216014 PMCID: PMC5101331 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Drosophila S2 cells have been used for the expression of many proteins of medical interest. However, membrane-attached glycoproteins, which commonly exhibit lower expression levels compared to soluble proteins, may require special procedures in order to attain high levels of expression. In this study, two S2 cell population enrichment methods (antibiotic and immunomagnetic selection) were evaluated for their ability to enhance expression of the membrane-anchored rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP). Quantification of RVGP production and determination of its cDNA copy number in transformed cells showed that both enrichment methods increased RVGP expression without significantly affecting its gene copy number. More interestingly, RVGP mRNA levels measured after cycloheximide treatment were poorly correlated with glycoprotein levels. Both enrichment methods enhanced expression of RVGP by recombinant S2 cells, with the highest level of expression achieved using immunomagnetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara G L Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mayra P Rocca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Ventini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lia P Puglia
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Soraia A C Jorge
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos A N Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Renato M Astray
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil.
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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8
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Expression of Viral Envelope Glycoproteins in Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27485332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3637-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The expression of recombinant viral envelope glycoproteins in S2 (Drosophila melanogaster) has been performed with good results. This chapter contains protocols for the utilization of this system for the expression and analysis of proteins presented in cell plasma membrane.
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9
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Insect cell entrapment, growth and recovering using a single-use fixed-bed bioreactor. Scaling up and recombinant protein production. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Fernández-Núñez EG, de Rezende AG, Puglia ALP, Leme J, Boldorini VLL, Caricati CP, Tonso A. Transient expression of rabies virus G-glycoprotein using BHK-21 cells cultured in suspension. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1153-63. [PMID: 25700821 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the expression of rabies virus G-glycoprotein (RVGP) expression using Semliki Forest virus as a vector in combination with BHK-21 cells cultured in suspension. RESULTS A multilevel factorial design was used to quantify effects of temperature (33-37 °C), fresh medium addition after the viral adsorption step (100-200 % with respect to the initial cell suspension volume before infection) and harvest time (8-40 h) on RVGP production. Experimental runs were performed in 24-well cell culture plates at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 16. An additional experiment in spinner-flask was performed at MOI of 9, using the optimal conditions determined in cell culture plates. Values for temperature, fresh medium addition and harvest time of 33 °C, 100 % and 16 h, respectively, ensured the optimal RVGP production in culture plates. The volumetric yield (239 ng ml(-1)) in these conditions was higher than that reported previously for adherent cell culture. In spinner-flasks, the volumetric yield was improved (559 ng ml(-1)). CONCLUSION These results establish the basis for designing bioprocess to produce RVGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eutimio Gustavo Fernández-Núñez
- Laboratório de Células Animais, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, 380, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil,
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Suárez-Patiño SF, Mancini RA, Pereira CA, Suazo CAT, Mendonça RZ, Jorge SAC. Transient expression of rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt A:255-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Culturing Drosophila melanogaster (S2) in a chemostat. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:533-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
We review the properties and uses of cell lines in Drosophila research, emphasizing the variety of lines, the large body of genomic and transcriptional data available for many of the lines, and the variety of ways the lines have been used to provide tools for and insights into the developmental, molecular, and cell biology of Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cherbas
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Lei Gong
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Astray RM, Ventini DC, Boldorini VLL, Silva FG, Rocca MP, Pereira CA. Rabies virus glycoprotein and immune response pattern using recombinant protein or recombinant RNA viral vectors. Vaccine 2014; 32:2829-32. [PMID: 24598721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows the humoral and cellular aspects of immune response generated by a recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP) as compared to those generated by viral vector carrying the RNA coding for this protein (RVGP-RNA). The rRVGP was synthesized by stably transfected Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells and the RVGP-RNA was carried by a recombinant Semiliki Forest Virus (SFV-RVGP). The data show that protein as well as the RNA vaccine was capable of inducing reasonably acceptable levels of antibodies as compared to the optimized commercial whole virus vaccine. As expected, the RNA vaccine was clearly more effective than the protein vaccines in inducing a cellular immune response, as evaluated by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and synthesis of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 2 (IL2). Our study supports the importance of vaccine designing taking into consideration the concept of DNA/RNA ability to induce an effective cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M Astray
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Ventini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L L Boldorini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra P Rocca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Edible Rabies Vaccines. COMMERCIAL PLANT-PRODUCED RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43836-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rabies has been one of the most feared diseases throughout history. Human rabies remains an important public health problem in many developing countries. The WHO reports that more than 55,000 people die of this disease every year. Most of these cases occur in developing countries. In most Latin American countries, the major reservoirs of rabies are the dog and the hematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus), which is present in the tropical and subtropical areas from Northern Mexico to Northern Argentina and Chile and transmits the disease to cattle. One of the better options for controlling rabies is vaccination. The expression of rabies virus G protein in different plant systems for developing an oral rabies vaccine could reduce costs of production and distribution and would be convenient for developing countries where the disease is endemic.
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Astray RM, Jorge SAC, Lemos MAN, Yokomizo AY, Boldorini VLL, Puglia ALP, Ribeiro OG, Pereira CA. Kinetic studies of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) cDNA transcription and mRNA translation in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell populations. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:829-38. [PMID: 23340966 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) was expressed in cell membranes of stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells using constitutive and inducible promoters. Although with quantitative differences of RVGP expression in both systems, the cDNA transcription, as evaluated by relative RVGP mRNA levels measured by qRT-PCR, sustained the amount of RVGP producing cells and the RVGP volumetric (ΠRVGP) productivity. At the transition to the stationary cell growth phase, once the cell culture slowed down its rate of multiplication, an accumulation of RVGP mRNA and RVGP was clearly observed in both cell populations. Nevertheless, cell cultures performed under sub-optimal temperatures indicated that an envisaged increase in the RVGP production is not only dependent on cell growth rate, but essentially on optimal cell metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Astray
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil,
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Loza-Rubio E, Rojas-Anaya E, López J, Olivera-Flores MT, Gómez-Lim M, Tapia-Pérez G. Induction of a protective immune response to rabies virus in sheep after oral immunization with transgenic maize, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. Vaccine 2012; 30:5551-6. [PMID: 22749836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of exogenous genes into plants permits the development of a new generation of biological products, i.e., edible vaccines. Cereals, especially maize, have been the systems of choice for the expression of antigenic proteins because the proteins can be expressed at high levels in the kernel and stored for prolonged periods without excessive deterioration. The utilization of plant-derived antigens for oral delivery provides an alternative strategy for the control of pathogens in animals compared to the current vaccine administration methods, such as injection. However, there is some doubt about the efficacy of these types of vaccines in polygastric animals due to the features of their digestive system. Here, we report the efficacy of an edible vaccine against rabies evaluated in sheep. Kernels containing different doses of G protein (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mg) were given in a single dose by the oral route. Cumulative survival was better in groups that received 2mg of G protein and for the positive control (inactivated rabies vaccine); this observation was supported by the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Animals in the control group died after challenge. The degree of protection achieved for 2mg of G protein was comparable to that conferred by a commercial vaccine. In conclusion, this is the first study in which an orally administered edible vaccine showed efficacy in a polygastric model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiologia Animal (CENID-Microbiologia), INIFAP, Carretera México-Toluca, Km. 15.5, Colonia Palo Alto, CP 05110, México, DF, Mexico.
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Moraes AM, Jorge SAC, Astray RM, Suazo CAT, Calderón Riquelme CE, Augusto EFP, Tonso A, Pamboukian MM, Piccoli RAM, Barral MF, Pereira CA. Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: From gene cloning to bioprocess development. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:613-28. [PMID: 22079894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells using plasmid vectors. Since the growth of S2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. The factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of S2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, hydrodynamic forces and toxic metabolites, are discussed by comparison with other insect and mammalian cells. Gene expression, cell metabolism, culture medium formulation and parameters involved in cellular respiration are particularly emphasized. The experience of the authors with the successful expression of a biologically functional protein, the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP), by recombinant S2 cells is presented in the topics covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moraes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e de Bioprocessos, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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