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Yin L, Zhou Y, Ding N, Fang Y. Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering for the Biosynthesis of Phosphoenol Pyruvate-Oxaloacetate-Pyruvate-Derived Amino Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:2893. [PMID: 38930958 PMCID: PMC11206799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate-derived amino acids (POP-AAs) comprise native intermediates in cellular metabolism, within which the phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate (POP) node is the switch point among the major metabolic pathways existing in most living organisms. POP-AAs have widespread applications in the nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These amino acids have been predominantly produced in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum through microbial fermentation. With the rapid increase in market requirements, along with the global food shortage situation, the industrial production capacity of these two bacteria has encountered two bottlenecks: low product conversion efficiency and high cost of raw materials. Aiming to push forward the update and upgrade of engineered strains with higher yield and productivity, this paper presents a comprehensive summarization of the fundamental strategy of metabolic engineering techniques around phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate node for POP-AA production, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-isoleucine. Novel heterologous routes and regulation methods regarding the carbon flux redistribution in the POP node and the formation of amino acids should be taken into consideration to improve POP-AA production to approach maximum theoretical values. Furthermore, an outlook for future strategies of low-cost feedstock and energy utilization for developing amino acid overproducers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Nana Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Yang H, Lu L, Chen Y, Ye J. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Response of the Bacterium Priestia Aryabhattai SK1-7 to Interactions and Dissolution with Potassium Feldspar. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0203422. [PMID: 37154709 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium feldspar (K2O·Al2O3·6SiO2) is considered to be the most important source of potash fertilizer. The use of microorganisms to dissolve potassium feldspar is a low-cost and environmentally friendly method. Priestia aryabhattai SK1-7 is a strain with a strong ability to dissolve potassium feldspar; it showed a faster pH drop and produced more acid in the medium with potassium feldspar as the insoluble potassium source than in the medium with K2HPO4 as the soluble potassium source. We speculated whether the cause of acid production was related to one or more stresses, such as mineral-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the presence of aluminum in potassium feldspar, and cell membrane damage due to friction between SK1-7 and potassium feldspar, and analyzed it by transcriptome. The results revealed that the expression of the genes related to pyruvate metabolism, the two-component system, DNA repair, and oxidative stress pathways in strain SK1-7 was significantly upregulated in potassium feldspar medium. The subsequent validation experiments revealed that ROS were the stress faced by strain SK1-7 when interacting with potassium feldspar and led to a decrease in the total fatty acid content of SK1-7. In the face of ROS stress, strain SK1-7 upregulated the expression of the maeA-1 gene, allowing malic enzyme (ME2) to produce more pyruvate to be secreted outside the cell using malate as a substrate. Pyruvate is both a scavenger of external ROS and a gas pedal of dissolved potassium feldspar. IMPORTANCE Mineral-microbe interactions play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Manipulating mineral-microbe interactions and optimizing the consequences of such interactions can be used to benefit society. It is necessary to explore the black hole of the mechanism of interaction between the two. In this study, it is revealed that P. aryabhattai SK1-7 faces mineral-induced ROS stress by upregulating a series of antioxidant genes as a passive defense, while overexpression of malic enzyme (ME2) secretes pyruvate to scavenge ROS as well as to increase feldspar dissolution, releasing K, Al, and Si into the medium. Our research provides a theoretical basis for improving the ability of microorganisms to weather minerals through genetic manipulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Forestry and Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanxiang Lu
- College of Forestry and Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Forestry and Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianren Ye
- College of Forestry and Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sun L, Zhang Q, Kong X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Ledesma-Amaro R, Chen J, Liu L. Highly efficient neutralizer-free l-malic acid production using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128580. [PMID: 36608859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In industrial bioproduction of organic acids, numerous neutralizers are required which substantially increases production costs and burdens the environment. To address this challenge, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (named TAMC) with a low pH tolerance (pH 2.3) was isolated by adaptive laboratory evolution. Taking the synthesis of l-malic acid as an example, the malate dehydrogenase 3 without signal peptide (MDHΔSKL) and pyruvate carboxylase 2 (PYC2) were overexpressed in cytoplasmic synthesis pathway, and the l-malic acid titer increased 5.6-fold. Subsequently, the malic acid transporter SpMae1 was designed, and the extracellular l-malic acid titer was increased from 7.3 to 73.6 g/L. Furthermore, by optimizing the synthesis of the precursor pyruvate, the titer reached 81.8 g/L. Finally, without any neutralizer, the titer in the 3-L bioreactor reached 232.9 g/L, the highest l-malic acid titer reported to date. Herein, the engineered l-malic acid overproducer paves the way for the large-scale green production of l-malic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Banerjee D, Eng T, Sasaki Y, Srinivasan A, Oka A, Herbert RA, Trinh J, Singan VR, Sun N, Putnam D, Scown CD, Simmons B, Mukhopadhyay A. Genomics Characterization of an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum in Bioreactor Cultivation Under Ionic Liquid Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:766674. [PMID: 34869279 PMCID: PMC8637627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.766674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an ideal microbial chassis for production of valuable bioproducts including amino acids and next generation biofuels. Here we resequence engineered isopentenol (IP) producing C. glutamicum BRC-JBEI 1.1.2 strain and assess differential transcriptional profiles using RNA sequencing under industrially relevant conditions including scale transition and compare the presence vs absence of an ionic liquid, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). Analysis of the scale transition from shake flask to bioreactor with transcriptomics identified a distinct pattern of metabolic and regulatory responses needed for growth in this industrial format. These differential changes in gene expression corroborate altered accumulation of organic acids and bioproducts, including succinate, acetate, and acetoin that occur when cells are grown in the presence of 50 mM [Ch][Lys] in the stirred-tank reactor. This new genome assembly and differential expression analysis of cells grown in a stirred tank bioreactor clarify the cell response of an C. glutamicum strain engineered to produce IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Eng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aparajitha Srinivasan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asun Oka
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ning Sun
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dan Putnam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Corinne D Scown
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Blake Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Xiao F, Wang H, Zhang L, Ding Z, Xu S, Gu Z, Shi G. Engineering of a Biosensor in Response to Malate in Bacillus licheniformis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1775-1784. [PMID: 34213891 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malate is an essential intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; it also has valuable uses in medicine and food. The production of malate with a microbial synthesis method is still in its early stages. One of the key problems in metabolic engineering is that the dynamic and subtle changes in malate are difficult to detect. It remains critical to develop techniques with direct and precise detection of malate in microbial metabolism, which facilitates high-throughput screening of the engineered strains. In this study, a genetically encoded biosensor in response to malate was constructed in B. licheniformis. Key regulator MalR and the action site of the biosensor were first identified. Then, the output of the reporter gene expression was amplified by introducing a strong constitutive promoter and iteratively tuning the action sites. The engineered biosensor can respond to malate from 5 to 15 g/L; within this range, it shows a linear correlation between eGFP fluorescence and malate concentration. This biosensor enrich our toolbox of synthetic biology in pathway engineering for malate production in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
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The thiol oxidation-based sensing and regulation mechanism for the OasR-mediated organic peroxide and antibiotic resistance in C. glutamicum. Biochem J 2021; 477:3709-3727. [PMID: 32926092 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, an important industrial and model microorganism, inevitably encountered stress environment during fermentative process. Therefore, the ability of C. glutamicum to withstand stress and maintain the cellular redox balance was vital for cell survival and enhancing fermentation efficiency. To robustly survive, C. glutamicum has been equipped with many types of redox sensors. Although cysteine oxidation-based peroxide-sensing regulators have been well described in C. glutamicum, redox sensors involving in multiple environmental stress response remained elusive. Here, we reported an organic peroxide- and antibiotic-sensing MarR (multiple antibiotics resistance regulators)-type regulator, called OasR (organic peroxide- and antibiotic-sensing regulator). The OasR regulator used Cys95 oxidation to sense oxidative stress to form S-mycothiolated monomer or inter-molecular disulfide-containing dimer, resulting in its dissociation from the target DNA promoter. Transcriptomics uncovered the strong up-regulation of many multidrug efflux pump genes and organic peroxide stress-involving genes in oasR mutant, consistent with the phenomenon that oasR mutant showed a reduction in sensitivity to antibiotic and organic peroxide. Importantly, the addition of stress-associated ligands such as cumene hydroperoxide and streptomycin induced oasR and multidrug efflux pump protein NCgl1020 expression in vivo. We speculated that cell resistance to antibiotics and organic peroxide correlated with stress response-induced up-regulation of genes expression. Together, the results revealed that OasR was a key MarR-type redox stress-responsive transcriptional repressor, and sensed oxidative stress generated through hydroxyl radical formation to mediate antibiotic resistance in C. glutamicum.
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Kappelmann J, Klein B, Papenfuß M, Lange J, Blombach B, Takors R, Wiechert W, Polen T, Noack S. Comprehensive Analysis of C. glutamicum Anaplerotic Deletion Mutants Under Defined d-Glucose Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:602936. [PMID: 33553115 PMCID: PMC7855459 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 is known to possess two enzymes with anaplerotic (C4-directed) carboxylation activity, namely phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCx) and pyruvate carboxylase (PCx). On the other hand, C3-directed decarboxylation can be catalyzed by the three enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCk), oxaloacetate decarboxylase (ODx), and malic enzyme (ME). The resulting high metabolic flexibility at the anaplerotic node compromises the unambigous determination of its carbon and energy flux in C. glutamicum wild type. To circumvent this problem we performed a comprehensive analysis of selected single or double deletion mutants in the anaplerosis of wild-type C. glutamicum under defined d-glucose conditions. By applying well-controlled lab-scale bioreactor experiments in combination with untargeted proteomics, quantitative metabolomics and whole-genome sequencing hitherto unknown, and sometimes counter-intuitive, genotype-phenotype relationships in these mutants could be unraveled. In comparison to the wild type the four mutants C. glutamiucm Δpyc, C. glutamiucm Δpyc Δodx, C. glutamiucm Δppc Δpyc, and C. glutamiucm Δpck showed lowered specific growth rates and d-glucose uptake rates, underlining the importance of PCx and PEPCk activity for a balanced carbon and energy flux at the anaplerotic node. Most interestingly, the strain C. glutamiucm Δppc Δpyc could be evolved to grow on d-glucose as the only source of carbon and energy, whereas this combination was previously considered lethal. The prevented anaplerotic carboxylation activity of PEPCx and PCx was found in the evolved strain to be compensated by an up-regulation of the glyoxylate shunt, potentially in combination with the 2-methylcitrate cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Kappelmann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bianca Klein
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mathias Papenfuß
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julian Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Henke NA, Austermeier S, Grothaus IL, Götker S, Persicke M, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF. Corynebacterium glutamicum CrtR and Its Orthologs in Actinobacteria: Conserved Function and Application as Genetically Encoded Biosensor for Detection of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5482. [PMID: 32751941 PMCID: PMC7432914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in Corynebacteriumglutamicum is controlled by the MarR-type regulator CrtR, which represses transcription of the promoter of the crt operon (PcrtE) and of its own gene (PcrtR). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and to a lesser extent other isoprenoid pyrophosphates, interfere with the binding of CrtR to its target DNA in vitro, suggesting they act as inducers of carotenoid biosynthesis. CrtR homologs are encoded in the genomes of many other actinobacteria. In order to determine if and to what extent the function of CrtR, as a metabolite-dependent transcriptional repressor of carotenoid biosynthesis genes responding to GGPP, is conserved among actinobacteria, five CrtR orthologs were characterized in more detail. EMSA assays showed that the CrtR orthologs from Corynebacteriumcallunae, Acidipropionibacteriumjensenii, Paenarthrobacternicotinovorans, Micrococcusluteus and Pseudarthrobacterchlorophenolicus bound to the intergenic region between their own gene and the divergently oriented gene, and that GGPP inhibited these interactions. In turn, the CrtR protein from C. glutamicum bound to DNA regions upstream of the orthologous crtR genes that contained a 15 bp DNA sequence motif conserved between the tested bacteria. Moreover, the CrtR orthologs functioned in C. glutamicum in vivo at least partially, as they complemented the defects in the pigmentation and expression of a PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion that were observed in a crtR deletion mutant to varying degrees. Subsequently, the utility of the PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion and chromosomally encoded CrtR from C. glutamicum as genetically encoded biosensor for GGPP was studied. Combined FACS and LC-MS analysis demonstrated a correlation between the sensor fluorescent signal and the intracellular GGPP concentration, and allowed us to monitor intracellular GGPP concentrations during growth and differentiate between strains engineered to accumulate GGPP at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A. Henke
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Sophie Austermeier
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell L. Grothaus
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Susanne Götker
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Marcus Persicke
- Faculty of CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
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CarR, a MarR-family regulator from Corynebacterium glutamicum, modulated antibiotic and aromatic compound resistance. Biochem J 2020; 476:3141-3159. [PMID: 31689352 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MarR (multiple antibiotic resistance regulator) proteins are a family of transcriptional regulators that is prevalent in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Understanding the physiological and biochemical function of MarR homologs in C. glutamicum has focused on cysteine oxidation-based redox-sensing and substrate metabolism-involving regulators. In this study, we characterized the stress-related ligand-binding functions of the C. glutamicum MarR-type regulator CarR (C. glutamicum antibiotic-responding regulator). We demonstrate that CarR negatively regulates the expression of the carR (ncgl2886)-uspA (ncgl2887) operon and the adjacent, oppositely oriented gene ncgl2885, encoding the hypothetical deacylase DecE. We also show that CarR directly activates transcription of the ncgl2882-ncgl2884 operon, encoding the peptidoglycan synthesis operon (PSO) located upstream of carR in the opposite orientation. The addition of stress-associated ligands such as penicillin and streptomycin induced carR, uspA, decE, and PSO expression in vivo, as well as attenuated binding of CarR to operator DNA in vitro. Importantly, stress response-induced up-regulation of carR, uspA, and PSO gene expression correlated with cell resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and aromatic compounds. Six highly conserved residues in CarR were found to strongly influence its ligand binding and transcriptional regulatory properties. Collectively, the results indicate that the ligand binding of CarR induces its dissociation from the carR-uspA promoter to derepress carR and uspA transcription. Ligand-free CarR also activates PSO expression, which in turn contributes to C. glutamicum stress resistance. The outcomes indicate that the stress response mechanism of CarR in C. glutamicum occurs via ligand-induced conformational changes to the protein, not via cysteine oxidation-based thiol modifications.
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Hünnefeld M, Persicke M, Kalinowski J, Frunzke J. The MarR-Type Regulator MalR Is Involved in Stress-Responsive Cell Envelope Remodeling in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31164873 PMCID: PMC6536590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the enormous adaptive capacity of microorganisms, which is key to their competitive success in nature, but also challenges antibiotic treatment of human diseases. To deal with a diverse set of stresses, bacteria are able to reprogram gene expression using a wide variety of transcription factors. Here, we focused on the MarR-type regulator MalR conserved in the Corynebacterineae, including the prominent pathogens Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In several corynebacterial species, the malR gene forms an operon with a gene encoding a universal stress protein (uspA). Chromatin affinity purification and sequencing (ChAP-Seq) analysis revealed that MalR binds more than 60 target promoters in the C. glutamicum genome as well as in the large cryptic prophage CGP3. Overproduction of MalR caused severe growth defects and an elongated cell morphology. ChAP-Seq data combined with a global transcriptome analysis of the malR overexpression strain emphasized a central role of MalR in cell envelope remodeling in response to environmental stresses. For example, prominent MalR targets are involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. Phenotypic microarrays suggested an altered sensitivity of a ΔmalR mutant toward several β-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, we revealed MalR as a repressor of several prophage genes, suggesting that MalR may be involved in the control of stress-responsive induction of the large CGP3 element. In conclusion, our results emphasize MalR as a regulator involved in stress-responsive remodeling of the cell envelope of C. glutamicum and suggest a link between cell envelope stress and the control of phage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hünnefeld
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marcus Persicke
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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The RamA regulon: complex regulatory interactions in relation to central metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5901-5910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Henke NA, Heider SAE, Hannibal S, Wendisch VF, Peters-Wendisch P. Isoprenoid Pyrophosphate-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Carotenogenesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:633. [PMID: 28484430 PMCID: PMC5401885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a natural producer of the C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin. The crtEcg0722crtBIYEb operon comprises most of its genes for terpenoid biosynthesis. The MarR-type regulator encoded upstream and in divergent orientation of the carotenoid biosynthesis operon has not yet been characterized. This regulator, named CrtR in this study, is encoded in many actinobacterial genomes co-occurring with terpenoid biosynthesis genes. CrtR was shown to repress the crt operon of C. glutamicum since DNA microarray experiments revealed that transcript levels of crt operon genes were increased 10 to 70-fold in its absence. Transcriptional fusions of a promoter-less gfp gene with the crt operon and crtR promoters confirmed that CrtR represses its own gene and the crt operon. Gel mobility shift assays with purified His-tagged CrtR showed that CrtR binds to a region overlapping with the −10 and −35 promoter sequences of the crt operon. Isoprenoid pyrophosphates interfered with binding of CrtR to its target DNA, a so far unknown mechanism for regulation of carotenogenesis. The molecular details of protein-ligand interactions remain to be studied. Decaprenoxanthin synthesis by C. glutamicum wild type was enhanced 10 to 30-fold upon deletion of crtR and was decreased 5 to 6-fold as result of crtR overexpression. Moreover, deletion of crtR was shown as metabolic engineering strategy to improve production of native and non-native carotenoids including lycopene, β-carotene, C.p. 450 and sarcinaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A Henke
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Sabine A E Heider
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Silvin Hannibal
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
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13
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Pahlke J, Dostálová H, Holátko J, Degner U, Bott M, Pátek M, Polen T. The small 6C RNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum is involved in the SOS response. RNA Biol 2016; 13:848-60. [PMID: 27362471 PMCID: PMC5014011 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1205776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6C RNA family is a class of small RNAs highly conserved in Actinobacteria, including the genera Mycobacterium, Streptomyces and Corynebacterium whose physiological function has not yet been elucidated. We found that strong transcription of the cgb_03605 gene, which encodes 6C RNA in C. glutamicum, was driven by the SigA- and SigB-dependent promoter Pcgb_03605. 6C RNA was detected at high level during exponential growth phase (180 to 240 molcules per cell) which even increased at the entry of the stationary phase. 6C RNA level did not decrease within 240 min after transcription had been stopped with rifampicin, which suggests high 6C RNA stability. The expression of cgb_03605 further increased approximately twofold in the presence of DNA-damaging mitomycin C (MMC) and nearly threefold in the absence of LexA. Deletion of the 6C RNA gene cgb_03605 resulted in a higher sensitivity of C. glutamicum toward MMC and UV radiation. These results indicate that 6C RNA is involved in the DNA damage response. Both 6C RNA level-dependent pausing of cell growth and branched cell morphology in response to MMC suggest that 6C RNA may also be involved in a control of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pahlke
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Hana Dostálová
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Holátko
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Ursula Degner
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Tino Polen
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
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Toyoda K, Inui M. Regulons of global transcription factors in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:45-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Nešvera J, Holátko J, Pátek M. Analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum promoters and their applications. Subcell Biochem 2014; 64:203-21. [PMID: 23080252 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5055-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Promoters are DNA sequences which function as regulatory signals of transcription initiation catalyzed by RNA polymerase. Since promoters substantially influence levels of gene expression, they have become powerful tools in metabolic engineering. Methods for their localization used in Corynebacterium glutamicum and techniques for the analysis of their function are described in this review. C. glutamicum promoters can be classified according to the respective σ factors which direct RNA polymerase to these structures. C. glutamicum promoters are recognized by holo-RNA polymerase formed by subunits α(2)ββ'ω + σ. C. glutamicum codes for seven different sigma factors: the principal sigma factor σ(A) and alternative sigma factors σ(B), σ(C), σ(D), σ(E), σ(H) and σ(M), which recognize various classes of promoters. The promoters of housekeeping genes recognized by σ(A), which are active during the exponential growth, form the largest described group. These promoters and their mutant derivatives are the most frequently used elements in modulation of gene expression in C. glutamicum. Promoters recognized by alternative sigma factors and their consensus sequences are gradually emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nešvera
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Genome-wide analysis of the role of global transcriptional regulator GntR1 in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3249-58. [PMID: 24982307 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01860-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator GntR1 downregulates the genes for gluconate catabolism and pentose phosphate pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Gluconate lowers the DNA binding affinity of GntR1, which is probably the mechanism of gluconate-dependent induction of these genes. In addition, GntR1 positively regulates ptsG, a gene encoding a major glucose transporter, and pck, a gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Here, we searched for the new target of GntR1 on a genome-wide scale by chromatin immunoprecipitation in conjunction with microarray (ChIP-chip) analysis. This analysis identified 56 in vivo GntR1 binding sites, of which 7 sites were previously reported. The newly identified GntR1 sites include the upstream regions of carbon metabolism genes such as pyk, maeB, gapB, and icd, encoding pyruvate kinase, malic enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase B, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, respectively. Binding of GntR1 to the promoter region of these genes was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The activity of the icd, gapB, and maeB promoters was reduced by the mutation at the GntR1 binding site, in contrast to the pyk promoter activity, which was increased, indicating that GntR1 is a transcriptional activator of icd, gapB, and maeB and is a repressor of pyk. Thus, it is likely that GntR1 stimulates glucose uptake by inducing the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) gene while repressing pyk to increase PEP availability in the absence of gluconate. Repression of zwf and gnd may reduce the NADPH supply, which may be compensated by the induction of maeB and icd. Upregulation of icd, gapB, and maeB and downregulation of pyk by GntR1 probably support gluconeogenesis.
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