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Xiong JS, Min HY, Qi T, Zhang YS, Hu CW, Yang HQ. Theoretical comparison of fructose with methylglucoside for the production of formate and levulinate catalyzed by Brønsted acids in a methanol solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16664-16673. [PMID: 38808589 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01455c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
For the conversion of fructose/methylglucoside (MG) into both methyl formate (MF) and methyl levulinate (MLev), the C-source of formate [HCOO]- remains unclear at the molecular level. Herein, reaction mechanisms catalyzed by [CH3OH2]+ in a methanol solution were theoretically investigated at the PBE0/6-311++G(d,p) level. For the conversion of fructose into MF and MLev, the formate [HCOO]- comes from the C1-atom of fructose, in which the rate-determining step lies in the reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with CH3OH to yield MF and MLev. The reaction of fructose with CH3OH kinetically tends to generate HMF intermediates rather than yield (MF + MLev). When MG is dissolved in a methanol solution, its O2, O3, and O4 atoms are closer to the first layer of the solvent than O1, O5, and O6 atoms. For the dehydration of MG with methanol into MF and MLev, the formate [HCOO]- stems from the dominant C1- and secondary C3-atoms of MG. Kinetically, MG is ready to yield (MF + MLev), whereas fructose can induce the reaction to remain at the HMF intermediate, inhibiting the further conversion of HMF with CH3OH into MF and MLev. If MG isomerizes into fructose, the reaction will be more preferable for yielding HMF rather than (MF + MLev).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Han-Yun Min
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Yin-Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
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Min HY, Xiong JS, Liu TH, Fu S, Hu CW, Yang HQ. Mechanism of CO 2 in promoting the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone catalyzed by RuCl 3 in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14613-14623. [PMID: 38739028 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A Ru-containing complex shows good catalytic performance toward the hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) with the assistance of organic base ligands (OBLs) and CO2. Herein, we report the competitive mechanisms for the hydrogenation of LA to GVL, 4-oxopentanal (OT), and 2-methyltetrahydro-2,5-furandiol (MFD) with HCOOH or H2 as the H source catalyzed by RuCl3 in aqueous solution at the M06/def2-TZVP, 6-311++G(d,p) theoretical level. Kinetically, the hydrodehydration of LA to GVL is predominant, with OT and MFD as side products. With HCOOH as the H source, initially, the OBL (triethylamine, pyridine, or triphenylphosphine) is responsible for capturing H+ from HCOOH, leading to HCOO- and [HL]+. Next, the Ru3+ site is in charge of sieving H- from HCOO-, yielding [RuH]2+ hydride and CO2. Alternatively, with H2 as the H source, the OBL stimulates the heterolysis of H-H bond with the aid of Ru3+ active species, producing [RuH]2+ and [HL]+. Toward the [RuH]2+ formation, H2 as the H source exhibits higher activity than HCOOH as the H source in the presence of an OBL. Thereafter, H- in [RuH]2+ gets transferred to the unsaturated C site of ketone carbonyl in LA. Afterwards, the Ru3+ active species is capable of cleaving the C-OH bond in 4-hydroxyvaleric acid, yielding [RuOH]2+ hydroxide and GVL. Subsequently, CO2 promotes Ru-OH bond cleavage in [RuOH]2+, forming HCO3- and regenerating the Ru3+-active species owing to its Lewis acidity. Lastly, between the resultant HCO3- and [HL]+, a neutralization reaction occurs, generating H2O, CO2, and OBLs. Thus, the present study provides insights into the promotive roles of additives such as CO2 and OBLs in Ru-catalyzed hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yun Min
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Shan Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Ting-Hao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China.
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Xiong JS, Qi T, Hu YX, Yang HM, Zhu LF, Hu CW, Yang HQ. Cooperative Catalysis Mechanism of Brønsted and Lewis Acids from Al(OTf) 3 with Methanol for β-Cellobiose-to-Fructose Conversion: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6400-6411. [PMID: 37498222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Al-containing catalysts, e.g., Al(OTf)3, show good catalytic performance toward the conversion of cellulose to fructose in methanol solution. Here, we report the catalytic isomerization and alcoholysis mechanisms for the conversion of cellobiose to fructose at the PBE0/6-311++G(d,p), aug-cc-pVTZ theoretical level, combining the relevant experimental verifications of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectra. From the alcoholysis of Al(OTf)3 in methanol solution, the catalytically active species involves both the [CH3OH2]+ Brønsted acid and the [Al(CH3O)(OTf)(CH3OH)4]+ Lewis acid. There are two reaction pathways, i.e., one through glucose (glycosidic bond cleavage followed by isomerization, w-G) and another through cellobiulose (isomerization followed by glycosidic bond cleavage, w-L). The Lewis acid ([Al(CH3O)(OTf)(CH3OH)4]+) is responsible for the aldose-ketose tautomerization, while the Brønsted acid ([CH3OH2]+) is in charge of ring-opening, ring-closure, and glycosidic bond cleavage. For both w-G and w-L, the rate-determining steps are related to the intramolecular [1,2]-H shift between C1-C2 for the aldose-ketose tautomerization catalyzed by the [Al(CH3O)(OTf)(CH3OH)4]+ species. The Lewis acid ([Al(CH3O)(OTf)(CH3OH)4]+) exhibits higher catalytic activity toward the aldose-ketose tautomerization of glycosyl-chain-glucose to glycosyl-chain-fructose than that of chain-glucose to chain-fructose. Besides, the Brønsted acid ([CH3OH2]+) shows higher catalytic activity toward the glycosidic bond cleavage of cellobiulose than that of cellobiose. Kinetically, the w-L pathway is predominant, whereas the w-G pathway is minor. The theoretically proposed mechanism has been experimentally testified. These insights may advance on the novel design of the catalytic system toward the conversion of cellulose to fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Fang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Ren M, Liu Y, Zhang C, Guo Y, Song D. Fabrication of Brønsted acidic ionic liquids functionalized organosilica nanospheres for microwave-assisted fructose valorization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151761. [PMID: 34801500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) functionalized hollow organosilica nanospheres ([C3/4Im][OTs/OTf]-Si(Et)Si, C3/4 = Pr/BuSO3H) were synthesized by two steps. The process involved the preparation of hollow nanosphere supports via a toluene-swollen sol-gel co-condensation of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane and 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane in the presence of F127, and followed by a successive quaternary ammonization and protonation with imidazole, 1,3-propane/1,4-butane sultone and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid/p-toluenesulfonic acid. The adjustable acid property, hollow inner diameter (5-15 nm) and shell thickness (5-9 nm) of [C3/4Im][OTs/OTf]-Si(Et)Si are achieved by introducing different organic acids and controlling toluene concentration, respectively. The [C3/4Im][OTs/OTf]-Si(Et)Si were applied in selective conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) under microwave heating. Under the optimized conditions, the [C4Im][OTs]-Si(Et)Si3.0 nanospheres with the largest inner diameter and the smallest shell thickness exhibit the highest HMF yield (79.4%, 15 min) in fructose dehydration. And the [C3Im][OTf]-Si(Et)Si0.5 nanospheres with the highest acid strength possess the highest EMF yield (70.4%, 30 min) in fructose ethanolysis. The high Brønsted acid-site density and acid strength of [C3/4Im][OTs/OTf]-Si(Et)Si catalysts accompanied by high microwave heating energy lead to excellent dehydration/ethanolysis activity. The product selectivity strongly depended on the BAILs structures and morphological characteristics of the catalyst. More importantly, the [C3/4Im][OTs/OTf]-Si(Et)Si can be reused three times without changes in leaching of BAILs, due to strong covalent bond between BAILs and silicon/carbon framework. This work will provide a simple strategy of chemically bonded BAILs on suitable supports as efficient solid acids, and an approach of combining morphology-controlled solid acids with microwave-heating for catalytic conversion of biomass/derivatives to fuels and value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yihang Guo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Daiyu Song
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China.
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Liu X, Yu D, Luo H, Li C. Catalytic Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Biomass Sugars Toward Biofuel 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural. Front Chem 2022; 9:831102. [PMID: 35174143 PMCID: PMC8841350 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.831102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass into high-value chemicals through biorefineries is a requirement for sustainable development. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) contains polysaccharides and aromatic polymers and is one of the important raw materials for biorefineries. Hexose and pentose sugars can be obtained from LCB by effective pretreatment methods, and further converted into high-value chemicals and biofuels, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), γ-valerolactone (GVL), ethyl levulinate (EL), and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF). Among these biofuels, EMF has a high cetane number and superior oxidation stability. This mini-review summarizes the mechanism of several important processes of EMF production from LCB-derived sugars and the research progress of acid catalysts used in this reaction in recent years. The influence of the properties and structures of mono- and bi-functional acid catalysts on the selectivity of EMF from glucose were discussed, and the effect of reaction conditions on the yield of EMF was also introduced.
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Zhang L, Xing X, Sun R, Hu M. Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural using γ-AlOOH and CeO 2@B 2O 3 catalyst synergistic effect. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23118-23128. [PMID: 36090408 PMCID: PMC9380190 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01866g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) is a critical approach to the biorefinery. In this work, solid acid catalysts of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 were used to convert carbohydrates to EMF in a one-pot process, performed in an ethanol/DMSO solvent system. The synergistic effect of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 was studied. Furthermore, the morpho-structural properties of the catalysts were characterized, and the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst load, and the amount of cosolvent on the conversion of glucose to EMF were examined and optimized. Under the reaction conditions of 170 °C for 20 h, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, inulin and starch were used as raw materials, and the EMF yield range was 9.2–27.7%. The results showed that the synergistic effect of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 further causes the combination of multiple acid sites with different types and strength distributions. Particularly, the collaboration between weak, medium-strong, and strong acid, as well as between Lewis and Brønsted acidity, is of great significance for EMF generation. The reusability experiments showed that the combined catalytic system was easily separated and maintained catalytic activity for five successive reactions without further intermediate regeneration steps. This work provides a promising route for the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into EMF. γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 solid acid catalysts were synthesized for the one-pot selective conversion of carbohydrates into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural under their synergistic catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xing
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Ruijun Sun
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Meng Hu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Sun R, Yi S. Sulfonic acid-functionalized PCP(Cr) catalysts with Cr 3+ and -SO 3H sites for 5-ethoxymethylfurfural production from glucose. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33969-33979. [PMID: 35497290 PMCID: PMC9042387 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) has been identified as a potential biofuel and fuel additive, for which the production from glucose (the most abundant and inexpensive monosaccharide) in a one-step process would be highly desirable. Here, the synthesis of sulfonic acid-functionalized porous coordination polymers (PCPs) and their application as catalysts for EMF synthesis are reported. PCP(Cr)-BA (PCP material with Cr3+ ions and H2BDC-SO3H linkers) and PCP(Cr)-NA (PCP material with Cr3+ ions and H2NDC(SO3H)2 linkers) materials containing both Cr3+ sites and Brønsted-acidic -SO3H sites were prepared. The morphology, pore structure, acidity, chemical composition, and thermal stability of the two functionalized PCP(Cr) catalysts were analyzed by systematic characterization. The catalysts featured a porous morphology and dual Cr3+ and -SO3H sites, which enabled the cascade conversion of glucose to EMF. PCP(Cr)-BA exhibited higher performance than PCP(Cr)-NA with an EMF yield of 23.1% in the conversion of glucose at 140 °C after 22 h in an ethanol/water system. In addition, the as-prepared catalyst exhibited a high stability in the current catalytic system for EMF production from glucose with a constant catalytic activity in a four-run recycling test without an intermediate regeneration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 P. R. China +86 29 82205652 +86 29 82205652
| | - Yuting Liu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 P. R. China +86 29 82205652 +86 29 82205652
| | - Ruijun Sun
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 P. R. China +86 29 82205652 +86 29 82205652
| | - Simin Yi
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 P. R. China +86 29 82205652 +86 29 82205652
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Wang S, Chen Y, Jia Y, Xu G, Chang C, Guo Q, Tao H, Zou C, Li K. Experimental and theoretical studies on glucose conversion in ethanol solution to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate catalyzed by a Brønsted acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19729-19739. [PMID: 34524307 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02986j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of glucose conversion to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) (value-added chemicals from biomass) in ethanol solution catalyzed by a Brønsted acid is limited at present. Consequently, here, the reaction pathways and mechanism of glucose conversion to EMF and EL catalyzed by a Brønsted acid were studied, using an experimental method and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(D) and B2PLYPD3/Def2TZVP level under a polarized continuum model (PCM-SMD). By further verification through GC/MS tests, the mechanism and reaction pathways of glucose conversion in ethanol solution catalyzed by a Brønsted acid were revealed, showing that glucose is catalyzed by proton and ethanol, and ethanol plays a bridging role in the process of proton transfer. There are three main reaction pathways: through glucose and ethyl glucoside (G/EG), through fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), and EL (G/F/H/L/EL), and through fructose, HMF, EMF, and EL (G/F/H/E/EL). The G/F/H/E/EL pathway with an energy barrier of 20.8 kcal mol-1 is considered as the thermodynamic and kinetics primary way, in which the reaction rate of this is highly related to the proton transfer in the isomerization of glucose to fructose. The intermediate HMF was formed from O5 via a ring-opening reaction and by the dehydration of fructose, and was further converted to the main product of EMF by etherification or by LA through hydrolysis. EMF and LA are both unstable, and can partially be transformed to EL. This study is beneficial for the insights aiding the understanding of the process and products controlling biomass conversion in ethanol solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yihang Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yu Jia
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guizhuan Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Biobased Chemicals, Puyang 457000, China
| | - Qianhui Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Hongge Tao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Caihong Zou
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Kai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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9
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Liu LJ, Wang ZM, Fu S, Si ZB, Huang Z, Liu TH, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Catalytic mechanism for the isomerization of glucose into fructose over an aluminium-MCM-41 framework. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Al-Containing MCM-41 catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity toward glucose-to-fructose isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Meng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Shuai Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Bing Si
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhou Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Ting-Hao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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10
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Si ZB, Xiong JS, Qi T, Yang HM, Min HY, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Theoretical study on molecular mechanism of aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformyfuran catalyzed by VO 2+ with counterpart anion in N, N-dimethylacetamide solution. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39888-39895. [PMID: 35494149 PMCID: PMC9044584 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium-containing catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity toward the aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformyfuran (DFF). The aerobic oxidation mechanism of HMF to DFF catalyzed by VO2+ with counterpart anion in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) solution have been theoretically investigated. In DMA solution, the stable VO2+-containing complex is the four-coordinated [V(O)2(DMA)2]+ species. For the gross reaction of 2HMF + O2 → 2DFF + 2H2O, there are three main reaction stages, i.e., the oxidation of the first HMF to DFF with the reduction of [V(O)2(DMA)2]+ to [V(OH)2(DMA)]+, the aerobic oxidation of [V(OH)2(DMA)]+ to the peroxide [V(O)3(DMA)]+, and the oxidation of the second HMF to DFF with the reduction of [V(O)3(DMA)]+ to [V(O)2(DMA)2]+. The rate-determining reaction step is associated with the C–H bond cleavage of –CH2 group of the first HMF molecule. The peroxide [V(O)3(DMA)]+ species exhibits better oxidative activity than the initial [V(O)2(DMA)2]+ species, which originates from its narrower HOMO–LUMO gap. The counteranion Cl− exerts promotive effect on the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DFF catalyzed by [V(O)2(DMA)2]+ species. The rate-determining reaction step is associated with the C–H bond cleavage of –CH2 group of the first HMF molecule oxidized by [V(O)2(DMA)2]+ species, while counteranion Cl− exhibits catalytically promotive effect.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Bing Si
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Shan Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Han-Yun Min
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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11
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Fu S, Wang ZM, Liu LJ, Liu TH, Li D, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Theoretical insight into the deoxygenation molecular mechanism of butyric acid catalyzed by a Ni 12P 6 cluster. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01234g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the deoxygenation of butyric acid catalyzed by Ni12P6 cluster, decreasing temperature is beneficial to butyraldehyde, n-butyl alcohol, and n-butane formation, and increasing temperature is preferable to propylene, propane, and butylene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Meng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Hao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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12
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Zhu L, Fu X, Hu Y, Hu C. Controlling the Reaction Networks for Efficient Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4812-4832. [PMID: 32667707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived hexose constitutes the main component of lignocellulosic biomass for producing value-added chemicals and biofuels. However, the reaction network of hexose is complicated, which makes the highly selective synthesis of one particular product challenging in biorefinery. This Review focuses on the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose on account of its potential significance as an important platform molecule. The complex reaction network involved in glucose-to-HMF transformations is briefly summarized. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing the complexities of feedstocks, intermediates, (side-) products, catalysts, solvents, and their impacts on the reaction network. The strategies and representative examples for adjusting the reaction pathway toward HMF by developing multifunctional catalysts and promoters, taking advantage of solvent effects and process intensification, and synergizing all measures are comprehensively discussed. An outlook is provided to highlight the challenges and opportunities faced in this promising field. It is expected to provide guidance to design practical catalytic processes for advancing HMF biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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13
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Qi T, Si ZB, Liu LJ, Yang HM, Huang Z, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Mechanistic study of cellobiose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by a Brønsted acid with counteranions in an aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9349-9361. [PMID: 32309835 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of the cooperativity of a Brønsted acid together with its anion for cellulose conversion in an aqueous solution is limited at present, in which cellobiose has usually been regarded as a bridge that connects monosaccharides and cellulose. The mechanism of β-cellobiose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by a Brønsted acid (H3O+) accompanied by counteranions in an aqueous solution has been studied using quantum chemical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level under a polarized continuum model (PCM-SMD). For the formation of the first HMF from cellobiose, there are three reaction pathways, i.e., through cellobiulose and glycosyl-HMF (C/H), through cellobiulose and fructose (C/F/H), and through glucose (C/G/H). For these three reaction pathways, the rate-determining steps are associated with the intramolecular [1,2]-H shift in the aldose-ketose tautomerization. C/H is the thermodynamically predominant pathway, while C/G/H is the kinetically dominant pathway. From cellobiose, the origin of the first HMF results kinetically from a small proportion of both C/H and C/F/H and from a large proportion of C/G/H. For the role of the counteranion in the catalytic activity of H3O+, the halide anions (Cl- and Br-) act as promoters, whereas both NO3- anions and carboxylate-containing anions behave as inhibitors. The roles of these anions in β-cellobiose conversion to HMF can be correlated with their electrostatic potential and atomic number, which may cause a decrease in the relative enthalpy energy and the value of entropy on interacting with the cation moiety. These insights may advance the novel design of sustainable conversion systems for cellulose conversion into HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China.
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14
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Fu X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Tang D, Zhu L, Hu C. Solvent Effects on Degradative Condensation Side Reactions of Fructose in Its Initial Conversion to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:501-512. [PMID: 31557412 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradative condensation of hexose, which originates from the C-C cleavage of hexose and condensation of degraded hexose fragment, is one of the possible reaction pathways for the formation of humins in hexose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Herein, the impacts of several polar aprotic solvents on the degradative condensation of fructose to small-molecule carboxylic acids and oligomers (possible precursors of humins) are reported. In particular, a close relationship between the tautomeric distribution of fructose in solvents and the mechanism of degradative condensation is demonstrated. Typically, α-fructofuranose in 1,4-dioxane and acyclic open-chain fructose in THF favor the conversion of fructose to formic acid and oligomers; α-fructopyranose in γ-valerolactone or N-methylpyrrolidone favors levulinic acid and oligomers, whereas β-fructopyranose in 4-methyl-2-pentanone favors acetic acid and corresponding oligomers. This close correlation highlights a general understanding of the solvent-controlled formation of oligomers, which represents an important step toward the rational design of effective solvent systems for HMF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P.R. China
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15
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Liu LJ, Wang ZM, Lyu YJ, Zhang JF, Huang Z, Qi T, Si ZB, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Catalytic mechanisms of oxygen-containing groups over vanadium active sites in an Al-MCM-41 framework for production of 2,5-diformylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the V-doped Al-MCM-41 framework, the [V-1] active site with a hydroxyl group displays better catalytic activity than the [V-0] active site without a hydroxyl group toward the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Meng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhou Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Bing Si
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
The use of solids acids in the synthesis of ethers suitable to be used as fuels or fuel additives were reviewed in a critical way. In particular, the role of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was highlighted to focus on the pivotal role of the acidity nature on the product distribution. Particular emphasis is given to the recently proposed ethers prepared starting from furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. Thus, they are very promising products that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass and bioalcohols and possess very interesting chemical and physical properties for their use in the diesel sector.
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17
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He J, Li H, Saravanamurugan S, Yang S. Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Sugars with Acidic Nanoporous Materials: Structural Role in Carbon-Chain Length Variation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:347-378. [PMID: 30407741 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Shifting from petroleum-based resources to inedible biomass for the production of valuable chemicals and fuels is one of the significant aspects in sustainable chemistry for realizing the sustainable development of our society. Various renowned biobased platform molecules, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, levulinic acid, and lactic acid, are successfully accessible from the transformation of biobased sugars. To achieve the specific reaction routes, heterogeneous nanoporous acidic materials have served as promising catalysts for the conversion of bio-sugars in the past decade. This Review summarizes advances in various nanoporous acidic materials for bio-sugar conversion, in which the number of carbon atoms is variable and controllable with the assistance of the switchable structure of nanoporous materials. The major focus of this Review is on possible reaction pathways/mechanisms and the relationships between catalyst structure and catalytic performance. Moreover, representative examples of catalytic upgrading of biobased platform molecules to biochemicals and fuels through selective C-C cleavage and coupling strategies over nanoporous acidic materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Shunmugavel Saravanamurugan
- Laboratory of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, 140 306, Punjab, India
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
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18
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Wang Q, Hou W, Meng T, Hou Q, Zhou Y, Wang J. Direct synthesis of 2,5-diformylfuran from carbohydrates via carbonizing polyoxometalate based mesoporous poly(ionic liquid). Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Wang ZM, Liu LJ, Xiang B, Wang Y, Lyu YJ, Qi T, Si ZB, Yang HQ, Hu CW. The design and catalytic performance of molybdenum active sites on an MCM-41 framework for the aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity decreases as –(SiO)3Mo(OH)(O) > –(SiO)2Mo(O)2 > –(O)4–MoO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Meng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Bo Xiang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Bing Si
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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20
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Hu L, Xu J, Zhou S, He A, Tang X, Lin L, Xu J, Zhao Y. Catalytic Advances in the Production and Application of Biomass-Derived 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Jiaxing Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Shouyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Aiyong He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Yijiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
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21
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Bodachivskyi I, Kuzhiumparambil U, Williams DBG. Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Carbohydrates into Value-Added Small Molecules in Aqueous Media and Ionic Liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:642-660. [PMID: 29250912 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201702016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is the only realistic major alternative source (to crude oil) of hydrocarbon substrates for the commercial synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. Within biomass, terrestrial sources are the most accessible, and therein lignocellulosic materials are most abundant. Although lignin shows promise for the delivery of certain types of organic molecules, cellulose is a biopolymer with significant potential for conversion into high-volume and high-value chemicals. This review covers the acid-catalyzed conversion of lower value (poly)carbohydrates into valorized organic building-block chemicals (platform molecules). It focuses on those conversions performed in aqueous media or ionic liquids to provide the reader with a perspective on what can be considered a best case scenario, that is, that the overall process is as sustainable as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Bodachivskyi
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | | | - D Bradley G Williams
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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22
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Lyu YJ, Qi T, Yang HQ, Hu CW. Performance of edges on carbon for the catalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The defect site plays an essential role in hydroxyl radical formation from H2O2, which is the rate-controlling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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