1
|
Fu B, Chen M, Bao X, Lu J, Zhu Z, Guan F, Yan C, Wang P, Fu L, Yu P. Site-directed mutagenesis of bifunctional riboflavin kinase/FMN adenylyltransferase via CRISPR/Cas9 to enhance riboflavin production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:503-512. [PMID: 38680946 PMCID: PMC11047187 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B2 is an essential water-soluble vitamin. For most prokaryotes, a bifunctional enzyme called FAD synthase catalyzes the successive conversion of riboflavin to FMN and FAD. In this study, the plasmid pNEW-AZ containing six key genes for the riboflavin synthesis was transformed into strain R2 with the deleted FMN riboswitch, yielding strain R5. The R5 strain could produce 540.23 ± 5.40 mg/L riboflavin, which was 10.61 % higher than the R4 strain containing plasmids pET-AE and pAC-Z harboring six key genes. To further enhance the production of riboflavin, homology matching and molecular docking were performed to identify key amino acid residues of FAD synthase. Nine point mutation sites were identified. By comparing riboflavin kinase activity, mutations of T203D and N210D, which respectively decreased by 29.90 % and 89.32 % compared to wild-type FAD synthase, were selected for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of the genome, generating engineered strains R203 and R210. pNEW-AZ was transformed into R203, generating R6. R6 produced 657.38 ± 47.48 mg/L riboflavin, a 21.69 % increase compared to R5. This study contributes to the high production of riboflavin in recombinant E. coli BL21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, 357 Zhongshan Street North, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chen
- Lishui Institute for Quality Inspection and Testing, 395 Zhongshan Street, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Bao
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, 357 Zhongshan Street North, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Lu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyao Guan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuyang Yan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglin Fu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310035, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu B, Ying J, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Lu J, Zhu Z, Yu P. Enhancing the biosynthesis of riboflavin in the recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 strain by metabolic engineering. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111790. [PMID: 36726568 PMCID: PMC9885008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, to construct the riboflavin-producing strain R1, five key genes, ribA, ribB, ribC, ribD, and ribE, were cloned and ligated to generate the plasmid pET-AE, which was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The R1 strain accumulated 182.65 ± 9.04 mg/l riboflavin. Subsequently, the R2 strain was constructed by the overexpression of zwf harboring the constructed plasmid pAC-Z in the R1 strain. Thus, the level of riboflavin in the R2 strain increased to 319.01 ± 20.65 mg/l (74.66% increase). To further enhance ribB transcript levels and riboflavin production, the FMN riboswitch was deleted from E. coli BL21 with CRISPR/Cas9 to generate the R3 strain. The R4 strain was constructed by cotransforming pET-AE and pAC-Z into the R3 strain. Compared to those of E. coli BL21, the ribB transcript levels of R2 and R4 improved 2.78 and 3.05-fold, respectively. The R4 strain accumulated 437.58 ± 14.36 mg/l riboflavin, increasing by 37.17% compared to the R2 strain. These results suggest that the deletion of the FMN riboswitch can improve the transcript level of ribB and facilitate riboflavin production. A riboflavin titer of 611.22 ± 11.25 mg/l was achieved under the optimal fermentation conditions. Ultimately, 1574.60 ± 109.32 mg/l riboflavin was produced through fed-batch fermentation with 40 g/l glucose. This study contributes to the industrial production of riboflavin by the recombinant E. coli BL21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhui Ying
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qili Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajie Lu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Ping Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu L, Bao F, Li L, Yin X, Hua Z. Bacterially mediated drug delivery and therapeutics: Strategies and advancements. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114363. [PMID: 35649449 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It was already clinically apparent 150 years ago that bacterial therapy could alleviate diseases. Recently, a burgeoning number of researchers have been using bacterial regimens filled with microbial therapeutic leads to diagnose and treat a wide range of disorders and diseases, including cancers, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders and viral infections. Some bacteria that were designed to have low toxicity and high efficiency in drug delivery have been used to treat diseases successfully, especially in tumor therapy in animal models or clinical trials, thanks to the progress of genetic engineering and synthetic bioengineering. Therefore, genetically engineered bacteria can serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles, carrying nucleic acids or genetic circuits that encode and regulate therapeutic payloads. In this review, we summarize the development and applications of this approach. Strategies for genetically modifying strains are described in detail, along with their objectives. We also describe some controlled strategies for drug delivery and release using these modified strains as carriers. Furthermore, we discuss treatment methods for various types of diseases using engineered bacteria. Tumors are discussed as the most representative example, and other diseases are also briefly described. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of drug delivery systems based on these bacteria.
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Hu W, Wang Z, Chen T. Rational Engineering of Escherichia coli for High-Level Production of Riboflavin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12241-12249. [PMID: 34623820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin is widely used as a food additive. Here, multiple strategies were used to increase riboflavin production in Escherichia coli LS31T. First, purR deletion and co-overexpression of fbp, purF, prs, gmk, and ndk genes resulted in an increase of 18.6% in riboflavin titer (reaching 729.7 mg/L). Second, optimization of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratio and respiratory chain activity in LS31T increased the titer up to 1020.2 mg/L. Third, the expression level of the guaC gene in LS31T was downregulated by ribosome binding site replacement, and the riboflavin production was increased by 10.6% to 658.5 mg/L. Then, all the favorable modifications were integrated together, and the resulting strain LS72T produced 1339 mg/L of riboflavin. Moreover, the riboflavin titer of LS72T reached 21 g/L in fed-batch cultivation, with a yield of 110 mg riboflavin/g glucose. To our knowledge, both the riboflavin titer and yield obtained in fed-batch fermentation are the highest ones among all the rationally engineered strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|