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Gama Cavalcante AL, Dari DN, Izaias da Silva Aires F, Carlos de Castro E, Moreira Dos Santos K, Sousa Dos Santos JC. Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17946-17988. [PMID: 38841394 PMCID: PMC11151160 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Dayana Nascimento Dari
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Erico Carlos de Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Kaiany Moreira Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus do Pici, Bloco 940 Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
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Li X, Huang J, Zhou J, Sun C, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang S. Acyl carrier protein tag can enhance tobacco etch virus protease stability and promote its covalent immobilisation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1697-1705. [PMID: 36763116 PMCID: PMC10006060 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusion expression is widely employed to enhance the solubility of recombinant proteins. However, removal of the fusion tag is often required due to its potential impact on the structure and activity of passenger proteins. Tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease is widely used for this purpose due to its stringent sequence recognition. In the present work, fusion to the acyl carrier protein from E. coli fatty acid synthase (ACP) significantly increased the yield of recombinant soluble TEV, and the ACP tag also greatly improved TEV stability. The cleavage activity of TEV was not affected by the ACP fusion tag, and ACP-TEV retained high activity, even at unfavourable pH values. Moreover, ACP-TEV could be efficiently modified by co-expressed E. coli holo-ACP synthase (AcpS), leading to covalent attachment of 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) group to ACP. The sulfhydryl group of the long, flexible 4'-PP chain displayed high specific reactivity with iodoacetyl groups on the solid support. Thus, TEV could be immobilised effectively and conveniently via the active holo-ACP, and immobilised TEV retained high cleavage activity after a long storage period and several cycles of reuse. As a low-cost and recyclable biocatalyst, TEV immobilised by this method holds promise for biotechnological research and development. KEY POINTS: • The ACP tag greatly increased the soluble expression and stability of TEV protease. • The ACP tag did not affect the cleavage activity of TEV. • The holo-ACP Tag effectively mediated the covalent immobilisation of TEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Deane DT, Cope TA, Schulz AM, Bennett ET, Hughes RM. Design, Heterologous Expression, and Application of an Immobilized Protein Kinase. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:204-211. [PMID: 36379001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a biologically important enzyme for cell regulation, often referred to as the "central kinase". An immobilized PKA that retains substrate specificity and activity would be a useful tool for laboratory scientists, enabling targeted phosphorylation without interference from downstream kinase contamination or kinase autophosphorylation in sensitive assays. Moreover, it might also provide the benefits of robustness and reusability that are often associated with immobilized enzyme preparations. In this work, we describe the creation of a recombinant PKA fusion protein that incorporates the HaloTag covalent immobilization system. We demonstrate that protein fusion design, including affinity tag placement, is critical for optimal heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we demonstrate various applications of our immobilized PKA, including the phosphorylation of recombinant PKA substrates, such as vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, and endogenous PKA substrates in a cell lysate. This immobilized PKA also possesses robust activity and reusability over multiple trials. This work holds promise as a generalizable strategy for the production and application of immobilized protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Deane
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Thomas A Cope
- University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Anna M Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Edward T Bennett
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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Zlobin A, Golovin A. Between Protein Fold and Nucleophile Identity: Multiscale Modeling of the TEV Protease Enzyme-Substrate Complex. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40279-40292. [PMID: 36385818 PMCID: PMC9647873 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine protease from the tobacco etch virus (TEVp) is a well-known and widely utilized enzyme. TEVp's chymotrypsin-like fold is generally associated with serine catalytic triads that differ in terms of a reaction mechanism from the most well-studied papain-like cysteine proteases. The question of what dominates the TEVp mechanism, nucleophile identity, or structural composition has never been previously addressed. Here, we use enhanced sampling multiscale modeling to uncover that TEVp combines the features of two worlds in such a way that potentially hampers its activity. We show that TEVp cysteine is strictly in the anionic form in a free enzyme similar to papain. Peptide binding shifts the equilibrium toward the nucleophile's protonated form, characteristic of chymotrypsin-like proteases, although the cysteinyl anion form is still present and interconversion is rapid. This way cysteine protonation generates enzyme states that are a diversion from the most effective course of action, with only 13.2% of Michaelis complex sub-states able to initiate the reaction. As a result, we propose an updated view on the reaction mechanism catalyzed by TEVp. We also demonstrate that AlphaFold is able to construct protease-substrate complexes with high accuracy. We propose that our findings open a way for its industrious use in enzymological tasks. Unique features of TEVp discovered in this work open a discussion on the evolutionary history and trade-offs of optimizing serine triad-associated folds to cysteine as a nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zlobin
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin
and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Golovin
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin
and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Sirius
University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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Zhu H, Lu Y, Xia J, Liu Y, Chen J, Lee J, Koh K, Chen H. Aptamer-Assisted Protein Orientation on Silver Magnetic Nanoparticles: Application to Sensitive Leukocyte Cell-Derived Chemotaxin 2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2109-2118. [PMID: 35045701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) has been proved to be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In this work, a sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay for LECT2 analysis was developed. Tyrosine kinase with immune globulin-like and epidermal growth factor-like domains 1 (Tie1) is an orphan receptor of LECT2 with a C-terminal Fc tag, which is far away from the LECT2 binding sites. The Fc aptamer was intentionally used to capture the Tie1 through its Fc tag, connecting with Fe3O4-coated silver magnetic nanoparticles (Ag@MNPs) and ensuring the LECT2 binding site to be outward. Attributed to the orientation nature of the captured protein, Ag@MNPs were able to enhance the SPR signal. A sensitive LECT2 sensor was successfully fabricated with a detection limit of 10.93 pg/mL. The results showed that the immobilization method improved the binding efficiency of Tie1 protein. This strategy could be extended to attach antibodies or recombinant Fc label proteins to Fc aptamer-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yongkai Lu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Xia
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yawen Liu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangnak Koh
- Institute of General Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crop, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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6
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Hu J, Chen Y, Ren Y, Xiao W, Hu Y, Yu X, Fan J. Combination of the mutations for improving activity of TEV protease in inclusion bodies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:2129-2139. [PMID: 34036441 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco etch virus protease (TEVp) is an enzymatic reagent to remove fusion tag, but additional purification steps are required for removing the TEVp after cleavage reaction is finished. Use of carrier-free and dependent TEVp immobilizates can eliminate protease contamination. In this work, we identified that, among the four constructed missense variants, the insoluble variant with the highest activity was correspondent with the soluble one tested formerly. The activities of the insoluble 15 codon variants were assayed and the variant with highest activity was selected. The K45F and/or E106G mutations have been reported on slightly improving protein stability of the wild-type TEVp, but only E106G mutation enhanced soluble production and activity of the selected TEVp variant, and it increased soluble amounts of two codon variants with the impaired folding. The decreased activity and use efficiency of the optimized TEVp variant in inclusion bodies was balanced by the determined high level production, lower leaking amounts of the protein, the enhanced resistance to the limited proteolysis mediated by protease K and trypsin, and the increased inhibition of auto-cleavage, as comparison to those of the immobilized soluble one. Thus, the TEVp construct is a potential alternate for simplifying protein purification protocols after tag-removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Hu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Yu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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Aquino A, Conte-Junior CA. A Systematic Review of Food Allergy: Nanobiosensor and Food Allergen Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10120194. [PMID: 33260424 PMCID: PMC7760337 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several individuals will experience accidental exposure to an allergen. In this sense, the industry has invested in the processes of removing allergenic compounds in food. However, accidental exposure to allergenic proteins can result from allergenic substances not specified on labels. Analysis of allergenic foods is involved in methods based on immunological, genetic, and mass spectrometry. The traditional methods have some limitations, such as high cost. In recent years, biosensor and nanoparticles combined have emerged as sensitive, selective, low-cost, and time-consuming techniques that can replace classic techniques. Nevertheless, each nanomaterial has shown a different potential to specific allergens or classes. This review used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and the Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA) to approach these issues. A total of 104 articles were retrieved from a standardized search on three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). The systematic review article is organized by the category of allergen detection and nanoparticle detection. This review addresses the relevant biosensors and nanoparticles as gold, carbon, graphene, quantum dots to allergen protein detection. Among the selected articles it was possible to notice a greater potential application on the allergic proteins Ah, in peanuts and gold nanoparticle-base as a biosensor. We envision that in our review, the association between biosensor and nanoparticles has shown promise in the analysis of allergenic proteins present in different food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aquino
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(21)-3938-7825
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