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Cao J, Zhao F, Li C, Zhao Q, Gao L, Ma T, Xu H, Ren X, Liu A. Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Urea: An In-depth Investigation from Material Modification to Mechanism Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403412. [PMID: 38934550 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Industrial urea synthesis production uses NH3 from the Haber-Bosch method, followed by the reaction of NH3 with CO2, which is an energy-consuming technique. More thorough evaluations of the electrocatalytic C-N coupling reaction are needed for the urea synthesis development process, catalyst design, and the underlying reaction mechanisms. However, challenges of adsorption and activation of reactant and suppression of side reactions still hinder its development, making the systematic review necessary. This review meticulously outlines the progress in electrochemical urea synthesis by utilizing different nitrogen (NO3 -, N2, NO2 -, and N2O) and carbon (CO2 and CO) sources. Additionally, it delves into advanced methods in materials design, such as doping, facet engineering, alloying, and vacancy introduction. Furthermore, the existing classes of urea synthesis catalysts are clearly defined, which include 2D nanomaterials, materials with Mott-Schottky structure, materials with artificially frustrated Lewis pairs, single-atom catalysts (SACs), and heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts (HDACs). A comprehensive analysis of the benefits, drawbacks, and latest developments in modern urea detection techniques is discussed. It is aspired that this review will serve as a valuable reference for subsequent designs of highly efficient electrocatalysts and the development of strategies to enhance the performance of electrochemical urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Qidong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Liguo Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Tingli Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Anmin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
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Yu XY, Huang ZQ, Ban T, Xu YH, Liu ZW, Chang CR. Finding Natural, Dense, and Stable Frustrated Lewis Pairs on Wurtzite Crystal Surfaces for Small-Molecule Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405405. [PMID: 38578834 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs) open up new opportunities for substituting noble metals in the activation and conversion of stable molecules. However, the applications of SFLPs on a larger scale are impeded by the complex construction process, low surface density, and sensitivity to the reaction environment. Herein, wurtzite-structured crystals such as GaN, ZnO, and AlP are found for developing natural, dense, and stable SFLPs. It is revealed that the SFLPs can naturally exist on the (100) and (110) surfaces of wurtzite-structured crystals. All the surface cations and anions serve as the Lewis acid and Lewis base in SFLPs, respectively, contributing to the surface density of SFLPs as high as 7.26×1014 cm-2. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the SFLPs can keep stable under high temperatures and the reaction atmospheres of CO and H2O. Moreover, outstanding performance for activating the given small molecules is achieved on these natural SFLPs, which originates from the optimal orbital overlap between SFLPs and small molecules. Overall, these findings not only provide a simple method to obtain dense and stable SFLPs but also unfold the nature of SFLPs toward the facile activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tao Ban
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yun-Hua Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chun-Ran Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
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Jing R, Lu X, Wang J, Xiong J, Qiao Y, Zhang R, Yu Z. CeO 2-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs via Defective Engineering: Formation Theory, Site Characterization, and Small Molecule Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310926. [PMID: 38239093 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Activation of small molecules is considered to be a central concern in the theoretical investigation of environment- and energy-related catalytic conversions. Sub-nanostructured frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been an emerging research hotspot in recent years due to their advantages in small molecule activation. Although the progress of catalytic applications of FLPs is increasingly reported, the fundamental theories related to the structural formation, site regulation, and catalytic mechanism of FLPs have not yet been fully developed. Given this, it is attempted to demonstrate the underlying theory of FLPs formation, corresponding regulation methods, and its activation mechanism on small molecules using CeO2 as the representative metal oxide. Specifically, this paper presents three fundamental principles for constructing FLPs on CeO2 surfaces, and feasible engineering methods for the regulation of FLPs sites are presented. Furthermore, cases where typical small molecules (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane oxygen, etc.) are activated over FLPs are analyzed. Meanwhile, corresponding future challenges for the development of FLPs-centered theory are presented. The insights presented in this paper may contribute to the theories of FLPs, which can potentially provide inspiration for the development of broader environment- and energy-related catalysis involving small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, P.R. China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, P.R. China
| | - Yina Qiao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P.R. China
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4
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Huang ZQ, Su X, Yu XY, Ban T, Gao X, Chang CR. Theoretical Perspective on the Design of Surface Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Small-Molecule Activation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5436-5444. [PMID: 38743952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The excellent reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) to activate small molecules has gained increasing attention in recent decades. Though the development of surface FLP (SFLP) is prompting the application of FLP in the chemical industry, the design of SFLP with superior activity, high density, and excellent stability for small-molecule activation is still challenging. Herein, we review the progress of designing SFLP by surface engineering, screening natural SFLP, and the dynamic formation of SFLP from theoretical perspectives. We highlight the breakthrough in fine-tuning the activity, density, and stability of the designed SFLP studied by using computational methods. We also discuss future challenges and directions in designing SFLP with outstanding capabilities for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qing Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xue Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xi-Yang Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Tao Ban
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chun-Ran Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
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Zou Y, Xia Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Qu Y. Regulation of frustrated Lewis pairs on CeO 2 facilitates tandem transformation of styrene and CO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11855-11858. [PMID: 37721202 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) site of (Ce, Ce)-O on the CeO2(110) surface undergoes reconstruction to form (La, Ce)-O upon La-doping. The FLP site of (La, Ce)-O with the tailored local Lewis acid-base property and increased spatial distance between the Lewis acid and base facilitates the tandem transformation of styrene and CO2 through the weakened adsorption of CO2 while maintaining activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zhaoming Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - You Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Sai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yongquan Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Yan H, Liu B, Zhou X, Meng F, Zhao M, Pan Y, Li J, Wu Y, Zhao H, Liu Y, Chen X, Li L, Feng X, Chen D, Shan H, Yang C, Yan N. Enhancing polyol/sugar cascade oxidation to formic acid with defect rich MnO 2 catalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4509. [PMID: 37495568 PMCID: PMC10372030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of renewable polyol/sugar into formic acid using molecular O2 over heterogeneous catalysts is still challenging due to the insufficient activation of both O2 and organic substrates on coordination-saturated metal oxides. In this study, we develop a defective MnO2 catalyst through a coordination number reduction strategy to enhance the aerobic oxidation of various polyols/sugars to formic acid. Compared to common MnO2, the tri-coordinated Mn in the defective MnO2 catalyst displays the electronic reconstruction of surface oxygen charge state and rich surface oxygen vacancies. These oxygen vacancies create more Mnδ+ Lewis acid site together with nearby oxygen as Lewis base sites. This combined structure behaves much like Frustrated Lewis pairs, serving to facilitate the activation of O2, as well as C-C and C-H bonds. As a result, the defective MnO2 catalyst shows high catalytic activity (turnover frequency: 113.5 h-1) and formic acid yield (>80%) comparable to noble metal catalysts for glycerol oxidation. The catalytic system is further extended to the oxidation of other polyols/sugars to formic acid with excellent catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yining Wu
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Lina Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - De Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Honghong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chaohe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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Highly Efficient Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Hydrophobically Modified Core-Shell Defective ZIFs: Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysis. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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8
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Ban T, Yu XY, Kang HZ, Huang ZQ, Li J, Chang CR. Design of SA-FLP Dual Active Sites for Nonoxidative Coupling of Methane. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ban
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xi-Yang Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hao-Zhe Kang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun-Ran Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
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9
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Stephan DW. Diverse Uses of the Reaction of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) with Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20002-20014. [PMID: 34786935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The articulation of the notion of "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLPs) emerged from the discovery that H2 can be reversibly activated by combinations of sterically encumbered main group Lewis acids and bases. This has prompted numerous studies focused on various perturbations of the Lewis acid/base combinations and the applications to organic reductions. This Perspective focuses on the new directions and developments that are emerging from this FLP chemistry involving hydrogen. Three areas are discussed including new applications and approaches to FLP reductions, the reductions of small molecules, and the advances in heterogeneous FLP systems. These foci serve to illustrate that despite having its roots in main group chemistry, this simple concept of FLPs is being applied across the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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10
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Lu C, Wu W, Zhou H. In situ fabrication of BiOBr/BiFeWO6 heterojunction with excellent photodegradation activity under visible light. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Zhao S, Lin L, Huang W, Zhang R, Wang D, Mu R, Fu Q, Bao X. Design of Lewis Pairs via Interface Engineering of Oxide-Metal Composite Catalyst for Water Activation. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1443-1452. [PMID: 33523659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rational design and controlled construction of active centers remain grand challenges in heterogeneous catalysis, in particular for oxide catalysts with complex surface and interface structures. This work describes a facile way in the design of highly active Ni-O Lewis pairs for water activation where Ni and O sites act as Lewis acid and base, respectively. Surface science experiments indicate that dissociative adsorption of water occurs at edges of NiOx nanoislands grown on Au(111) and NiOx-Ni interfaces formed by further depositing metallic Ni layers along the edges of NiOx nanoislands. Enhanced activity of Ni-O Lewis pairs at the NiOx-Ni interface has been demonstrated by theoretical calculations, which are attributed to the higher Lewis acidity of metallic Ni sites and synergy of the metal and oxide components. Moreover, proton can migrate away from the NiOx-Ni interface and refresh the O base sites, leading to further hydroxylation of the neighboring Ni acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wugen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rankun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rentao Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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