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Yamamoto T, Heiuchi S, Kondo M, Tabusadani K, Sakaki A. Hydrothermally synthesized poorly-crystalline binary oxides with ZrW2O8 composition: preparation, structural analysis, and catalytic activity for the alkylation of anisole with benzyl alcohol. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3774-3782. [PMID: 35425378 PMCID: PMC8979302 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08931e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermally synthesized poorly-crystalline metastable Zr–W binary hydroxide (W/Zr = 2), after calcination, was confirmed to be a strong solid acid catalyst to promote the alkylation of anisole with benzyl alcohol. The preparation conditions, structure of the as-prepared catalysts and the calcined hydroxides were investigated using XRD, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, TG-DTA, and XANES/EXAFS techniques. The crystalline phase was controlled by the hydrochloric acid concentration used for preparing a mother gel, and 5–9 M HCl was suitable for preparing the active phase. The tungsten species exists as a six-valent WO6 distorted octahedron connected with the ZrO7 unit via corner-sharing linkages. The incompleteness of the network structure is suggested to be responsible for the solid acidity. Hydrothermally synthesized poorly-crystalline metastable Zr–W binary hydroxide (W/Zr = 2), after calcination, was confirmed to be a strong solid acid catalyst to promote the alkylation of anisole with benzyl alcohol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Seina Heiuchi
- Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Tabusadani
- Department of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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2
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Saito M, Aihara T, Miura H, Shishido T. Brønsted acid property of alumina-based mixed-oxides-supported tungsten oxide. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Xie L, Zhu Q, Zhang G, Ye K, Zou C, Prezhdo OV, Wang Z, Luo Y, Jiang J. Tunable Hydrogen Doping of Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Acid-Metal Treatment at Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4136-4140. [PMID: 32081005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen doping of metal oxide semiconductors is promising for manipulation of their properties toward various applications. Yet it is quite challenging because it requires harsh reaction conditions and expensive metal catalysts. Meanwhile, acids as a cheap source of protons have long been unappreciated. Here, we develop a sophisticated acid-metal treatment for tunable hydrogenation of metal oxides at ambient conditions. Using first-principles simulations, we first show that, with proper work function difference between the metal and metal oxide, H-diffusion into negatively charged metal oxide can be well controlled, resulting in tunable H-doping of metal oxides with quasi-metal characteristics. This has been verified by proof-of-concept experiments that achieved the controllable hydrogenation of WO3 using Cu and hydrochloric acid at ambient conditions. Further, H-doping of other metal oxides (TiO2/Nb2O5/MoO3) has been achieved by metal-acid treatment and induced a change in properties. Our work provides a promising way to tailor metal oxides via tunable H-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chongwen Zou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhaowu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Influence of the support on the catalytic properties of Keggin type heteropolyacids supported on niobia according to two different methodologies: evaluation of isopropanol dehydration and Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-018-1349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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A Novel Brønsted-Lewis acidic catalyst based on heteropoly phosphotungstates: Synthesis and catalysis in benzylation of p-xylene with benzyl alcohol. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Poreddy R, Saravanamurugan S, Riisager A. Highly Selective Liquid-Phase Benzylation of Anisole with Solid-Acid Zeolite Catalysts. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Ngee ELS, Gao Y, Chen X, Lee TM, Hu Z, Zhao D, Yan N. Sulfated Mesoporous Niobium Oxide Catalyzed 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Formation from Sugars. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501980t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Lau Sze Ngee
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Yongjun Gao
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Timothy Misso Lee
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical
and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering
Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
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8
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Kitano T, Hayashi T, Uesaka T, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Effect of High-Temperature Calcination on the Generation of Brønsted Acid Sites on WO3/Al2O3. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Kitano T, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Acid property of Nb 2 O 5 /Al 2 O 3 prepared by impregnation method by using niobium oxalate solution: Effect of pH on the structure and acid property. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Miao Z, Song H, Zhao H, Xu L, Chou L. One-pot synthesis of mesoporous ZrPW solid acid catalyst for liquid phase benzylation of anisole. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous zirconium phosphotungstate with large specific surface area, large pore volume, uniform pore size distribution, and tunable W/Zr ratios was successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Huanling Song
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
| | - Huahua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lingjun Chou
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
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11
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Ethanol to hydrocarbons using silver substituted polyoxometalates: Physicochemical and catalytic study. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Kitano T, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Characterization of Thermally Stable Brønsted Acid Sites on Alumina-Supported Niobium Oxide after Calcination at High Temperatures. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2560-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Chen WJ, Zhang CF, Zhang XH, Zhang YF, Huang X. Computational study on the molecular structures and photoelectron spectra of bimetallic oxide clusters MW2O9(-/0) (M=V, Nb, Ta). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 109:125-132. [PMID: 23523755 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) calculations are carried out to investigate the electronic and structural properties of a series of bimetallic oxide clusters MW2O9(-/0) (M=V, Nb, Ta). Generalized Koopmans' theorem is applied to predict the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) and simulate the photoelectron spectra (PES). Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP level yield singlet and doublet ground states for the bimetallic anionic and neutral clusters, respectively. All the clusters present the six-membered ring structures with different symmetries, except that the TaW2O9(-) cluster shows a chained style with a penta-coordinated tantalum atom. Spin density analyses reveal oxygen radical species in all neutral clusters, consistent with their structural characteristics. Moreover, additional calculations are performed to study the oxidation reaction of CO molecule with the W3O9(+) cation and the isoelectronic VW2O9 cluster, and results indicate that the introduction of vanadium at tungsten site can efficiently improve the oxidation reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
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14
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Kitano T, Okazaki S, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Brønsted acid generation of alumina-supported molybdenum oxide calcined at high temperatures: Characterization by acid-catalyzed reactions and spectroscopic methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chen D, Sahasrabudhe A, Wang P, Dasgupta A, Yuan R, Roy S. Synthesis and properties of a novel quarternerized imidazolium [α-PW12O40]3− salt as a recoverable photo-polymerization catalyst. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10587-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kitano T, Okazaki S, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Generation of Brønsted acid sites on Al2O3-supported Ta2O5 calcined at high temperatures. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Kitano T, Okazaki S, Shishido T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Generation of Brønsted Acid Sites on Alumina-supported Tantalum(V) Oxide Calcined at 1223 K. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Aluminium exchanged heteropoly tungstate supported on titania catalysts: The generation of Lewis acidity and its role for benzylation reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Tagusagawa C, Takagaki A, Iguchi A, Takanabe K, Kondo JN, Ebitani K, Tatsumi T, Domen K. Synthesis and catalytic properties of porous Nb–Mo oxide solid acid. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Tin exchanged heteropoly tungstate: An efficient catalyst for benzylation of arenes with benzyl alcohol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Tang ZC, Yu DH, Sun P, Li H, Huang H. Phosphoric Acid Modified Nb2O5: A Selective and Reusable Catalyst for Dehydration of Sorbitol to Isosorbide. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.12.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Haldar S, Koner S. Iron-Containing Mesoporous Aluminosilicate: A Highly Active and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Hydroarylation of Styrenes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6005-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100803y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Subratanath Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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23
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24
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Shimizu KI, Miyamoto Y, Satsuma A. Silica-Supported Silver Nanoparticles with Surface Oxygen Species as a Reusable Catalyst for Alkylation of Arenes. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.200900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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26
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Enhancement of the Catalytic Activity of a Dawson-type Heteropoly Acid Induced by the Loading on a Silica Support. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten-substituted Molybdophosphoric Acids and Catalytic Cyclodehydration of 1,4-Butanediol to Tetrahydrofuran. Chin J Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Shishido T, Kitano T, Teramura K, Tanaka T. Brønsted Acid Generation over Alumina-Supported Niobia by Calcination at 1173 K. Catal Letters 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Aluminium-exchanged tungstophosphoric acid: An efficient catalyst for intermolecular hydroarylation of vinyl arenes. CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Rocha AS, Forrester AM, de la Cruz MH, da Silva CT, Lachter ER. Comparative performance of niobium phosphates in liquid phase anisole benzylation with benzyl alcohol. CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Liquid phase alkylation of anisole by benzyl alcohol catalyzed on alumina-supported niobia. CATAL COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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32
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In situ nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolites encaged heteropoly acid H3PMo12O40 and Ni catalyst for hydroconversion of n-octane. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Le Bras J, Muzart J. Brønsted-acid-catalyzed coupling of electron-rich arenes with substituted allylic and secondary benzylic alcohols. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Studies on the identification of the heteropoly acid generated in the H3PO4–WO3–Nb2O5 catalyst and its thermal transformation process. J Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Naito Y, Saito K, Shiiba K, Ohuchi A, Saigenji K, Nagura H, Ohtani H. CD8+ T cells infiltrated within cancer cell nests as a prognostic factor in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998. [PMID: 9721846 DOI: 10.1021/jp900525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes remains controversial. To clarify their role, we performed clinicopathological analysis of CD8+ T cells in 131 cases of human colorectal cancer. CD8+ T cells were classified into three groups by their localization: (a) those infiltrated within cancer cell nests; (b) those distributed in the cancer stroma; and (c) those present along the invasive margin (tumor-host interface). Of these, CD8+ T cells within cancer cell nests were most significantly associated with a better survival of patients by both mono- and multivariate analyses. The impact on survival was similar to that of Dukes' staging. Granzyme B+ cytoplasmic granules were detected in lymphocytes within cancer cell nests, confirming their activated, cytotoxic phenotype. CD8 and Ki-67 double immunohistochemistry confirmed higher proliferative activity of CD8+ T cells within cancer cell nests. Our data suggested that human colorectal cancer tissue was infiltrated by various numbers of T cells that had cytotoxic phenotype, contributing to a better survival of patients. This infiltration of colorectal cancer cell nests by CD8+ T cells could be a novel prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naito
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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