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Liu D, Kuang Y. Particle-Based Photoelectrodes for PEC Water Splitting: Concepts and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311692. [PMID: 38619834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process, specifically focusing on the design, fabrication, and optimization of particle-based photoelectrodes for efficient green hydrogen production. These photoelectrodes, composed of semiconductor materials, potentially harness light energy and generate charge carriers, driving water oxidation and reduction reactions. The versatility of particle-based photoelectrodes as a platform for investigating and enhancing various semiconductor candidates is explored, particularly the emerging complex oxides with compelling charge transfer properties. However, the challenges presented by many factors influencing the performance and stability of these photoelectrodes, including particle size, shape, composition, morphology, surface modification, and electrode configuration, are highlighted. The review introduces the fundamental principles of semiconductor photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting, presents an exhaustive overview of different synthesis methods for semiconductor powders and their assembly into photoelectrodes, and discusses recent advances and challenges in photoelectrode material development. It concludes by offering promising strategies for improving photoelectrode performance and stability, such as the adoption of novel architectures and heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yongbo Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A)Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang X, Zhang B, Zhang J, Jiang X, Liu K, Wang H, Yuan X, Xu H, Zheng Y, Ma G, Zhong C. Conformal and conductive biofilm-bridged artificial Z-scheme system for visible light-driven overall water splitting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6211. [PMID: 38865453 PMCID: PMC11168464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Semi-artificial Z-scheme systems offer promising potential toward efficient solar-to-chemical conversion, yet sustainable and stable designs are currently lacking. Here, we developed a sustainable hybrid Z-scheme system capable for visible light-driven overall water splitting by integrating the durability of inorganic photocatalysts with the interfacial adhesion and regenerative property of bacterial biofilms. The Z-scheme configuration is fabricated by drop casting a mixture of photocatalysts onto a glass plate, followed by the growth of biofilms for conformal conductive paste through oxidative polymerization of pyrrole molecules. Notably, the system exhibited scalability indicated by consistent catalytic efficiency across various sheet areas, resistance observed by remarkable maintaining of photocatalytic efficiency across a range of background pressures, and high stability as evidenced by minimal decay of photocatalytic efficiency after 100-hour reaction. Our work thus provides a promising avenue toward sustainable and high-efficiency artificial photosynthesis, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable energy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jicong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yijun Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guijun Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Tang Y, Liu K, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang H, Liu M, Zhang J, Ma G. A Visible Light-Responsive TiO 2 Photocathode Achieved by a Rh Dopant. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6166-6173. [PMID: 38836599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Developing an efficient and stable photocathode material for photoelectrochemical solar water splitting remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of rutile TiO2 as a photocathode by Rh doping with visible light absorption up to 640 nm and an onset potential of 0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. The dopant transforms the rutile host from an n-type semiconductor to a p-type one, as confirmed by the Mott-Schottky curve and kelvin probe force microscopy. Physical and photoelectrochemical analyses further suggest that the doping mechanism is dependent on concentration. Lower levels of dopants generate localized Rh3+, while higher levels favor Rh4+ that interacts more strongly with the O 2p orbitals. The latter is found not only to extend the visible light absorption range but also to facilitate charge transport. This work elucidates the role of the Rh dopant in adjusting the photoelectrochemical behavior of TiO2, and it provides a promising photocathode material for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Tang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jifang Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Guijun Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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Shi K, Zhang B, Liu K, Zhang J, Ma G. Rhodium-Doped Barium Titanate Perovskite as a Stable p-Type Photocathode in Solar Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47754-47763. [PMID: 37769117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Solar water splitting from a p-n-conjugated photoelectrochemical (PEC) system is a promising way to produce hydrogen sustainably. At present, finding a compatible p-type photocathode material for the p-n system remains a great challenge in consideration of the photocurrent and stability. This paper highlighted a promising candidate, Rh/BaTiO3, by switching BaTiO3 from an n-type photoanode to a p-type photocathode upon Rh doping. The dopant activated visible light absorption up to 550 nm and an onset potential as high as 1.0 V (vs RHE). Using surface photovoltage spectroscopy as a powerful characterization tool, the n- to p-type transition of the semiconductor was studied and explained microscopically by which we quantitatively isolated the cathodic contribution caused by the Rh dopant. Unbiased overall solar water splitting was accomplished by serially connecting the Pt/Rh/BaTiO3 photocathode to a CoOx/Mo/BiVO4 photoanode, which produced a solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of 0.1% and an excellent stability over 100 h of operation at ambient pressure. This work revealed the key role that the Rh dopant played in the n- to p-type adjustment of titanate semiconductors and demonstrated its great potential for application in PEC water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jifang Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Guijun Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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Wang B, Li P, Hao H, He H, Cai H, Shang F, An B, Li X, Yang S. The Construction of Phosphorus-Doped g-C 3N 4/Rh-Doped SrTiO 3 with Type-II Band Alignment for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4428. [PMID: 36558283 PMCID: PMC9782634 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to promote charge separation in photocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. In this work, a type-II heterostructured photocatalyst was constructed by compositing phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 (P-CN) and Rh-doped SrTiO3 (Rh-STO) via a thermal calcination treatment. A series of characterizations were conducted to investigate the structure of heterostructured P-CN/Rh-STO. It was found that Rh-STO interacted with in situ generated P atoms from the decomposition of P-CN during the calcination process, thus leading to the formation of heterojunction of P-CN/Rh-STO. Compared with the single component, i.e., P-CN or Rh-STO, the obtained P-CN/Rh-STO showed superior photocatalytic activity to that of both P-CN and Rh-STO due to the effective charge separation across the heterojunction between P-CN and Rh-STO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Performance Improvement, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hanjing Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Huijie He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hairui Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Fanfan Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Bei An
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Shengchun Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Advanced Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Performance Improvement, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 West Xianning Road, Xi’an 710049, China
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Boosting Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by Au@Pt modified ZnO/CdS with Synergy of Au-S Bonds and Surface Plasmon Resonance. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang B, Liu K, Xiang Y, Wang J, Lin W, Guo M, Ma G. Facet-Oriented Assembly of Mo:BiVO4 and Rh:SrTiO3 Particles: Integration of p–n Conjugated Photo-electrochemical System in a Particle Applied to Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenrui Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Mei Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Guijun Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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Wong CPP, Lai CW, Lee KM, Pan GT, Huang CM, Juan JC, Yang TCK. Enhancement of discharge capacity and energy density by oxygen vacancies in nickel doped SrTiO3 as cathode for rechargeable alkaline zinc battery. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kumar D, Sharma S, Khare N. RGO nanosheets coupled NaNbO3 nanorods based nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting activity. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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