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Mavrogenis AF, Altsitzioglou P, Tsukamoto S, Errani C. Biopsy Techniques for Musculoskeletal Tumors: Basic Principles and Specialized Techniques. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:900-917. [PMID: 38392061 PMCID: PMC10888002 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopsy is a pivotal component in the diagnostic process of bone and soft tissue tumors. The objective is to obtain adequate tissue without compromising local tumor dissemination and the patient's survival. This review explores contemporary principles and practices in musculoskeletal biopsies, emphasizing the critical role of diagnostic accuracy while also delving into the evolving landscape of liquid biopsies as a promising alternative in the field. A thorough literature search was done in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in physical books in libraries to summarize the available biopsy techniques for musculoskeletal tumors, discuss the available methods, risk factors, and complications, and to emphasize the challenges related to biopsies in oncology. Research articles that studied the basic principles and specialized techniques of biopsy techniques in tumor patients were deemed eligible. Their advantages and disadvantages, technical and pathophysiological mechanisms, and possible risks and complications were reviewed, summarized, and discussed. An inadequately executed biopsy may hinder diagnosis and subsequently impact treatment outcomes. All lesions should be approached with a presumption of malignancy until proven otherwise. Liquid biopsies have emerged as a potent non-invasive tool for analyzing tumor phenotype, progression, and drug resistance and guiding treatment decisions in bone sarcomas and metastases. Despite advancements, several barriers remain in biopsies, including challenges related to costs, scalability, reproducibility, and isolation methods. It is paramount that orthopedic oncologists work together with radiologists and pathologists to enhance diagnosis, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Pavlos Altsitzioglou
- First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Shinji Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan;
| | - Costantino Errani
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
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Wang S, Wu W, Lin X, Zhang KM, Wu Q, Luo M, Zhou J. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers of bone metastasis in breast cancer: current status and future directions. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:224. [PMID: 38041134 PMCID: PMC10693103 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common site of metastasis in breast cancer is the bone, where the balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation is disrupted. This imbalance causes osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer, which leads to bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and other skeletal-related events (SREs). These complications reduce patients' quality of life significantly and have a profound impact on prognosis. In this review, we begin by providing a brief overview of the epidemiology of bone metastasis in breast cancer, including current diagnostic tools, treatment approaches, and existing challenges. Then, we will introduce the pathophysiology of breast cancer bone metastasis (BCBM) and the animal models involved in the study of BCBM. We then come to the focus of this paper: a discussion of several biomarkers that have the potential to provide predictive and prognostic value in the context of BCBM-some of which may be particularly compatible with more comprehensive liquid biopsies. Beyond that, we briefly explore the potential of new technologies such as single-cell sequencing and organoid models, which will improve our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and aid in the development of improved biomarkers. The emerging biomarkers discussed hold promise for future clinical application, aiding in the prevention of BCBM, improving the prognosis of patients, and guiding the implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenkangle Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - QingLiang Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Mingpeng Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Shaikh S, Yadav DK, Bhadresha K, Rawal RM. Integrated computational screening and liquid biopsy approach to uncover the role of biomarkers for oral cancer lymph node metastasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14033. [PMID: 37640804 PMCID: PMC10462753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an abnormal, heterogeneous growth of cells with the ability to invade surrounding tissue and even distant organs. Worldwide, GLOBOCAN had an estimated 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million death rates of cancer in 2018. Among all cancers, Oral cancer (OC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and the third most common in India, the most frequent type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), tends to spread to lymph nodes in advanced stages. Throughout the past few decades, the molecular landscape of OSCC biology has remained unknown despite breakthroughs in our understanding of the genome-scale gene expression pattern of oral cancer particularly in lymph node metastasis. Moreover, due to tissue variability in single-cohort studies, investigations on OSCC gene-expression profiles are scarce or inconsistent. The work provides a comprehensive analysis of changed expression and lays a major focus on employing a liquid biopsy base method to find new therapeutic targets and early prediction biomarkers for lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the current study combined the profile information from GSE9844, GSE30784, GSE3524, and GSE2280 cohorts to screen for differentially expressed genes, and then using gene enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network design, identified the possible candidate genes and pathways in lymph node metastatic patients. Additionally, the mRNA expression of discovered genes was assessed using real-time PCR, and the Human Protein Atlas database was utilized to determine the protein levels of hub genes in tumor and normal tissues. Angiogenesis was been investigated using the Chorioallentoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis test. In a cohort of OSCC patients, fibronectin (FN1), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were significantly upregulated, corroborating these findings. Our identified significant gene signature showed greater serum exosome effectiveness in early detection and clinically linked with intracellular communication in the establishment of the premetastatic niche. Also, the results of the CAM test reveal that primary OC derived exosomes may have a function in angiogenesis. As a result, our study finds three potential genes that may be used as a possible biomarker for lymph node metastasis early detection and sheds light on the underlying processes of exosomes that cause a premetastatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma Shaikh
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Deep Kumari Yadav
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kinjal Bhadresha
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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Identification of crucial hub genes and potential molecular mechanisms in breast cancer by integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Theaflavin-3-gallate, a natural antagonist for Hsp90: In-silico and in-vitro approach. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 353:109774. [PMID: 34958756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor prognosis and metastasis have been recognized as the major cause of breast cancer related deaths worldwide. Recent experimental evidence has shown that Hsp90, the prime chaperone, is overexpressed in many cancers and is responsible if reducing the 5-year survival rate of cancer patients. Therefore, targeted inhibition of Hsp90 may be a new and effective way to target cancer as well as enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In the present study, screening and stimulation of potential natural compounds result in the identification of theaflavin-3-gallate as a promising inhibitory compound of Hsp90. Further in-vitro validation of the cytotoxic effect of theaflavin-3-gallate in human breast carcinoma cell line MCF7 and normal cell line MCF10A revealed that theaflavin-3-gallate significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of MCF7 cells whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on MCF10A cells. We also found that theaflavin-3-gallate significantly induced programmed cell death by arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. A significant decrease in cell migration and colony formation by theaflavin-3-gallate treatment was also observed in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, theaflavin-3-gallate significantly downregulated the mRNA expression patterns of the HSP90, MMP9, VEGFA, and SPP1 genes. Collectively, our results demonstrated theaflavin-3-gallate as a potential natural Hsp90 inhibitor that can be used to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of existing breast cancer therapies and improve overall survival of breast cancer patients.
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