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Sabisch S, Kakiuchi Y, Docherty SR, Yakimov AV, Copéret C. Geometry and Local Environment of Surface Sites in Vanadium-Based Ziegler-Natta Catalysts from 51V Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25595-25603. [PMID: 37962437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence over 50 years ago, the structure of surface sites in Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which are responsible for a major fraction of the world's supply of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), has remained elusive. This is in part due to the complexity of these systems that involve multiple synthetic steps and components, namely, the MgCl2 support, a transition-metal chloride, and several organic modifiers, known as donors, that are used prior and in some instances during the activation step with alkyl aluminum. Due to the favorable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of V and its use in Ziegler-Natta catalysts, we utilize 51V solid-state NMR spectroscopy to investigate the structure of VOCl3 on MgCl2(thf)1.5. The resulting catalyst shows ethylene polymerization activity similar to that of its Ti analogues. Using carefully benchmarked density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the experimental 51V NMR signature was analyzed to elucidate the structure of the surface sites. Using this approach, we demonstrate that the 51V NMR signature contains information about the coordination environment, i.e., the type of ancillary ligand, and the morphology of the MgCl2 support. Analysis of the NMR signature shows that the adsorption of VOCl3 on MgCl2(thf)1.5 generates a well-defined hexacoordinated V-oxo species containing one alkoxy and four chloride ligands, whose local geometry results from the interaction with an amorphous MgCl2 surface. This study illustrates how NMR spectroscopy, which is highly sensitive to the local environment of the investigated nuclei, here V, enables us to identify the exact coordination sphere and to address the effect of the support morphology on surface site structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sabisch
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuya Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Scott R Docherty
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander V Yakimov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Matsko M, Zakharov V. Heterogeneity of Active Sites in the Polymer Chain Transfer Reactions at Olefin Polymerization over Multisite Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4316. [PMID: 37959996 PMCID: PMC10649598 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss our experimental data published in a number of papers on the transfer reactions of polymer chains in the polymerization of ethylene, propylene, and hexene-1, and the copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins over multisite supported titanium-magnesium catalysts (TMC). Three groups of transfer reactions are discussed in the review: (1) transfer reactions with AlEt3 cocatalyst, (2) transfer reactions with hydrogen, and (3) transfer reactions with participation of α-olefins in the case of ethylene copolymerization with α-olefins. We have found polymerization conditions where it is possible to observe heterogeneity of active sites of TMC for all three groups of the indicated reactions. It is shown that (1) the transfer reaction with AlEt3 proceeds with higher reactivity on the active sites that produce polymers with low molecular weight; (2) the transfer reaction with hydrogen, in the case of α-olefin polymerization and copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins, proceeds with higher reactivity on the active sites which produce polymers with high molecular weight; (3) the transfer reaction with α-olefins proceed with higher reactivity on the active sites that produce high molecular weight polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Matsko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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3
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A Brief Review on Selected Applications of Hybrid Materials Based on Functionalized Cage-like Silsesquioxanes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061452. [PMID: 36987231 PMCID: PMC10056089 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid developments in materials engineering are accompanied by the equally rapid development of new technologies, which are now increasingly used in various branches of our life. The current research trend concerns the development of methods for obtaining new materials engineering systems and searching for relationships between the structure and physicochemical properties. A recent increase in the demand for well-defined and thermally stable systems has highlighted the importance of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) architectures. This short review focuses on these two groups of silsesquioxane-based materials and their selected applications. This fascinating field of hybrid species has attracted considerable attention due to their daily applications with unique capabilities and their great potential, among others, in biomaterials as components of hydrogel networks, components in biofabrication techniques, and promising building blocks of DDSQ-based biohybrids. Moreover, they constitute attractive systems applied in materials engineering, including flame retardant nanocomposites and components of the heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta-type catalytic system.
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Takasao G, Wada T, Chikuma H, Chammingkwan P, Terano M, Taniike T. Preventing Premature Convergence in Evolutionary Structure Determination of Complex Molecular Systems: Demonstration in Few-Nanometer-Sized TiCl 4-Capped MgCl 2 Nanoplates. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5215-5221. [PMID: 35917521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of genetic algorithm-based global search and local geometry optimization enables nonempirical structure determination for complex materials such as practical solid catalysts. However, premature convergence in the genetic algorithm hinders the determination of the global minimum for complicated molecular systems. Here, we implemented a distributed genetic algorithm based on the migration from a structure database for avoiding the premature convergence, and thus we realized the structure determination for TiCl4-capped MgCl2 nanoplates with experimentally consistent sizes. The obtained molecular models are featured with a realistic size and nonideal surfaces, representing actual primary particles of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Toru Wada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Chikuma
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chammingkwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Minoru Terano
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Rocca R, Sgroi MF, Camino B, D’Amore M, Ferrari AM. Disordered Rock-Salt Type Li2TiS3 as Novel Cathode for LIBs: A Computational Point of View. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111832. [PMID: 35683690 PMCID: PMC9181842 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-energy cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries with low content of critical raw materials, such as cobalt and nickel, plays a key role in the progress of lithium-ion batteries technology. In recent works, a novel and promising family of lithium-rich sulfides has received attention. Among the possible structures and arrangement, cubic disordered Li2TiS3 has shown interesting properties, also for the formulation of new cell for all-solid-state batteries. In this work, a computational approach based on DFT hybrid Hamiltonian, localized basis functions and the use of the periodic CRYSTAL code, has been set up. The main goal of the present study is to determine accurate structural, electronic, and spectroscopic properties for this class of materials. Li2TiS3 precursors as Li2S, TiS2, and TiS3 alongside other formulations and structures such as LiTiS2 and monoclinic Li2TiS3 have been selected as benchmark systems and used to build up a consistent and robust predictive scheme. Raman spectra, XRD patterns, electronic band structures, and density of states have been simulated and compared to available literature data. Disordered rock-salt type Li2TiS3 structures have been derived via a solid solution method as implemented into the CRYSTAL code. Representative structures were extensively characterized through the calculations of their electronic and vibrational properties. Furthermore, the correlation between structure and Raman fingerprint was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rocca
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
- Centro Ricerche FIAT S.C.p.A., 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
- Correspondence: or (R.R.); (A.M.F.)
| | | | - Bruno Camino
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Maddalena D’Amore
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: or (R.R.); (A.M.F.)
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7
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Effect of Internal Donors on Raman and IR Spectroscopic Fingerprints of MgCl2/TiCl4 Nanoclusters Determined by Machine Learning and DFT. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030909. [PMID: 35160857 PMCID: PMC8840012 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To go deep into the origin of MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalysis we need to fully understand the structure and properties of precatalytic nanoclusters MgCl2/TiCl4 in presence of Lewis bases as internal donors (ID). In this work MgCl2/TiCl4 nanoplatelets derived by machine learning and DFT calculations have been used to model the interaction with ethyl-benzoate EB as ID, with available exposed sites of binary TixCly/MgCl2 systems. The influence of vicinal Ti2Cl8 and coadsorbed TiCl4 on energetic, structural and spectroscopic behaviour of EB has been considered. The adsorption of homogeneous-like TiCl4EB and TiCl4(EB)2 at the various surface sites have been also simulated. B3LYP-D2 and M06 functionals combined with TZVP quality basis set have been adopted for calculations. The adducts have been characterized by computing IR and Raman spectra that have been found to provide specific fingerprints useful to identify surface species; IR spectra have been successfully compared to available experimental data.
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8
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Piovano A, Wada T, Amodio A, Takasao G, Ikeda T, Zhu D, Terano M, Chammingkwan P, Groppo E, Taniike T. Formation of Highly Active Ziegler–Natta Catalysts Clarified by a Multifaceted Characterization Approach. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toru Wada
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Alessia Amodio
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Dongzhi Zhu
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Minoru Terano
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chammingkwan
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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9
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Piovano A, Signorile M, Braglia L, Torelli P, Martini A, Wada T, Takasao G, Taniike T, Groppo E. Electronic Properties of Ti Sites in Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Toru Wada
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Liang P, Li W, Chen Y, Dong C, Zhou Q, Feng Y, Chen M, Dai J, Ren C, Jiang B, Wang J, Yang Y. Revealing the Dynamic Behaviors of Tetrahydrofuran for Tailoring the Active Species of Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Chuanding Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Congjing Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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11
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Liang P, Chen Y, Ren C, Chen M, Jiang B, Wang J, Yang Y, Li W. Efficient Synthesis of Low-Polydispersity UHMWPE by Elevating Active Sites on Anchored POSS Molecules. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Congjing Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Mei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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12
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Structural Disorder of Mechanically Activated δ-MgCl2 Studied by Synchrotron X-ray Total Scattering and Vibrational Spectroscopy. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of synchrotron X-ray total scattering and molecular simulation is a powerful approach for reliable determination of the structure of δ-MgCl2 as an indispensable component of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts. Here, the same approach is applied to mechanically activated MgCl2. Four types of mechanically activated MgCl2 samples are prepared using ball-milling in the absence and presence of different donors. The development of structural disorder along the grinding time is compared. It was found that the presence of donors accelerates the formation of δ-MgCl2 in an early stage of grinding, while elongated grinding eventually results in δ-MgCl2 with similar extents of structural disorder in the absence and presence of different donors. The FT-IR investigation consistently verified the morphological similarity between the firmly ground samples. Thus, the structure of δ-MgCl2 is likely governed by mechanical energy when sufficiently ground.
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13
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Piovano A, Zarupski J, Groppo E. Disclosing the Interaction between Carbon Monoxide and Alkylated Ti 3+ Species: a Direct Insight into Ziegler-Natta Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5632-5637. [PMID: 32584046 PMCID: PMC8008442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field of Ziegler-Natta catalysis for olefin polymerization, carbon monoxide (CO) is used in the industrial practice to quench the reaction when it proceeds too fast, approaching critical levels for the plant safety. The quenching effect is explained as due to the reversible coordination of CO to the titanium active sites, but no direct evidence has been ever reported. In this work, we designed a series of experiments to monitor CO adsorption at variable temperatures on a model Ziegler-Natta catalyst by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. For the first time, we have been able to spectroscopically detect CO coordinated to alkylated Ti3+ sites and the Ti-acyl species formed upon the subsequent insertion of CO into the Ti3+-alkyl bond, both in the absence and in the presence of the olefin monomer. In perspective, this has important implications for the characterization of the active sites in industrial Ziegler-Natta catalysts, even under working conditions.
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14
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Yu Y, McKenna TFL, Boisson C, Lacerda Miranda MS, Martins O. Engineering Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) through Modulating the Active Species by Alkylaluminum. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Olavo Martins
- Braskem SA, Global Catalysis, I&T E&P, 95853-000 Triunfo, Brazil
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15
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Li W, Wang N, Cao Y, Tang X, Dong C. A robust immobilization strategy in the nano-dispersed Ziegler–Natta catalyst: non-covalent O–Ti coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10843-10846. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A robust non-covalent O–Ti bond facilitates the synthesis of polyethylene with a narrow distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanding Dong
- Department of Physics
- Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
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