1
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The Perspective of Using the System Ethanol-Ethyl Acetate in a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) Cycle. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from bioethanol it is possible, by using an appropriate catalyst, to produce ethyl acetate in a single reaction step and pure hydrogen as a by-product. Two molecules of hydrogen can be obtained for each molecule of ethyl acetate produced. The mentioned reaction is reversible, therefore, it is possible to hydrogenate ethyl acetate to reobtain ethanol, so closing the chemical cycle of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) process. In other words, bioethanol can be conveniently used as a hydrogen carrier. Many papers have been published in the literature dealing with both the ethanol dehydrogenation and the ethyl acetate hydrogenation to ethanol so demonstrating the feasibility of this process. In this review all the aspects of the entire LOHC cycle are considered and discussed. We examined in particular: the most convenient catalysts for the two main reactions, the best operative conditions, the kinetics of all the reactions involved in the process, the scaling up of both ethanol dehydrogenation and ethyl acetate hydrogenation from the laboratory to industrial plant, the techno-economic aspects of the process and the perspective for improvements. In particular, the use of bioethanol in a LOHC process has three main advantages: (1) the hydrogen carrier is a renewable resource; (2) ethanol and ethyl acetate are both green products benign for both the environment and human safety; (3) the processes of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation occur in relatively mild operative conditions of temperature and pressure and with high energetic efficiency. The main disadvantage with respect to other more conventional LOHC systems is the relatively low hydrogen storage density.
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2
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Qu R, Junge K, Beller M. Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Related Compounds over Heterogeneous Catalysts: A Step toward Sustainable and Carbon-Neutral Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1103-1165. [PMID: 36602203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of esters and carboxylic acids represents a fundamental and important class of organic transformations, which is widely applied in energy, environmental, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the low reactivity of the carbonyl group in carboxylic acids and esters, this type of reaction is, however, rather challenging. Hence, specifically active catalysts are required to achieve a satisfactory yield. Nevertheless, in recent years, remarkable progress has been made on the development of catalysts for this type of reaction, especially heterogeneous catalysts, which are generally dominating in industry. Here in this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs as well as milestone achievements for the hydrogenation of industrially important carboxylic acids and esters utilizing heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, related catalytic hydrogenations that are considered of importance for the development of cleaner energy technologies and a circular chemical industry will be discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to the insights into the structure-activity relationship, which will help the readers to develop rational design strategies for the synthesis of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Qu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
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3
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Aubrecht J, Pospelova V, Kikhtyanin O, Lhotka M, Kubička D. Understanding of the key properties of supported Cu-based catalysts and their influence on ester hydrogenolysis. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Enhanced activity of Cu/SiO2 and Cu/ZrO2 catalysts in dimethyl adipate hydrogenolysis. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Xu Y, Huang H, Kong L, Ma X. Effect of calcination temperature on the Cu–ZrO 2 interfacial structure and its catalytic behavior in the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 5 wt% Cu/ZrO2 catalysts showed satisfying performance in DMO hydrogenation to EG via simply tuning the calcination temperature. The synergistic effect of the Cu0–Cu+–ZrO2 interface in activating H2 molecules and carbonyl bonds was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huijiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Zhang W, Yao Y, Xie S, Gubsch K, Yang Y, Lan X, Lin H. Synergistic interaction between Cu and ZrO2 promotes ethyl formate hydrogenation to produce methanol. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Guo J, Feng Z, Xu J, Zhu J, Zhang G, Du Y, Zhang H, Yan C. Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO 4· xH 2O. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zongjing Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yaping Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunhua Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Beerthuis R, Visser NL, van der Hoeven JE, Ngene P, Deeley JM, Sunley GJ, de Jong KP, de Jongh PE. Manganese oxide promoter effects in the copper-catalyzed hydrogenation of ethyl acetate. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Wang L, Meng X, Wang S, Shi L, Hu X, Liu N. Research and application of a non-noble metal catalyst in the removal of trace olefins from aromatics. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu/ZnO/montmorillonite is a high-performance catalyst in the removal of trace olefins from aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xuan Meng
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Sitan Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Li Shi
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xiude Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Naiwang Liu
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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10
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Xu Y, Kong L, Huang H, Wang H, Wang X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Ma X. Promotional effect of indium on Cu/SiO 2 catalysts for the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CuIn/SiO2 with 1.0 wt% indium shows the best catalytic performance for DMO hydrogenation to EG. The synergistic effect of Cu0–Cu+–CuIn alloy in activating H2 molecules and carbonyl bonds is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huijiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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11
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Sheng H, Zhang H, Ma H, Qian W, Ying W. An effective Cu-Ag/HMS bimetallic catalyst for hydrogenation of methyl acetate to ethanol. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Beerthuis R, de Rijk JW, Deeley JM, Sunley GJ, de Jong KP, de Jongh PE. Particle size effects in copper-catalyzed hydrogenation of ethyl acetate. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Ji Z, Miao D, Gao L, Pan X, Bao X. Effect of pH on the catalytic performance of PtSn/B-ZrO2 in propane dehydrogenation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Li X, Wang H, Sun P, Zhang S, Yao Z. Boron-promoted Cu/ZrO2 catalysts for hydrogenation of sec-butyl acetate: Structural evolution and catalytic performance. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Mitta H, Seelam PK, Chary KVR, Mutyala S, Boddula R, Inamuddin, Asiri AM. Efficient Vapor-Phase Selective Hydrogenolysis of Bio-Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone Using Cu Supported on Hydrotalcite Catalysts. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2018; 2:1800028. [PMID: 30774979 PMCID: PMC6360448 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs, 2-20 nm) supported on Hydrotalcite catalysts exhibit enhanced selectivity for γ-valerolactone (GVL) during hydrogenolysis of levulinic acid (LA). At 260 °C, over 3 wt% Cu achieved 87.5% of LA conversion with a maximum GVL selectivity (95%). In contrast, LA hydrogenolysis over 3Cu/Hydrotalcite catalyst is highly active and stable toward the production of GVL due to balanced acido-basicity and higher Cu dispersion with ultrasmall particle sizes, which are investigated through the temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia, N2O titration, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Hydrotalcite in combination with inexpensive Cu catalyst is found to be an efficient and environmentally benign for LA hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisekhar Mitta
- State Key Laboratory of CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- Catalysis DivisionCSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007TelanganaIndia
| | - Prem Kumar Seelam
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering UnitFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4300FI‐90014OuluFinland
| | - K. V. Raghava Chary
- Catalysis DivisionCSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007TelanganaIndia
| | - Suresh Mutyala
- Catalysis DivisionCSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007TelanganaIndia
| | - Rajender Boddula
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Centre for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 ZhongGuanCun, BeiYiTiao100190BeijingP. R. China
| | - Inamuddin
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials ResearchKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials ResearchKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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16
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Xia W, Wang F, Wang L, Wang J, Mu X, Chen K. High Performance SiO2–ZrO2 Binary Oxide for Ethanol Conversion to Ethylene. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Nanozirconia supported ruthenium(0) nanoparticles: Highly active and reusable catalyst in hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 513:287-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Gabrysch T, Peng B, Bunea S, Dyker G, Muhler M. The Role of Metallic Copper in the Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol over Cu/ZrO2. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabrysch
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Baoxiang Peng
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sorin Bunea
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Gerald Dyker
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry II; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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19
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Ye RP, Lin L, Li Q, Zhou Z, Wang T, Russell CK, Adidharma H, Xu Z, Yao YG, Fan M. Recent progress in improving the stability of copper-based catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon–oxygen bonds. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00608c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Five different strategies to enhance the stability of Cu-based catalysts for hydrogenation of C–O bonds are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
| | | | - Hertanto Adidharma
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
| | - Zhenghe Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Yuan-Gen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
- School of Energy Resources
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20
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Huang Y, Zhang W, Yue Z, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Performance of SiO2–TiO2 Binary Oxides Supported Cu–ZnO Catalyst in Ethyl Acetate Hydrogenation to Ethanol. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Kong X, Chen Z, Wu Y, Wang R, Chen J, Ding L. Synthesis of Cu–Mg/ZnO catalysts and catalysis in dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation to ethylene glycol: enhanced catalytic behavior in the presence of a Mg2+ dopant. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mg2+ doped nanoscale Cu–Mg/ZnO catalysts prepared by the co-precipitation method have been systematically characterized focusing on the amount of Mg2+ ions incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology
- Taiyuan 030008
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Yuehuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology
- Taiyuan 030008
- PR China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology
- Taiyuan 030008
- PR China
| | - Jiangang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology
- Taiyuan 030008
- PR China
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