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Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Aki Y, Nonaka K, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. Scale-up analysis of geometrically dissimilar single-use bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3381-3395. [PMID: 37605806 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture scale-up is a challenging task due to the simultaneous change of multiple hydrodynamic process characteristics and their different dependencies on the bioreactor size as well as variation in the requirements of individual cell lines. Conventionally, the volumetric power input is the most common parameter to select the impeller speed for scale-up, however, it is well reported that this approach fails when there are huge differences in bioreactor scales. In this study, different scale-up criteria are evaluated. At first, different hydrodynamic characteristics are assessed using computational fluid dynamics data for four single-use bioreactors, the Mobius® CellReady 3 L, the Xcellerex™ XDR-10, the Xcellerex™ XDR-200, and the Xcellerex™ XDR-2000. On the basis of this numerical data, several potential scale-up criteria such as volumetric power input, impeller tip speed, mixing time, maximum hydrodynamic stress, and average strain rate in the impeller zone are evaluated. Out of all these criteria, the latter is found to be most appropriate, and the successful scale-up from 3 to 10 L bioreactor and to 200 L bioreactor is confirmed with cell culture experiments using Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kreitmayer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen/Ilm, Germany
| | - Srikanth R Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen/Ilm, Germany
| | - Yuichi Aki
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Gunma, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Gunma, Japan
| | - Nora A Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen/Ilm, Germany
| | - Eva Gutheil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Reddy JV, Raudenbush K, Papoutsakis ET, Ierapetritou M. Cell-culture process optimization via model-based predictions of metabolism and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108179. [PMID: 37257729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the rising demand for biologics and become competitive on the developing biosimilar market, there is a need for process intensification of biomanufacturing processes. Process development of biologics has historically relied on extensive experimentation to develop and optimize biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Experimentation to optimize media formulations, feeding schedules, bioreactor operations and bioreactor scale up is expensive, labor intensive and time consuming. Mathematical modeling frameworks have the potential to enable process intensification while reducing the experimental burden. This review focuses on mathematical modeling of cellular metabolism and N-linked glycosylation as applied to upstream manufacturing of biologics. We review developments in the field of modeling cellular metabolism of mammalian cells using kinetic and stoichiometric modeling frameworks along with their applications to simulate, optimize and improve mechanistic understanding of the process. Interest in modeling N-linked glycosylation has led to the creation of various types of parametric and non-parametric models. Most published studies on mammalian cell metabolism have performed experiments in shake flasks where the pH and dissolved oxygen cannot be controlled. Efforts to understand and model the effect of bioreactor-specific parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and bioreactor heterogeneity are critically reviewed. Most modeling efforts have focused on the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which are most commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these modeling approaches can be generalized and applied to any mammalian cell-based manufacturing platform. Current and potential future applications of these models for Vero cell-based vaccine manufacturing, CAR-T cell therapies, and viral vector manufacturing are also discussed. We offer specific recommendations for improving the applicability of these models to industrially relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Katherine Raudenbush
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA.
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3
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Kaya U, Gopireddy S, Urbanetz N, Kreitmayer D, Gutheil E, Nopens I, Verwaeren J. Quantifying the hydrodynamic stress for bioprocesses. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3367. [PMID: 37293967 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic stress is an influential physical parameter for various bioprocesses, affecting the performance and viability of the living organisms. However, different approaches are in use in various computational and experimental studies to calculate this parameter (including its normal and shear subcomponents) from velocity fields without a consensus on which one is the most representative of its effect on living cells. In this letter, we investigate these different methods with clear definitions and provide our suggested approach which relies on the principal stress values providing a maximal distinction between the shear and normal components. Furthermore, a numerical comparison is presented using the computational fluid dynamics simulation of a stirred and sparged bioreactor. It is demonstrated that for this specific bioreactor, some of these methods exhibit quite similar patterns throughout the bioreactor-therefore can be considered equivalent-whereas some of them differ significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kaya
- Supply Chain Operations, Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Srikanth Gopireddy
- Supply Chain Operations, Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nora Urbanetz
- Supply Chain Operations, Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Diana Kreitmayer
- Supply Chain Operations, Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Eva Gutheil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Nopens
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Verwaeren
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Kuschel M, Wutz J, Salli M, Monteil D, Wucherpfennig T. CFD supported scale up of perfusion bioreactors in biopharma. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1076509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The robust scale up of perfusion systems requires comparable conditions over all scales to ensure equivalent cell culture performance. As cells in continuous processes circulate outside the bioreactor, performance losses may arise if jet flow and stirring cause a direct connection between perfusion feed and return. Computational fluid dynamics can be used to identify such short circuit flows, assess mixing efficiencies, and eventually adapt the perfusion setup. This study investigates the scale up from a 2 L glass bioreactor to 100 L and 500 L disposable pilot scale systems. Highly resolved Lattice Boltzmann Large Eddy simulations were performed in single phase and mixing efficiencies (Emix) furthermore experimentally validated in the 2 L system. This evaluation gives insight into the flow pattern, the mixing behavior and information on cell residence time inside the bioreactors. No geometric adaptations in the pilot scale systems were necessary as Emix was greater than 90% for all conditions tested. Two different setups were evaluated in 2 L scale where the direction of flow was changed, yielding a difference in mixing efficiency of 10%. Nevertheless, since Emix was confirmed to be >90% also for both 2 L setups and the determined mixing times were in a similar range for all scales, the 2 L system was deemed to be a suitable scale down model. The results demonstrate how computational fluid dynamic models can be used for rational process design of intensified production processes in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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5
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Gallego‐Murillo JS, Iacono G, van der Wielen LAM, van den Akker E, von Lindern M, Wahl SA. Expansion and differentiation of ex vivo cultured erythroblasts in scalable stirred bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3096-3116. [PMID: 35879812 PMCID: PMC9804173 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion of donor-derived red blood cells (RBCs) is the most common form of cell therapy. Production of transfusion-ready cultured RBCs (cRBCs) is a promising replacement for the current, fully donor-dependent therapy. A single transfusion unit, however, contains 2 × 1012 RBC, which requires large scale production. Here, we report on the scale-up of cRBC production from static cultures of erythroblasts to 3 L stirred tank bioreactors, and identify the effect of operating conditions on the efficiency of the process. Oxygen requirement of proliferating erythroblasts (0.55-2.01 pg/cell/h) required sparging of air to maintain the dissolved oxygen concentration at the tested setpoint (2.88 mg O2 /L). Erythroblasts could be cultured at dissolved oxygen concentrations as low as 0.7 O2 mg/ml without negative impact on proliferation, viability or differentiation dynamics. Stirring speeds of up to 600 rpm supported erythroblast proliferation, while 1800 rpm led to a transient halt in growth and accelerated differentiation followed by a recovery after 5 days of culture. Erythroblasts differentiated in bioreactors, with final enucleation levels and hemoglobin content similar to parallel cultures under static conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sebastián Gallego‐Murillo
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of HematopoiesisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands,Present address:
MeatableAlexander Fleminglaan 1,2613AX,DelftThe Netherlands
| | - Giulia Iacono
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of HematopoiesisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luuk A. M. van der Wielen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands,Bernal Institute, Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of LimerickLimerickRepublic of Ireland
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of HematopoiesisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of HematopoiesisAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Aljoscha Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands,Present address:
Lehrstuhl Für BioverfahrenstechnikFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergPaul‐Gordan‐Str. 3,91052,ErlangenGermany
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6
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Šrom O, Trávníková V, Bláha L, Ciofalo M, Šoóš M. Investigation of poloxamer cell protective ability via shear sensitive aggregates in stirred aerated bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Hydrodynamics in the Single-Use Bioreactor Mobius® CellReady 3 L. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050206. [PMID: 35621484 PMCID: PMC9137553 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-way Euler-Lagrange simulations are performed to characterize the hydrodynamics in the single-use bioreactor Mobius® CellReady 3 L. The hydrodynamics in stirred tank bioreactors are frequently modeled with the Euler–Euler approach, which cannot capture the trajectories of single bubbles. The present study employs the two-way coupled Euler–Lagrange approach, which accounts for the individual bubble trajectories through Langrangian equations and considers their impact on the Eulerian liquid phase equations. Hydrodynamic process characteristics that are relevant for cell cultivation including the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, the mixing time, and the hydrodynamic stress are evaluated for different working volumes, sparger types, impeller speeds, and sparging rates. A microporous sparger and an open pipe sparger are considered where bubbles of different sizes are generated, which has a pronounced impact on the bubble dispersion and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient. It is found that only the microporous sparger provides sufficiently high oxygen transfer to support typical suspended mammalian cell lines. The simulated mixing time and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient are successfully validated with experimental results. Due to the small reactor size, mixing times are below 25 s across all tested conditions. For the highest sparging rate of 100 mL min−1, the mixing time is found to be two seconds shorter than for a sparging rate of 50 mL min−1, which again, is 0.1 s longer than for a sparging rate of 10 mL min−1 at the same impeller speed of 100 rpm and the working volume of 1.7 L. The hydrodynamic stress in this bioreactor is found to be below critical levels for all investigated impeller speeds of up to 150 rpm, where the maximum levels are found in the region where the bubbles pass behind the impeller blades.
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Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Matsuura T, Aki Y, Katayama Y, Nakano T, Eguchi T, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Profitlich T, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. CFD-Based and Experimental Hydrodynamic Characterization of the Single-Use Bioreactor Xcellerex TM XDR-10. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:22. [PMID: 35049731 PMCID: PMC8773232 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the hydrodynamic conditions in bioreactors is of utmost importance for the selection of operating conditions during cell culture process development. In the present study, the two-phase flow in the lab-scale single-use bioreactor XcellerexTM XDR-10 is characterized for working volumes from 4.5 L to 10 L, impeller speeds from 40 rpm to 360 rpm, and sparging with two different microporous spargers at rates from 0.02 L min-1 to 0.5 L min-1. The numerical simulations are performed with the one-way coupled Euler-Lagrange and the Euler-Euler models. The results of the agitated liquid height, the mixing time, and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient are compared to experiments. For the unbaffled XDR-10, strong surface vortex formation is found for the maximum impeller speed. To support the selection of suitable impeller speeds for cell cultivation, the surface vortex formation, the average turbulence energy dissipation rate, the hydrodynamic stress, and the mixing time are analyzed and discussed. Surface vortex formation is observed for the maximum impeller speed. Mixing times are below 30 s across all conditions, and volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients of up to 22.1 h-1 are found. The XDR-10 provides hydrodynamic conditions which are well suited for the cultivation of animal cells, despite the unusual design of a single bottom-mounted impeller and an unbaffled cultivation bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kreitmayer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Srikanth R. Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuichi Aki
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuya Nakano
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuma Eguchi
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Kakihara
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Thomas Profitlich
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Nora A. Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Eva Gutheil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Matsuura T, Aki Y, Katayama Y, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Profitlich T, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. Numerical and experimental characterization of the single-use bioreactor Xcellerex™ XDR-200. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Šrom O, Trávníková V, Wutz J, Kuschel M, Unsoeld A, Wucherpfennig T, Šoóš M. Characterization of hydrodynamic stress in ambr250® bioreactor system and its impact on mammalian cell culture. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Bomkamp C, Skaalure SC, Fernando GF, Ben‐Arye T, Swartz EW, Specht EA. Scaffolding Biomaterials for 3D Cultivated Meat: Prospects and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102908. [PMID: 34786874 PMCID: PMC8787436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating meat from stem cells rather than by raising animals is a promising solution to concerns about the negative externalities of meat production. For cultivated meat to fully mimic conventional meat's organoleptic and nutritional properties, innovations in scaffolding technology are required. Many scaffolding technologies are already developed for use in biomedical tissue engineering. However, cultivated meat production comes with a unique set of constraints related to the scale and cost of production as well as the necessary attributes of the final product, such as texture and food safety. This review discusses the properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle that will need to be replicated in a successful product and the current state of scaffolding innovation within the cultivated meat industry, highlighting promising scaffold materials and techniques that can be applied to cultivated meat development. Recommendations are provided for future research into scaffolds capable of supporting the growth of high-quality meat while minimizing production costs. Although the development of appropriate scaffolds for cultivated meat is challenging, it is also tractable and provides novel opportunities to customize meat properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | | | | | - Tom Ben‐Arye
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | - Elliot W. Swartz
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
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12
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Strobl F, Duerkop M, Palmberger D, Striedner G. High shear resistance of insect cells: the basis for substantial improvements in cell culture process design. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9413. [PMID: 33941799 PMCID: PMC8093278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms cultivated in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) are more sensitive to environmental conditions in the suspension culture than microbial cells. The hypothesis, that stirring induced shear stress is the main problem, persists, although it has been shown that these cells are not so sensitive to shear. As these results are largely based on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell experiments the question remains if similar behavior is valid for insect cells with a higher specific oxygen demand. The requirement of higher oxygen transfer rates is associated with higher shear forces in the process. Consequently, we focused on the shear resistance of insect cells, using CHO cells as reference system. We applied a microfluidic device that allowed defined variations in shear rates. Both cell lines displayed high resistance to shear rates up to 8.73 × 105 s−1. Based on these results we used microbial CSTRs, operated at high revolution speeds and low aeration rates and found no negative impact on cell viability. Further, this cultivation approach led to substantially reduced gas flow rates, gas bubble and foam formation, while addition of pure oxygen was no longer necessary. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of more robust insect cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Duerkop
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Schinn SM, Morrison C, Wei W, Zhang L, Lewis NE. Systematic evaluation of parameters for genome-scale metabolic models of cultured mammalian cells. Metab Eng 2021; 66:21-30. [PMID: 33771719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genome-scale metabolic models describe cellular metabolism with mechanistic detail. Given their high complexity, such models need to be parameterized correctly to yield accurate predictions and avoid overfitting. Effective parameterization has been well-studied for microbial models, but it remains unclear for higher eukaryotes, including mammalian cells. To address this, we enumerated model parameters that describe key features of cultured mammalian cells - including cellular composition, bioprocess performance metrics, mammalian-specific pathways, and biological assumptions behind model formulation approaches. We tested these parameters by building thousands of metabolic models and evaluating their ability to predict the growth rates of a panel of phenotypically diverse Chinese Hamster Ovary cell clones. We found the following considerations to be most critical for accurate parameterization: (1) cells limit metabolic activity to maintain homeostasis, (2) cell morphology and viability change dynamically during a growth curve, and (3) cellular biomass has a particular macromolecular composition. Depending on parameterization, models predicted different metabolic phenotypes, including contrasting mechanisms of nutrient utilization and energy generation, leading to varying accuracies of growth rate predictions. Notably, accurate parameter values broadly agreed with experimental measurements. These insights will guide future investigations of mammalian metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Min Schinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Carly Morrison
- Pfizer, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Pfizer, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Pfizer, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC, San Diego, USA.
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14
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Anane E, Knudsen IM, Wilson GC. Scale-down cultivation in mammalian cell bioreactors—The effect of bioreactor mixing time on the response of CHO cells to dissolved oxygen gradients. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Paul K, Böttinger K, Mitic BM, Scherfler G, Posch C, Behrens D, Huber CG, Herwig C. Development, characterization, and application of a 2-Compartment system to investigate the impact of pH inhomogeneities in large-scale CHO-based processes. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:368-378. [PMID: 32774209 PMCID: PMC7401239 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale bioreactors for the production of monoclonal antibodies reach volumes of up to 25 000 L. With increasing bioreactor size, mixing is however affected negatively, resulting in the formation of gradients throughout the reactor. These gradients can adversely affect process performance at large scale. Since mammalian cells are sensitive to changes in pH, this study investigated the effects of pH gradients on process performance. A 2-Compartment System was established for this purpose to expose only a fraction of the cell population to pH excursions and thereby mimicking a large-scale bioreactor. Cells were exposed to repeated pH amplitudes of 0.4 units (pH 7.3), which resulted in decreased viable cell counts, as well as the inhibition of the lactate metabolic shift. These effects were furthermore accompanied by increased absolute lactate levels. Continuous assessment of molecular attributes of the expressed target protein revealed that subunit assembly or N-glycosylation patterns were only slightly influenced by the pH excursions. The exposure of more cells to the same pH amplitudes further impaired process performance, indicating this is an important factor, which influences the impact of pH inhomogeneity. This knowledge can aid in the design of pH control strategies to minimize the effects of pH inhomogeneity in large-scale bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Paul
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Bernd M. Mitic
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Georg Scherfler
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
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16
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Paul K, Herwig C. Scale-down simulators for mammalian cell culture as tools to access the impact of inhomogeneities occurring in large-scale bioreactors. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:197-204. [PMID: 32874183 PMCID: PMC7447876 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the scale-up of a bioprocess, not all characteristics of the process can be kept constant throughout the different scales. This typically results in increased mixing times with increasing reactor volumes. The poor mixing leads in turn to the formation of concentration gradients throughout the reactor and exposes cells to varying external conditions based on their location in the bioreactor. This can affect process performance and complicate process scale-up. Scale-down simulators, which aim at replicating the large-scale environment, expose the cells to changing environmental conditions. This has the potential to reveal adaptation mechanisms, which cells are using to adjust to rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions and can identify possible root causes for difficulties maintaining similar process performance at different scales. This understanding is of utmost importance in process validation. Additionally, these simulators also have the potential to be used for selecting cells, which are most robust when encountering changing extracellular conditions. The aim of this review is to summarize recent work in this interesting and promising area with the focus on mammalian bioprocesses, since microbial processes have been extensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Paul
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience EngineeringViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience EngineeringViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesViennaAustria
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17
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Zhang G, Zhao X, Li X, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Challenges and possibilities for bio-manufacturing cultured meat. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Möller J, Hernández Rodríguez T, Müller J, Arndt L, Kuchemüller KB, Frahm B, Eibl R, Eibl D, Pörtner R. Model uncertainty-based evaluation of process strategies during scale-up of biopharmaceutical processes. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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A conceptual air-lift reactor design for large scale animal cell cultivation in the context of in vitro meat production. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Li X, Liu X, Wang R, An F, Nie J, Zhang Y, Ahamada H, Liu X, Liu C, Deng Y, Yang Y, Bai Z. Quality by Design-Driven Process Development of Cell Culture in Bioreactor for the Production of Foot-And-Mouth Veterinary Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2288-2295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Grilo AL, Mantalaris A. Apoptosis: A mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:459-475. [PMID: 30797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and controlled cell death that accounts for the majority of cellular death in bioprocesses. Cell death affects culture longevity and product quality; it is instigated by several stresses experienced by the cells within a bioreactor. Understanding the factors that cause apoptosis as well as developing strategies that can protect cells is crucial for robust bioprocess development. This review aims to a) address apoptosis from a bioprocess perspective; b) describe the significant apoptotic mechanisms linking them to the most relevant stresses encountered in bioreactors; c) discuss the design of operating conditions in order to avoid cell death; d) focus on industrially relevant cell lines; and e) present anti-apoptosis strategies including cell engineering and model-based optimization of bioprocesses. In addition, the importance of apoptosis in quality-by-design bioprocess development from clone screening to production scale are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Grilo
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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22
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Hoshan L, Jiang R, Moroney J, Bui A, Zhang X, Hang TC, Xu S. Effective bioreactor pH control using only sparging gases. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2743. [PMID: 30421525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
pH control is critical in bioreactor operations, typically realized through a two-sided control loop, where CO2 sparging and base addition are used in bicarbonate-buffered media. Though a common approach, base addition could compromise culture performance due to the potential impact from pH excursions and osmolality increase in large-scale bioreactors. In this study, the feasibility of utilizing control of sparge gas composition as part of the pH control loop was assessed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fed-batch cultures. Fine pH control was evaluated in multiple processes at different setpoints in small-scale ambr®250 bioreactors. Desired culture pH setpoints were successfully maintained via air sparge feedback control. As part of the pH control loop, air sparging was increased to improve CO2 removal automatically, hence increase culture pH, and vice versa. The effectiveness of this pH control strategy was seamlessly transferred from ambr®250 to 200 L scale, demonstrating scalability of the proposed methodology. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2743, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hoshan
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Joseph Moroney
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Ashley Bui
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Ta-Chun Hang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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23
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Delafosse A, Calvo S, Collignon ML, Toye D. Comparison of hydrodynamics in standard stainless steel and single-use bioreactors by means of an Euler-Lagrange approach. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Zhu L, Han W, Song B, Wang Z. Characterizing the fluid dynamics in the flow fields of cylindrical orbitally shaken bioreactors with different geometry sizes. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:570-578. [PMID: 32624937 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) are commonly used for the cultivation of mammalian cells in suspension. To aid the geometry designing and optimizing of OSRs, we conducted a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to characterize the flow fields in a 10 L cylindrical OSR with different vessel diameters. The liquid wave shape captured by a camera experimentally validated the CFD models established for the cylindrical OSR. The geometry size effect on volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and hydromechanical stress was analyzed by varying the ratio of vessel diameter (d) to liquid height at static (h L), d/h L. The highest value of kLa about 30 h-1 was observed in the cylindrical vessel with the d/h L of 6.35. Moreover, the magnitudes of shear stress and energy dissipation rate in all the vessels tested were below their minimum values causing cells damage separately, which indicated that the hydromechanical-stress environment in OSRs is suitable for cells cultivation in suspension. Finally, the CFD results suggested that the d/h L higher than 8.80 should not be adopted for the 10 L cylindrical OSR at the shaking speed of 180 rpm because the "out of phase" state probably will happen there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likuan Zhu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Wang Han
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Boyan Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
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25
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Vlaev SD, Tsibranska I, Dzhonova-Atanasova D. Hydrodynamic characterization of dual-impeller submerged membrane bioreactor relevant to single-use bioreactor options. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Villiger TK, Neunstoecklin B, Karst DJ, Lucas E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Experimental and CFD physical characterization of animal cell bioreactors: From micro- to production scale. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Zhu L, Monteil DT, Wang Y, Song B, Hacker DL, Wurm MJ, Li X, Wang Z, Wurm FM. Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Steinebach F, Wälchli R, Pfister D, Morbidelli M. Adsorption Behavior of Charge Isoforms of Monoclonal Antibodies on Strong Cation Exchangers. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steinebach
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ruben Wälchli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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29
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Varma S, Fendyur A, Box A, Voldman J. Multiplexed Cell-Based Sensors for Assessing the Impact of Engineered Systems and Methods on Cell Health. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4663-4670. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Box
- Cytometry
Shared Resource Laboratory, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas
City, Missouri 64110, United States
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30
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Application of EulerLagrange CFD for quantitative evaluating the effect of shear force on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Quantitative evaluation of the shear threshold on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell growth with computational fluid dynamics in shaken flask bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Xu S, Chen H. High-density mammalian cell cultures in stirred-tank bioreactor without external pH control. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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33
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Karst DJ, Serra E, Villiger TK, Soos M, Morbidelli M. Characterization and comparison of ATF and TFF in stirred bioreactors for continuous mammalian cell culture processes. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Large-Eddy Simulations of microcarrier exposure to potentially damaging eddies inside mini-bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Neunstoecklin B, Villiger TK, Lucas E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Pilot-scale verification of maximum tolerable hydrodynamic stress for mammalian cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3489-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Chalmers JJ. Mixing, aeration and cell damage, 30+ years later: what we learned, how it affected the cell culture industry and what we would like to know more about. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Sokolov M, Soos M, Neunstoecklin B, Morbidelli M, Butté A, Leardi R, Solacroup T, Stettler M, Broly H. Fingerprint detection and process prediction by multivariate analysis of fed-batch monoclonal antibody cell culture data. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1633-44. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sokolov
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Neunstoecklin
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Butté
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich; Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Solacroup
- Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Serono S.A.; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Serono S.A.; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences; Merck Serono S.A.; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
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