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Wenyao C, Shuai M, Yifeng F, Xinzhi L, Xiangyong Q. Combined use of niraparib enhanced the inhibitory effect of Anti-GD2 antibody on osteosarcoma cells. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:304. [PMID: 39048747 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the effect of Niraparib in combination with an Anti-GD2 Antibody on osteosarcoma cells. METHODS Scratch test was utilized to assess cell migration capacity, while the Transwell experiment was utilized to evaluate cell invasion potential. Cell proliferation was measured using the CCK8 experiment. The affinity between the anti-GD2 antibody and its antigen was determined via ELISA. Tumor growth was evaluated through animal experiments. Western blotting, QRT-PCR, and histological analysis were conducted to examine the expression of relevant proteins and mRNAs. RESULTS MG63 cell line was used for an example. The scratch test showed that the migration rate of osteosarcoma cells in Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group was 1.07 ± 0.04 after 48 h, and 0.34 ± 0.04 in the Control group. Transwell experiment showed that the invasion ability of osteosarcoma cells in Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group was 21.0 ± 1.5, and that in Control group was 87.7 ± 2.9. CCK8 experiment showed that the absorbance value of Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group was 0.16 ± 0.10 on day 5, and that of the Control group was 0.76 ± 0.09. Western blotting showed that the expression levels of BALP and CICP in Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group were 0.751 ± 0.135 and 1.086 ± 0.115, respectively, and those in Control group were 1.025 ± 0.143 and 1.216 ± 0.168, respectively. QRT-PCR results showed that the absorbance values of Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group were 0.173 ± 0.065 and 0.170 ± 0.078 on day 14. The results of animal experiments showed that on day 5, the tumor volume of the Control group was 2433 ± 391, and that of the Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group was 1137 ± 148. Histological analysis showed that the mean density values of Niraparib + Anti-GD2 group were 0.19 ± 0.08 and 0.22 ± 0.07, and those of Control group were 0.26 ± 0.09 and 0.29 ± 0.10. CONCLUSION The combination of Niraparib and Anti-GD2 antibody significantly inhibits Osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wenyao
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, No. 410, Yiling Avenue, Yichang, 443001, China
| | - Ma Shuai
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, No. 410, Yiling Avenue, Yichang, 443001, China
| | - Fan Yifeng
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, No. 410, Yiling Avenue, Yichang, 443001, China
| | - Li Xinzhi
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, No. 410, Yiling Avenue, Yichang, 443001, China
| | - Que Xiangyong
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, No. 410, Yiling Avenue, Yichang, 443001, China.
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Le MCN, Smith KA, Dopico PJ, Greer B, Alipanah M, Zhang Y, Siemann DW, Lagmay JP, Fan ZH. Investigating surface proteins and antibody combinations for detecting circulating tumor cells of various sarcomas. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12374. [PMID: 38811642 PMCID: PMC11137101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have gathered attention as a biomarker for carcinomas. However, CTCs in sarcomas have received little attention. In this work, we investigated cell surface proteins and antibody combinations for immunofluorescence detection of sarcoma CTCs. A microfluidic device that combines filtration and immunoaffinity using gangliosides 2 and cell surface vimentin (CSV) antibodies was employed to capture CTCs. For CTC detection, antibodies against cytokeratins 7 and 8 (CK), pan-cytokeratin (panCK), or a combination of panCK and CSV were used. Thirty-nine blood samples were collected from 21 patients of various sarcoma subtypes. In the independent samples study, samples were subjected to one of three antibody combination choices. Significant difference in CTC enumeration was found between CK and panCK + CSV, and between panCK and panCK + CSV. Upon stratification of CK+ samples, those of metastatic disease had a higher CTC number than those of localized disease. In the paired samples study involving cytokeratin-positive sarcoma subtypes, using panCK antibody detected more CTCs than CK. Similarly, for osteosarcoma, using panCK + CSV combination resulted in a higher CTC count than panCK. This study emphasized deliberate selection of cell surface proteins for sarcoma CTC detection and subtype stratification for studying cancers as heterogeneous as sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Chau N Le
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kierstin A Smith
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Pablo J Dopico
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Beate Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Morteza Alipanah
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joanne P Lagmay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Panez-Toro I, Muñoz-García J, Vargas-Franco JW, Renodon-Cornière A, Heymann MF, Lézot F, Heymann D. Advances in Osteosarcoma. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023:10.1007/s11914-023-00803-9. [PMID: 37329384 PMCID: PMC10393907 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article gives a brief overview of the most recent developments in osteosarcoma treatment, including targeting of signaling pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, drug delivery strategies as single or combined approaches, and the identification of new therapeutic targets to face this highly heterogeneous disease. RECENT FINDINGS Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and young adults, with a high risk of bone and lung metastases and a 5-year survival rate around 70% in the absence of metastases and 30% if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis. Despite the novel advances in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the effective treatment for osteosarcoma has not improved in the last 4 decades. The emergence of immunotherapy has transformed the paradigm of treatment, focusing therapeutic strategies on the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the most recent clinical trials show a slight improvement over the conventional polychemotherapy scheme. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma by controlling the tumor growth, the metastatic process and the drug resistance and paved the way of new therapeutic options that must be validated by accurate pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Panez-Toro
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Javier Muñoz-García
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Jorge W Vargas-Franco
- University of Antioquia, Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Axelle Renodon-Cornière
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR933, Hôpital Trousseau (AP-HP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France.
- University of Sheffield, Medical School, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
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Le MCN, Smith KA, Alipanah M, Chen K, Lagmay JP, Fan ZH. Microfluidics-Enabled Isolation and Single-Cell Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2689:71-93. [PMID: 37430048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3323-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms enable the enrichment and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and theragnosis. Combined with immunocytochemistry/immunofluorescence (ICC/IF) assays for CTCs, microfluidics-enabled detection presents a unique opportunity to study tumor heterogeneity and predict treatment response, both of which can help cancer drug development. In this chapter, we detail the protocols and methods employed to fabricate and use a microfluidic device for the enrichment, detection, and analysis of single CTCs from the blood samples of sarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Chau N Le
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kierstin A Smith
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Morteza Alipanah
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Zhang H, Gomika Udugamasooriya D. Optimization of a cell surface vimentin binding peptoid to extract antagonist effect on lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106113. [PMID: 36108586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting cytoskeletal proteins that are uniquely translocated to cancer cell surface may provide an alternative path for conventional drug discovery. Vimentin is such a cell surface-translocated cytoskeletal protein (CSV) found in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We previously reported the identification of CSV-binding peptoid, named JM3A. While JM3A had no antagonist effect, here we used multiple strategies to optimize the binding of JM3A on CSV and extract the antagonistic effect. We first performed minimum pharmacophore identification studies using alanine/sarcosine scans. These studies revealed that residues 1-4 and 8 (from the C-terminus) are not important and those residues 5-7 are important for JM3A binding to CSV. We then found that our previous N-terminal benzophenone (BP)-coupled JM3A (JM3A-BP), which was used for pull-down and target identification studies, displayed 3-fold binding enhancement. The molecular docking studies indicated that the BP moiety binds to a new binding pocket on the vimentin coil 2 fragment, and further studies using 12 benzophenone-like moieties indicated that at least two phenyl groups are needed to occupy this new binding site. Interestingly, the binding was improved when non-important and bulky residues at the 4th and 8th positions were replaced with methyl groups (JM3A-4,8-BP). We next dimerized JM3A-4,8-BP to enhance the binding via the "avidity effect," using a central lysine linker to develop JM3A-4,8-BPD1 (EC50 = 300 nM). This showed 27- and 63-fold-improvement in binding over JM3A-4,8-BP and JM3A monomers, respectively. JM3A4,8BPD1 also displayed binding comparable to vimentin antibody. Finally, we observed an antagonist effect on H1299 NSCLC cell proliferation and viability from this most improved dimeric JM3A-4,8BPD1, which was not shown by the monomeric versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - D Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Towards the Search for Potential Biomarkers in Osteosarcoma: State-of-the-Art and Translational Expectations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314939. [PMID: 36499267 PMCID: PMC9740676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma represents a rare cause of cancer in the general population, accounting for <1% of malignant neoplasms globally. Nonetheless, it represents the main cause of malignant bone neoplasm in children, adolescents and young adults under 20 years of age. It also presents another peak of incidence in people over 50 years of age and is associated with rheumatic diseases. Numerous environmental risk factors, such as bone diseases, genetics and a history of previous neoplasms, have been widely described in the literature, which allows monitoring a certain group of patients. Diagnosis requires numerous imaging tests that make it possible to stratify both the local involvement of the disease and its distant spread, which ominously determines the prognosis. Thanks to various clinical trials, the usefulness of different chemotherapy regimens, radiotherapy and surgical techniques with radical intent has now been demonstrated; these represent improvements in both prognosis and therapeutic approaches. Osteosarcoma patients should be evaluated in reference centres by multidisciplinary committees with extensive experience in proper management. Although numerous genetic and rheumatological diseases and risk factors have been described, the use of serological, genetic or other biomarkers has been limited in clinical practice compared to other neoplasms. This limits both the initial follow-up of these patients and screening in populations at risk. In addition, we cannot forget that the diagnosis is mainly based on the direct biopsy of the lesion and imaging tests, which illustrates the need to study new diagnostic alternatives. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the natural history of the disease and describe the main biomarkers, explaining their clinical uses, prognosis and limitations.
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Han Z, Peng X, Yang Y, Yi J, Zhao D, Bao Q, Long S, Yu SX, Xu XX, Liu B, Liu YJ, Shen Y, Qiao L. Integrated microfluidic-SERS for exosome biomarker profiling and osteosarcoma diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114709. [PMID: 36115123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most frequent primary sarcoma of bone among adolescents. Early diagnosis of osteosarcoma is the key factor to achieve high survival rate of patients. Nevertheless, traditional histological biopsy is highly invasive and associated with the risk of arousing tumor spread. Herein, we develop a method integrating microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to isolate plasma-derived exosomes and profile multiple exosomal biomarkers for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The method showed highly efficient isolation of exosomes directly from human plasma and can profile exosomes based on protein biomarkers, with the detection limit down to 2 exosomes per μL. The whole assay can be performed in 5 h and only consumed 50 μL of plasma for one analysis. With the method, we analyzed the level of three protein biomarkers, i.e., CD63, vimentin (VIM) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), on plasma-derived exosomes from 20 osteosarcoma patients and 20 heathy controls. Significantly higher levels of CD63, VIM and EpCAM were observed on plasma exosomes from the osteosarcoma patients compared to the healthy controls. Based on the level of the exosomal biomarkers, a classification model was built for the rapid diagnosis of osteosarcoma, with the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100%, 90% and 95%, respectively. The proposed method does not require complex operations nor expensive equipment, and has great promise in clinical diagnosis of cancer as a liquid biopsy technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xinyan Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Qiyuan Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Shuping Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Xi Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Shukla SP, Zhang H, Fang B, Minna JD, Gomika Udugamasooriya D. Unbiased peptoid cell screen identifies a peptoid targeting newly appeared cell surface vimentin on tumor transformed early lung cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 58:116673. [PMID: 35189561 PMCID: PMC9040685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To identify potential new reagents and biomarkers for early lung cancer detection we combined the use of a novel preclinical isogenic model of human lung epithelial cells comparing non-malignant cells with those transformed to full malignancy using defined oncogenic changes and our on-bead two color (red and green stained cells) (OBTC) peptoid combinatorial screening methodology. The preclinical model used normal parent lung epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT, labeled with green dye) and isogenic fully malignant transformed derivatives (labeled with a red dye) via the sequential introduction of key genetic alterations of p53 knockdown, oncogenic KRAS and overexpression of cMYC (HBEC3p53, KRAS, cMYC). Using the unbiased OBTC screening approach, we tested 100,000 different peptoids and identified only one (named JM3A) that bound to the surface of the HBEC3p53, KRAS, cMYC cells (red cells) but not HBEC3-KT cells (green cells). Using the JM3A peptoid and proteomics, we identified the protein bound as vimentin using multiple validation approaches. These all confirmed the cell surface expression of vimentin (CSV) on transformed (HBEC3p53, KRAS, cMYC) but not on untransformed (HBEC3-KT) cells. JM3A coupled with fluorophores was able to detect and stain cell surface vimentin on very early stage lung cancers but not normal lung epithelial cells in a fashion comparable to that using anti-vimentin antibodies. We conclude: using a combined isogenic preclinical model of lung cancer and two color screening of a large peptoid library, we have identified differential expression of cell surface vimentin (CSV) after malignant transformation of lung epithelial cells, and developed a new peptoid reagent (JM3A) for detection of CSV which works well in staining of early stage NSCLCs. This new, highly specific, easy to prepare, CSV detecting JM3A peptoid provides an important new reagent for identifying cancer cells in early stage tumors as well as a resource for detection and isolating of CSV expressing circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Shukla
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery - Research, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX , USA.
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Liquid Biopsies: Flowing Biomarkers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:341-368. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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