Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in coxitis

Detection of Subchondral Bone Microcirculatory Perfusion in Adults with Early Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: A Prospective Study

The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess subchondral bone microcirculation perfusion in adults with early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and to evaluate its correlation with the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage. We investigated 97 adult patients with definite ONFH by imaging a total of 155 hips, performing CEUS, storing images of CEUS processes at different ARCO stages and generating CEUS time-intensity curves (TICs) to obtain perfusion parameters. Differences in CEUS parameters at different ARCO stages were analyzed, and correlations were explored. A logistic regression model was constructed by incorporating the meaningful CEUS indicators. The CEUS parameters time to peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), enhanced intensity (EI), ascending slope (AS), descending slope (DS) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were significantly different in ARCO stage Ⅰ compared with stage ⅢA, and the same results were obtained in stage Ⅱ compared with stage ⅢA. However, there were no significant differences between stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The MTT (mean transit time) assay was not significantly different between the different stages. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of TTP, PI, EI, AS, DS and AUC in stages Ⅰ and ⅢA had a certain diagnostic efficacy, similar to the results in stages Ⅱ and ⅢA. The diagnostic performance of DS was less accurate in stages Ⅰ and ⅢA, while the diagnostic performance of TTP was less accurate in stages Ⅱ and ⅢA. ARCO stage was independently and negatively correlated with TTP and DS and independently and positively correlated with PI, EI, AS and AUC. The MTT assay was not correlated with ARCO stage. Logistic regression models containing statistically significant TTP, EI and AUC values were constructed, and all three values were closely related to the ARCO stage. In patients with different ARCO stages of ONFH, CEUS can effectively assess subchondral bone perfusion of the femoral head and is expected to become an effective imaging method for the diagnosis of early ONFH.

Evaluation of Femoral Head Perfusion by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis

OBJECTIVES

To study the technical feasibility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluating femoral head perfusion in a rabbit model of steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis.

METHODS

Twenty rabbits were divided randomly into a control group (n = 8) and an experimental group (n = 12). Rabbits in the experimental group were induced by lipopolysaccharide and methylprednisolone to build a model of steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examinations were performed at 3 and 5 weeks after induction. Then, pathologic examinations and microvessel density (MVD) calculations were performed on the excised rabbit femoral heads.

RESULTS

The MVD of the experimental group decreased significantly 3 and 5 weeks after induction compared with that of the control group. According to the CEUS examination results, significant differences existed in the ascending slope, descending slope, mean transit time, and time to peak between the groups at 5 weeks (P < .05). A correlation analysis showed that the descending slope had a certain correlation with the MVD (correlation coefficient, 0.376). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the capacity of the CEUS parameters to predict the occurrence of osteonecrosis. The areas under the curve for the ascending slope and descending slope were 0.758 and 0.760, respectively (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can visualize the microcirculation in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits and may be a useful imaging method for the early monitoring and prediction of femoral head osteonecrosis.

Size matters: observations regarding the sonographic double contour sign in different joint sizes in acute gouty arthritis

OBJECTIVE

In distinguishing urate arthritis (UA) from non-crystal-related arthritides, joint sonography including the detection of the double contour sign (DCS) and hypervascularization using power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) is an important step in the diagnostic process. But are these sonographic features equally reliable in every accessible joint under real-life conditions?

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 362 patients with acute arthritis and evaluated the DCS and the degree of PDUS hypervascularization in patients with gout and in those with arthritis other than urate arthritis (non-UA). We classified all joints into the groups small, medium, and large. Sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV), and a binary regression model were calculated. We also evaluated the influence of serum uric acid levels (SUA) on the presence of a DCS in each joint category.

RESULTS

Sensitivity of the DCS in gout was 72.5% in the entire cohort, 66.0% in large, 78.8% in medium, and 72.3% in small joints. In wrist joints the DCS sensitivity maxed at 83.3%, with a specificity of 81.8%. The lowest rates of DCS sensitivity were found in gout patients with elbow joint involvement (42.9%). In all joints except metatarsophalangeal joint 1 (MTP-1), the incidence of a DCS increased by the increment of SUA levels above 7.5 mg/dl (p < 0.001). PDUS signals were most commonly found in medium and small joints and were only scarce in large joints, independent of the underlying diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study we detected different rates of accuracy regarding DCS and PDUS in patients with acute arthritis. The best results were seen in medium-size joints, especially wrists.

Role of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Inflammatory Arthritis

Objective:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a well-established imaging modality which has been put into clinical use in recent years with the development of second-generation contrast agent and imaging devices, and its applications in the assessment of inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, have provoked abundant discussion and researches among radiologists and rheumatologists. To summarize the achievements of clinical studies on CEUS in the application of arthritis, and to keep up with the latest progresses of the imaging technique, we reviewed the literature in recent years, hoping to establish the role of CEUS in joint diseases.

Data Sources:

PubMed and EMBASE.

Study Selection:

We searched the database with the conditions “contrast-enhanced ultrasound AND arthritis” with the time limitation of recent 10 years. Clinical studies applying CEUS in inflammatory arthritis and review articles about development of CEUS in joint diseases in English were selected.

Results:

As it is proved by most studies in recent years, by delineating microvasculature within the inflamed joints, CEUS can indicate early arthritis with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the imaging of CEUS has been proved to be consistent with histopathological changes of inflammatory arthritis. Quantitative analysis of CEUS permits further evaluation of disease activity. CEUS also plays a significant role in the therapeutic monitoring of the disease, which has been backed up by a number of studies.

Conclusions:

CEUS may be a new choice for the rheumatologists to evaluate inflammatory arthritis, because of its low price, ability to provide dynamic pictures, and high sensitivity to angiogenesis. It can also be applied in disease classification and therapeutic monitoring. More studies about CEUS need to be done to set up the diagnostic standards.