1
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Emerging affinity ligands and support materials for the enrichment of monoclonal antibodies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Michot N, Guyochin A, Cinier M, Savignard C, Kitten O, Pascual MH, Pouzieux S, Ozoux ML, Verdier P, Vicat P, Dumas J. Albumin binding Nanofitins, a new scaffold to extend half-life of biologics - a case study with exenatide peptide. Peptides 2022; 152:170760. [PMID: 35150805 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy of peptide half-life extension has been evaluated. We investigated libraries of a small and very stable protein scaffold called Nanofitin, capable of high affinity for protein targets. We have identified Nanofitins targeting Human and mouse Serum Albumin, which could significantly improve the pharmacokinetics of an active associated peptide, mobilizing the patient's own albumin without external source. To demonstrate the impact of this approach on half-life extension, a genetic fusion of an Exenatide peptide with an Albumin Binding Nanofitin (ABNF) was performed. Specific activity of Exenatide-ABNF was measured and unaffected by the fusion. In vivo mice results provided convincing data (t½ of 8 min for Exenatide peptide compared to 20 h for Exenatide-ABNF) with sustained pharmacological activity over 3 days. This study constitutes a proof-of-concept of in vivo half-life extension of a biologic using an ABNF. Besides, the absence of cysteine in the Nanofitin scaffold, which is therefore devoid of structuring disulfide bonds, allows manufacturing in microbial cost effective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Michot
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry sur Seine, 94430, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Verdier
- Sanofi, Drug Safety & Animal Research, Alfortville 94430, France
| | - Pascale Vicat
- Sanofi, Drug Safety & Animal Research, Alfortville 94430, France
| | - Jacques Dumas
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry sur Seine, 94430, France
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3
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Mouratou B, Pecorari F. Application of Affitins for Affinity Purification of Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2466:37-48. [PMID: 35585309 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2176-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is a powerful purification technique, as it allows proteins of interest to be obtained at a high degree of purity in a single step. This technique can be applied on a research laboratory scale as well as on an industrial scale. The interaction involved in affinity separation most often involves a natural ligand or an antibody specific for the protein of interest, or the recognition of a peptide tag artificially added to the recombinant protein. Unfortunately, natural ligands are not always available and it may be undesirable or impossible to add a purification tag, especially for the production of therapeutic proteins. We have developed Affitins as a new class of artificial affinity proteins that can be generated against virtually any protein of interest. Due to their very high selectivity, their remarkable robustness against extreme acid or alkaline conditions and their low production cost, Affitins are particularly suited to this technique. We describe here the production of Affitins and their immobilization on resin beads to prepare affinity chromatography columns. The protocol also describes the use of these columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mouratou
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Pecorari
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France.
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4
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Wicke N, Bedford MR, Howarth M. Gastrobodies are engineered antibody mimetics resilient to pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Commun Biol 2021; 4:960. [PMID: 34381153 PMCID: PMC8358037 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeting reagents, such as antibodies and non-antibody scaffold proteins, are rapidly inactivated in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and activates pepsin, concentrations of which reach 1 mg/mL in the mammalian stomach. Two stable scaffold proteins (nanobody and nanofitin), previously developed to be protease-resistant, were completely digested in less than 10 min at 100-fold lower concentration of pepsin than found in the stomach. Here we present gastrobodies, a protein scaffold derived from Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). SBTI is highly resistant to the challenges of the upper GI tract, including digestive proteases, pH 2 and bile acids. Computational prediction of SBTI's evolvability identified two nearby loops for randomization, to create a potential recognition surface which was experimentally validated by alanine scanning. We established display of SBTI on full-length pIII of M13 phage. Phage selection of gastrobody libraries against the glucosyltransferase domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B (GTD) identified hits with nanomolar affinity and enzyme inhibitory activity. Anti-GTD binders retained high stability to acid, digestive proteases and heat. Gastrobodies show resilience to exceptionally harsh conditions, which should provide a foundation for targeting and modulating function within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Wicke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Characterization of Affitin proteolytic digestion in biorelevant media and improvement of their stabilities via protein engineering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19703. [PMID: 33184451 PMCID: PMC7661517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Affitins are a novel class of small 7 kDa artificial proteins which can be used as antibody substitutes in therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications. One challenge for this type of protein agent is their behaviour in the context of oral administration. The digestive system is central, and biorelevant media have fast emerged as relevant and reliable tools for evaluating the bioavailability of drugs. This study describes, for the first time, the stability of Affitins under simulated gastric and intestinal digestion conditions. Affitins appear to be degraded into stable fragments in in vitro gastric medium. We identified cleavage sites generated by pepsin that were silenced by site-directed mutagenesis. This protein engineering allowed us to enhance Affitin properties. We showed that a mutant M1 containing a double mutation of amino acid residues 6 and 7 in H4 and C3 Affitins acquired a resistance against proteolytic digestion. In addition, these mutations were beneficial for target affinity, as well as for production yield. Finally, we found that the mutated residues kept or increased the important pH and temperature stabilities of Affitins. These improvements are particularly sought after in the development of engineered binding proteins for research tools, preclinical studies and clinical applications.
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6
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Abstract
Engineered protein scaffolds have made a tremendous contribution to the panel of affinity tools owing to their favorable biophysical properties that make them useful for many applications. In 2007, our group paved the way for using archaeal Sul7d proteins for the design of artificial affinity ligands, so-called Affitins. For many years, Sac7d and Sso7d have been used as molecular basis to obtain binders for various targets. Recently, we characterized their old gifted protein family and identified Aho7c, originating from Acidianus hospitalis, as the shortest member (60 amino-acids) with impressive stability (96.5 °C, pH 0-12). Here, we describe the construction of Aho7c combinatorial libraries and their use for selection of binders by ribosome display.
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7
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Béhar G, Renodon‐Cornière A, Kambarev S, Vukojicic P, Caroff N, Corvec S, Mouratou B, Pecorari F. Whole‐bacterium ribosome display selection for isolation of highly specific anti‐
Staphyloccocus aureus
Affitins for detection‐ and capture‐based biomedical applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1844-1855. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Béhar
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRSUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
| | | | - Stanimir Kambarev
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRSUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
| | - Petar Vukojicic
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRSUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
| | - Nathalie Caroff
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, UFR de MédecineUniversité de NantesNantes France
| | - Stéphane Corvec
- CRCINA, INSERMUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
- Service de Bactériologie – Hygiène hospitalièreCHU de NantesNantes France
| | - Barbara Mouratou
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRSUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
| | - Frédéric Pecorari
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRSUniversité d'Angers, Université de NantesNantes France
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8
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A review of magnetic separation of whey proteins and potential application to whey proteins recovery, isolation and utilization. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Resnier P, Lepeltier E, Emina AL, Galopin N, Bejaud J, David S, Ballet C, Benvegnu T, Pecorari F, Chourpa I, Benoit JP, Passirani C. Model Affitin and PEG modifications onto siRNA lipid nanocapsules: cell uptake and in vivo biodistribution improvements. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27264-27278. [PMID: 35529231 PMCID: PMC9070605 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive tumor, associated with the presence of local and/or distant metastases. The development of gene therapy by the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) represents a promising new treatment. However, the protection of this biomolecule is necessary in order for it to be intravenously administrated, for example via its incorporation into nanomedicines. In parallel to the passive targeting usually obtained by pegylation, various studies have aimed at developing “smart” nanomedicines to efficiently deliver the drug to tumor sites. In this work, siRNA loaded lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) were modified with DSPE-polyethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG), tetraether-PEG (TE-PEG) and/or with an Affitin model, to assay multiple targeting strategies. The uptake of fluorescently labelled LNCs, nanocarrier integrity and siRNA release into human SK-Mel28 melanoma cells were studied by flow cytometry, conventional confocal microscopy and by confocal spectral imaging in a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) mode. Surface modified siRNA LNCs were followed after human plasma incubation and after intravenous injection, in order to compare the stealth properties. Finally, the biodistribution of the different siRNA LNCs in healthy and melanoma tumor bearing mice models was assessed by in vivo biofluorescence imaging (BFI), to evaluate the potential tumor targeting ability. The post-insertion of DSPE-PEG induced a strong decrease of the internalization into melanoma cells compared to TE-PEG modification. Both PEG polymer decorations induced a great plasma protection of siRNA but only DSPE-PEG led to stealth properties, even at low concentration (5 mM). The Affitin grafting by thiolation of DSPE-PEG was validated on siRNA LNCs. DSPE-PEG-Affitin LNCs were not detected in this melanoma tumor model but did not show unspecific accumulation in organs. DSPE-PEG and TE-PEG LNCs induced a significant intratumoral accumulation of modified LNCs. Surface modifications of siRNA LNCs were assessed with innovative TE-PEG polymers and an Affitin model, in comparison to classic DSPE-PEG LNCs, in order to evaluate the potential tumor targeting of siRNA after intravenous administration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Resnier
- MINT
- UNIV Angers
- INSERM 1066
- CNRS 6021
- Université Bretagne Loire
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- MINT
- UNIV Angers
- INSERM 1066
- CNRS 6021
- Université Bretagne Loire
| | | | | | - Jérôme Bejaud
- MINT
- UNIV Angers
- INSERM 1066
- CNRS 6021
- Université Bretagne Loire
| | - Stephanie David
- EA6295 – Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours
- UFR de Pharmacie
- F-37200 Tours
- France
| | - Caroline Ballet
- Univ Rennes
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR-UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- Univ Rennes
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR-UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | | | - Igor Chourpa
- EA6295 – Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours
- UFR de Pharmacie
- F-37200 Tours
- France
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10
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Kalichuk V, Renodon-Cornière A, Béhar G, Carrión F, Obal G, Maillasson M, Mouratou B, Préat V, Pecorari F. A novel, smaller scaffold for Affitins: Showcase with binders specific for EpCAM. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:290-299. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kalichuk
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- Université Catholique de Louvain; Louvain Drug Research Institute; Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials; Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Ghislaine Béhar
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Federico Carrión
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Protein Biophysics Unit; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Obal
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Protein Biophysics Unit; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Mike Maillasson
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- Impact, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS; Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Barbara Mouratou
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain; Louvain Drug Research Institute; Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials; Brussels Belgium
| | - Frédéric Pecorari
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kruljec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Yu X, Yang YP, Dikici E, Deo SK, Daunert S. Beyond Antibodies as Binding Partners: The Role of Antibody Mimetics in Bioanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:293-320. [PMID: 28375702 PMCID: PMC5895458 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel binding proteins or antibody mimetics capable of binding to ligand analytes in a manner analogous to that of the antigen-antibody interaction has spurred increased interest in the biotechnology and bioanalytical communities. The goal is to produce antibody mimetics designed to outperform antibodies with regard to binding affinities, cellular and tumor penetration, large-scale production, and temperature and pH stability. The generation of antibody mimetics with tailored characteristics involves the identification of a naturally occurring protein scaffold as a template that binds to a desired ligand. This scaffold is then engineered to create a superior binder by first creating a library that is then subjected to a series of selection steps. Antibody mimetics have been successfully used in the development of binding assays for the detection of analytes in biological samples, as well as in separation methods, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in vivo imaging. This review describes recent advances in the field of antibody mimetics and their applications in bioanalytical chemistry, specifically in diagnostics and other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
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13
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Kalichuk V, Béhar G, Renodon-Cornière A, Danovski G, Obal G, Barbet J, Mouratou B, Pecorari F. The archaeal "7 kDa DNA-binding" proteins: extended characterization of an old gifted family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37274. [PMID: 27853299 PMCID: PMC5112516 DOI: 10.1038/srep37274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The “7 kDa DNA-binding” family, also known as the Sul7d family, is composed of chromatin proteins from the Sulfolobales archaeal order. Among them, Sac7d and Sso7d have been the focus of several studies with some characterization of their properties. Here, we studied eleven other proteins alongside Sac7d and Sso7d under the same conditions. The dissociation constants of the purified proteins for binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were determined in phosphate-buffered saline at 25 °C and were in the range from 11 μM to 22 μM with a preference for G/C rich sequences. In accordance with the extremophilic origin of their hosts, the proteins were found highly stable from pH 0 to pH 12 and at temperatures from 85.5 °C to 100 °C. Thus, these results validate eight putative “7 kDa DNA-binding” family proteins and show that they behave similarly regarding both their function and their stability among various genera and species. As Sac7d and Sso7d have found numerous uses as molecular biology reagents and artificial affinity proteins, this study also sheds light on even more attractive proteins that will facilitate engineering of novel highly robust reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kalichuk
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Béhar
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Georgi Danovski
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gonzalo Obal
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Protein Biophysics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacques Barbet
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Barbara Mouratou
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Pecorari
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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14
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Affitins for protein purification by affinity magnetic fishing. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Affitins as robust tailored reagents for affinity chromatography purification of antibodies and non-immunoglobulin proteins. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1441:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Huet S, Gorre H, Perrocheau A, Picot J, Cinier M. Use of the Nanofitin Alternative Scaffold as a GFP-Ready Fusion Tag. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142304. [PMID: 26539718 PMCID: PMC4634965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous diversification of recombinant DNA technologies, the possibilities for new tailor-made protein engineering have extended on an on-going basis. Among these strategies, the use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a fusion domain has been widely adopted for cellular imaging and protein localization. Following the lead of the direct head-to-tail fusion of GFP, we proposed to provide additional features to recombinant proteins by genetic fusion of artificially derived binders. Thus, we reported a GFP-ready fusion tag consisting of a small and robust fusion-friendly anti-GFP Nanofitin binding domain as a proof-of-concept. While limiting steric effects on the carrier, the GFP-ready tag allows the capture of GFP or its blue (BFP), cyan (CFP) and yellow (YFP) alternatives. Here, we described the generation of the GFP-ready tag from the selection of a Nanofitin variant binding to the GFP and its spectral variants with a nanomolar affinity, while displaying a remarkable folding stability, as demonstrated by its full resistance upon thermal sterilization process or the full chemical synthesis of Nanofitins. To illustrate the potential of the Nanofitin-based tag as a fusion partner, we compared the expression level in Escherichia coli and activity profile of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) constructs, fused to a SUMO or GFP-ready tag. Very similar expression levels were found with the two fusion technologies. Both domains of the GFP-ready tagged TNFα were proved fully active in ELISA and interferometry binding assays, allowing the simultaneous capture by an anti-TNFα antibody and binding to the GFP, and its spectral mutants. The GFP-ready tag was also shown inert in a L929 cell based assay, demonstrating the potent TNFα mediated apoptosis induction by the GFP-ready tagged TNFα. Eventually, we proposed the GFP-ready tag as a versatile capture and labeling system in addition to expected applications of anti-GFP Nanofitins (as illustrated with previously described state-of-the-art anti-GFP binders applied to living cells and in vitro applications). Through a single fusion domain, the GFP-ready tagged proteins benefit from subsequent customization within a wide range of fluorescence spectra upon indirect binding of a chosen GFP variant.
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17
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Artificial affinity proteins as ligands of immunoglobulins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:60-75. [PMID: 25647098 PMCID: PMC4384111 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of natural proteins are known to have affinity and specificity for immunoglobulins. Some of them are widely used as reagents for detection or capture applications, such as Protein G and Protein A. However, these natural proteins have a defined spectrum of recognition that may not fit specific needs. With the development of combinatorial protein engineering and selection techniques, it has become possible to design artificial affinity proteins with the desired properties. These proteins, termed alternative scaffold proteins, are most often chosen for their stability, ease of engineering and cost-efficient recombinant production in bacteria. In this review, we focus on alternative scaffold proteins for which immunoglobulin binders have been identified and characterized.
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