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Matsubara T. Peptide mimotopes to emulate carbohydrates. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8160-8173. [PMID: 36128765 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00470d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates on animal cell surfaces are involved in numerous biological functions and diseases, especially the adhesion/metastasis of cancer cells, infection, and the onset of glycan-related diseases. In addition to glycoantigen detection, the regulation of glycan (carbohydrate)-protein interactions is needed to develop therapeutic strategies for glycan-related diseases. Preparation of a diverse range of glycan derivatives requires a massive effort, but the preparation and identification of alternative glycan-mimetic peptide mimotopes may provide a solution to this issue. Peptide mimotopes are recognized by glycan-binding proteins, such as lectins, enzymes, and antibodies, alternative to glycan ligands. Phage-display technology is the first choice in the selection of "glycan (carbohydrate)-mimetic peptide mimotopes" from a large repertoire of library sequences. This tutorial review describes the advantages of peptide mimotopes in comparison to glycan ligands, as well as their structural and functional mimicry. The detailed library design is followed by a description of the strategy used to improve affinity, and finally, an outline of the vaccine application of glycan-mimetic peptides is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Matsubara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Møller MS, Svensson B. Structure, Function and Protein Engineering of Cereal-Type Inhibitors Acting on Amylolytic Enzymes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:868568. [PMID: 35402513 PMCID: PMC8990303 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.868568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plants, including cereals, contain seed proteins able to inhibit amylolytic enzymes. Some of these inhibitors, the CM-proteins (soluble in chloroform:methanol mixtures)—also referred to as cereal-type inhibitors (CTIs)—are the topic of this review. CM-proteins were first reported 75 years ago. They are small sulfur-rich proteins of the prolamine superfamily embracing bifunctional α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), α-amylase inhibitors (AIs), limit dextrinase inhibitors (LDIs), and serine protease inhibitors. Phylogenetically CM-proteins are predicted across poaceae genomes and many isoforms are identified in seed proteomes. Their allergenicity and hence adverse effect on humans were recognized early on, as were their roles in plant defense. Generally, CTIs target exogenous digestive enzymes from insects and mammals. Notably, by contrast LDI regulates activity of the endogenous starch debranching enzyme, limit dextrinase, during cereal seed germination. CM-proteins are four-helix bundle proteins and form enzyme complexes adopting extraordinarily versatile binding modes involving the N-terminal and different loop regions. A number of these inhibitors have been characterized in detail and here focus will be on target enzyme specificity, molecular recognition, forces and mechanisms of binding as well as on three-dimensional structures of CM-protein–enzyme complexes. Lastly, prospects for CM-protein exploitation, rational engineering and biotechnological applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sofie Møller
- Applied Molecular Enzyme Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Prado GS, Bamogo PKA, de Abreu JAC, Gillet FX, dos Santos VO, Silva MCM, Brizard JP, Bemquerer MP, Bangratz M, Brugidou C, Sérémé D, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Lacombe S. Nicotiana benthamiana is a suitable transient system for high-level expression of an active inhibitor of cotton boll weevil α-amylase. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:15. [PMID: 30849970 PMCID: PMC6408794 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect resistance in crops represents a main challenge for agriculture. Transgenic approaches based on proteins displaying insect resistance properties are widely used as efficient breeding strategies. To extend the spectrum of targeted pathogens and overtake the development of resistance, molecular evolution strategies have been used on genes encoding these proteins to generate thousands of variants with new or improved functions. The cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is one of the major pests of cotton in the Americas. An α-amylase inhibitor (α-AIC3) variant previously developed via molecular evolution strategy showed inhibitory activity against A. grandis α-amylase (AGA). RESULTS We produced in a few days considerable amounts of α-AIC3 using an optimised transient heterologous expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana. This high α-AIC3 accumulation allowed its structural and functional characterizations. We demonstrated via MALDI-TOF MS/MS technique that the protein was processed as expected. It could inhibit up to 100% of AGA biological activity whereas it did not act on α-amylase of two non-pathogenic insects. These data confirmed that N. benthamiana is a suitable and simple system for high-level production of biologically active α-AIC3. Based on other benefits such as economic, health and environmental that need to be considerate, our data suggested that α-AIC3 could be a very promising candidate for the production of transgenic crops resistant to cotton boll weevil without lethal effect on at least two non-pathogenic insects. CONCLUSIONS We propose this expression system can be complementary to molecular evolution strategies to identify the most promising variants before starting long-lasting stable transgenic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Souza Prado
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Pingdwende Kader Aziz Bamogo
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Paul Brizard
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Martine Bangratz
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Drissa Sérémé
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Séverine Lacombe
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Da Lage JL. The Amylases of Insects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 10:1179543318804783. [PMID: 30305796 PMCID: PMC6176531 DOI: 10.1177/1179543318804783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amylases are major digestive enzymes that act in the first step of maltopolysaccharide digestion. In insects, these enzymes have long been studied for applied as well as purely scientific purposes. In many species, amylases are produced by multiple gene copies. Rare species are devoid of Amy gene. They are predominantly secreted in the midgut but salivary expression is also frequent, with extraoral activity. Enzymological parameters are quite variable among insects, with visible trends according to phylogeny: Coleopteran amylases have acidic optimum activity, whereas dipteran amylases have neutral preference and lepidopteran ones have clear alkaline preference. The enzyme structure shows interesting variations shaped by evolutionary convergences, such as the recurrent loss of a loop involved in substrate handling. Many works have focused on the action of plant amylase inhibitors on pest insect amylases, in the frame of crop protection by transgenesis. It appears that sensitivity or resistance to inhibitors is finely tuned and very specific and that amylases and their inhibitors have coevolved. The multicopy feature of insect amylases appears to allow tissue-specific or stage-specific regulation, but also to broaden enzymological abilities, such as pH range, and to overcome plant inhibitory defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Da Lage
- UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, Écologie,
CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
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Zhao Q, Buhr D, Gunter C, Frenette J, Ferguson M, Sanford E, Holland E, Rajagopal C, Batonick M, Kiss MM, Weiner MP. Rational library design by functional CDR resampling. N Biotechnol 2017; 45:89-97. [PMID: 29242049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful antibody discovery relies on diversified libraries, where two aspects are implied, namely the absolute number of unique clones and the percentage of functional clones. Instead of pursuing the absolute quantity thresholded by current display technology, we have sought to maximize the effective diversity by improving functional clone percentage. With the combined effort of bioinformatics, structural biology, molecular immunology and phage display technology, we devised a bioinformatic pipeline to construct and validate libraries via combinatorial assembly of sequences from a database of experimentally validated antibodies. Furthermore, we showed that the libraries constructed as such yielded a significantly increased success rate against different antigen types and generated over 20-fold more unique hits per targets compared with libraries based on traditional degenerate nucleotide methods. Our study indicated that predefined CDR sequences with optimized CDR-framework compatibility could be a productive direction of functional library construction for in vitro antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA.
| | - Diane Buhr
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Ferguson
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Erika Holland
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
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