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Darwish NF, Tabra SAA, Baiomy NN, Mahmoud HA, Mariah RA, Hablas SA. The implication of adenosine receptor expression in prediction of methotrexate clinical response in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-021-00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Adenosine signaling is now an accepted explanation for the therapeutic mechanism of Methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Adenosine receptors categorized into four subclasses: adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1), adenosine 2a receptor (ADORA2a), adenosine 2b receptor (ADORA2B), and adenosine 3 receptor (ADORA3). Our aim is to check the mRNA expression of two adenosine receptors; ADORA2a and ADORA3 in whole blood cell of RA patients and its relation in prediction of MTX clinical response in Egyptian patients.
Results
There was significant correlation between both ADORA2a and ADORA3 gene expression in RA patients as compared with healthy controls. The expression of ADORA2a and ADORA3 was increased in good and moderate response groups compared to no response group. There was significant correlation between both genes in mRNA expression before and after MTX treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) concentration was significantly decreased after treatment in good and moderate response groups in comparison to non-responder group.
Conclusion
The inflammatory and clinical responses in RA patients which is demonstrated by DAS28 and suppression of MMP3 were regulated by ADORA2a and ADORA3. Their level of expression can predict MTX response and their agonists may offer a novel and effective therapeutic option for RA patients.
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Xu S, Wang J, Zhong J, Shao M, Jiang J, Song J, Zhu W, Zhang F, Xu H, Xu G, Zhang Y, Ma X, Lyu F. CD73 alleviates GSDMD-mediated microglia pyroptosis in spinal cord injury through PI3K/AKT/Foxo1 signaling. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e269. [PMID: 33463071 PMCID: PMC7774461 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation-induced secondary injury is an important cause of sustained progression of spinal cord injury. Inflammatory programmed cell death pyroptosis executed by the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) is an essential step of neuroinflammation. However, it is unclear whether CD73, a widely accepted immunosuppressive molecule, can inhibit pyroptosis via mediating GSDMD. METHODS C57BL/6J CD73 deficient mice and wild-type mice, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced primary microglia and BV2 cells were respectively used to illustrate the effect of CD73 on microglia pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. A combination of molecular and histological methods was performed to assess pyroptosis and explore the mechanism both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We have shown molecular evidence for CD73 suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes to reduce the maturation of GSDMD, leading to decreased pyroptosis in microglia. Further analysis reveals that adenosine-A2B adenosine receptor-PI3K-AKT-Foxo1 cascade is a possible mechanism of CD73 regulation. Importantly, we determine that CD73 inhibits the expression of GSDMD at the transcriptional level through Foxo1. What's more, we confirm the accumulation of HIF-1α promotes the overexpression of CD73 after spinal cord injury (SCI), and the increased CD73 in turn upregulates the expression of HIF-1α, eventually forming a positive feedback regulatory loop. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a novel function of CD73 on microglia pyroptosis, suggesting a unique therapeutic opportunity for mitigating the disease process in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Xu
- Department of OrthopedicsShanghai Fifth People's HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junjie Zhong
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan UniversityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of NeurosurgeryShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural RegenerationShanghaiChina
| | - Minghao Shao
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Song
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haocheng Xu
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Feizhou Lyu
- Department of OrthopedicsShanghai Fifth People's HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Xu S, Zhu W, Shao M, Zhang F, Guo J, Xu H, Jiang J, Ma X, Xia X, Zhi X, Zhou P, Lu F. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) attenuates inflammation after spinal cord injury by promoting macrophages/microglia M2 polarization in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:155. [PMID: 29788960 PMCID: PMC5964922 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune activation, specifically activation of macrophages and resident microglia, leading to inflammation is a key component in the progression of spinal cord injury (SCI). Macrophages/microglia exist in two states—the classically activated M1 phenotype that confers pro-inflammatory effects or the alternatively activated M2 phenotype that confers anti-inflammatory effects. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) is an immunosuppressive molecule intricately involved in adaptive and innate immune responses and is able to dephosphorylate AMP to adenosine. However, it is not known if CD73 is able to modulate the macrophages/microglia transformation between the M1 and M2 phenotypes. Methods We used gene-deficient mice to determine the role of CD73 in macrophages/microglia polarization post-SCI in vivo. We used small interference RNA (siRNA) or pcDNA3.1 to inhibit or overexpress CD73 in BV2 cells to verify anterior discovery in vitro. A combination of molecular and histological methods was used to detect the macrophages/microglia polarization and explore the mechanism both in vivo and in vitro. Results We found that SCI induced the upregulation of CD73 expression. CD73 deficient mice were noted to demonstrate overwhelming immune responses, few anti-inflammatory phenotype macrophages/microglia, and had a poorer locomotor recovery in comparison to wild-type mice that were also inflicted with SCI. In vitro studies found that CD73 suppression inhibited the expression of characteristic microglial anti-inflammatory polarization markers in BV2 cells, while the converse was noted in CD73 overexpression. Subsequent experiments confirmed that CD73 promoted microglia alternative activation by stimulating p38 MAPK. Conclusion We were able to conclude that CD73 imparts neuroprotective effects by mediating macrophages/microglia polarization. These findings allow for better understanding of the modulatory factors involved in triggering the change in macrophages/microglia phenotypes, therefore uncovering additional molecules and pathways that may be targeted in the innovation of novel SCI therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1183-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Minghao Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ji Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Haocheng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Feizhou Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Wulumuqi middle Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Ibrahim E, Dobeš P, Kunc M, Hyršl P, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic hormone and adenosine interfere with nematobacterial infection and locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:167-174. [PMID: 29627353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and adenosine affect defense responses in Drosophila melanogaster larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora). Three loss-of-function mutant larvae were tested: Akh1, AdoR1 (adenosine receptor), and Akh1 AdoR1. Mortality decreased in all mutants post-EPN infection compared with the control (w1118). Additionally, co-application of external AKH with EPN significantly increased mortality beyond rates observed in EPN-only treatment, while also elevating carbon dioxide production, a measure of metabolism. Furthermore trehalose levels increased in both w1118 and Akh1 larvae post-EPN infection, but the latter group exhibited a lower increase and total trehalose levels. Interestingly, baseline trehalose was relatively high in untreated AdoR1 and Akh1 AdoR1 mutants, with levels remaining unaffected by infection. Infection also elevated haemolymph lipid content overall, but the different mutations did not substantially influence this change. In contrast, haemolymph protein content dropped after EPN infection in all tested groups, but this decline was more intense among Akh1. In uninfected larvae mutations decreased antioxidative capacity in Akh1 and increased in AdoR1, however, its post-infection increases were similar in all mutants, suggesting that antioxidant response in Drosophila involves mechanisms also beyond AKH and adenosine. Furthermore, AKH application in w1118 larvae significantly increased movement distance and percentage of larval activity, but reduced velocity. Mutations of Akh and AdoR did not strongly affect locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ibrahim
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kunc
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Arosio B, Casati M, Gussago C, Ferri E, Abbate C, Scortichini V, Colombo E, Rossi PD, Mari D. Adenosine Type A2A Receptor in Peripheral Cell from Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A New/Old Potential Target. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:417-25. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Casati
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gussago
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Abbate
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Colombo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Zemanová M, Stašková T, Kodrík D. Role of adipokinetic hormone and adenosine in the anti-stress response in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:39-47. [PMID: 27374982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and adenosine in the anti-stress response was studied in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and adults carrying a mutation in the Akh gene (Akh(1)), the adenosine receptor gene (AdoR(1)), or in both of these genes (Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant). Stress was induced by starvation or by the addition of an oxidative stressor paraquat (PQ) to food. Mortality tests revealed that the Akh(1) mutant was the most resistant to starvation, while the AdoR(1) mutant was the most sensitive. Conversely, the Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant was more sensitive to PQ toxicity than either of the single mutants. Administration of PQ significantly increased the Drome-AKH level in w(1118) and AdoR(1) larvae; however, this was not accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Akh gene expression. In contrast, PQ significantly increased the expression of the glutathione S-transferase D1 (GstD1) gene. The presence of both a functional adenosine receptor and AKH seem to be important for the proper control of GstD1 gene expression under oxidative stress, however, the latter appears to play more dominant role. On the other hand, differences in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity among the strains, and between untreated and PQ-treated groups were minimal. In addition, the glutathione level was significantly lower in all untreated AKH- or AdoR-deficient mutant flies as compared with the untreated control w(1118) flies and further declined following treatment with PQ. All oxidative stress characteristics modified by mutations in Akh gene were restored or even improved by 'rescue' mutation in flies which ectopically express Akh. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate the important roles of AKH and adenosine in the anti-stress response elicited by PQ in a D. melanogaster model, and provide the first evidence for the involvement of adenosine in the anti-oxidative stress response in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Zemanová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Stašková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Marzagalli R, Castorina A. The seeming paradox of adenosine receptors as targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: agonists or antagonists? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:205-7. [PMID: 25883615 PMCID: PMC4392664 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.152370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Marzagalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
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Cekic C, Day YJ, Sag D, Linden J. Myeloid expression of adenosine A2A receptor suppresses T and NK cell responses in the solid tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7250-9. [PMID: 25377469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of adenosine in tumor microenvironments inhibit antitumor cytotoxic lymphocyte responses. Although T cells express inhibitory adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) that suppress their activation and inhibit immune killing of tumors, a role for myeloid cell A2ARs in suppressing the immune response to tumors has yet to be investigated. In this study, we show that the growth of transplanted syngeneic B16F10 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells is slowed in Adora2a(f/f)-LysMCre(+/-) mice, which selectively lack myeloid A2ARs. Reduced melanoma growth is associated with significant increases in MHCII and IL12 expression in tumor-associated macrophages and with >90% reductions in IL10 expression in tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and Ly6C(+) or Ly6G(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Myeloid deletion of A2ARs significantly increases CD44 expression on tumor-associated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells or NK cells in tumor-bearing mice indicates that both cell types initially contribute to slowing melanoma growth in mice lacking myeloid A2A receptors, but tumor suppression mediated by CD8(+) T cells is more persistent. Myeloid-selective A2AR deletion significantly reduces lung metastasis of melanomas that express luciferase (for in vivo tracking) and ovalbumin (as a model antigen). Reduced metastasis is associated with increased numbers and activation of NK cells and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in lung infiltrates. Overall, the findings indicate that myeloid cell A2ARs have direct myelosuppressive effects that indirectly contribute to the suppression of T cells and NK cells in primary and metastatic tumor microenvironments. The results indicate that tumor-associated myeloid cells, including macrophages, DCs, and MDSCs all express immunosuppressive A2ARs that are potential targets of adenosine receptor blockers to enhance immune killing of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yuan-Ji Day
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University, Tauyuan, Taiwan
| | - Duygu Sag
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California.
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Using caffeine and other adenosine receptor antagonists and agonists as therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases: a review. Life Sci 2014; 101:1-9. [PMID: 24530739 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most consumed pychostimulant in the world, and it is known to affect basic and fundamental human processes such as sleep, arousal, cognition and learning and memory. It works as a nonselective blocker of adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b and A3) and has been related to the regulation of heart rate, the contraction/relaxation of cardiac and smooth muscles, and the neural signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). Since the late 1990s, studies using adenosine receptor antagonists, such as Caffeine, to block the A1 and A2a adenosine receptor subtypes have shown to reduce the physical, cellular and molecular damages caused by a spinal cord injury (SCI) or a stroke (cerebral infarction) and by other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Interestingly, other studies using adenosine receptor agonists have also shown to provide a neuroprotective effect on various models of neurodegenerative diseases through the reduction of excitatory neurotransmitter release, apoptosis and inflammatory responses, among others. The seemingly paradoxical use of both adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists as neuroprotective agents has been attributed to differences in dosage levels, drug delivery method, extracellular concentration of excitatory neurotransmitters and stage of disease progression. We discuss and compare recent findings using both antagonists and agonists of adenosine receptors in animal models and patients that have suffered spinal cord injuries, brain strokes, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Additionally, we propose alternative interpretations on the seemingly paradoxical use of these drugs as potential pharmacological tools to treat these various types of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Varani K, Padovan M, Vincenzi F, Targa M, Trotta F, Govoni M, Borea PA. A2A and A3 adenosine receptor expression in rheumatoid arthritis: upregulation, inverse correlation with disease activity score and suppression of inflammatory cytokine and metalloproteinase release. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R197. [PMID: 22146575 PMCID: PMC3334647 DOI: 10.1186/ar3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reduction of the inflammatory status represents one of the most important targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A central role of A2A and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) in mechanisms of inflammation has been reported in different pathologies. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the A2A and A3ARs and their involvement in RA progression measured by Disease Activity Score in 28 or 44 joints (DAS28 or DAS). METHODS ARs were analyzed by saturation binding assays, mRNA and Western blotting analysis in lymphocytes from early and established RA patients. The effect of A2A and A3AR agonists in nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway was evaluated. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release was carried out by A2A and A3AR activation. AR pharmacological regulation in matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) release was also studied. RESULTS In lymphocytes obtained from RA patients, A2A and A3ARs were up-regulated if compared with healthy controls. A2A and A3AR activation inhibited the NF-kB pathway and diminished inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. A2A and A3AR agonists mediated a reduction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 release. A2A and A3AR density inversely correlated with DAS28 and DAS suggesting a direct role of the endogenous activation of these receptors in the control of RA joint inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together these data demonstrate that the inflammatory and clinical responses in RA are regulated by A2A and A3ARs and support the use of A2A and/or A3AR agonists as novel and effective pharmacological treatment in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Melissa Padovan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Targa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Arosio B, Mastronardi L, Gussago C, Nicolini P, Casè A, Ziglioli E, Bergamaschini L. Adenosine A(2A) Receptor and IL-10 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:484021. [PMID: 21629668 PMCID: PMC3101508 DOI: 10.4061/2011/484021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine suppresses immune responses through the A2A receptor (A2AR). This study investigated the interleukin 10 (IL-10) genetic profile and the expression of A2AR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer disease (AD), and age-matched controls to verify, if they may help distinguish different forms of cognitive decline. We analyzed the IL-10 genotype and the expression of A2AR in 41 subjects with AD, 10 with amnestic MCI (a-MCI), 49 with multiple cognitive domain MCI (mcd-MCI), and 46 controls. There was a significant linear increase in A2AR mRNA levels and A2AR density from mcd-MCI to a-MCI, with intermediate levels being found in AD. The IL-10 AA genotype frequency was 67% in a-MCI, 46% in AD, 35% in mcd-MCI, and 20% in controls. These data suggest that the assessment of the IL-10 genotype and the expression of A2AR in PBMCs may be a valuable means of differentiating between a-MCI and mcd-MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Milano & Unita di Geriatria, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milano, Italy
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