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Kormanyos A, Büttner P, Bosch M, Minichova M, Körner A, Jenewein KJ, Hutzler A, Mayrhofer KJJ, Bachmann J, Cherevko S. Stability of Bimetallic Pt xRu y - From Model Surfaces to Nanoparticulate Electrocatalysts. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:286-299. [PMID: 38737117 PMCID: PMC11083114 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research campaigns in electrocatalysis often involve the use of model systems, such as single crystals or magnetron-sputtered thin films (single metals or metal alloys). The downsides of these approaches are that oftentimes only a limited number of compositions are picked and tested (guided by chemical intuition) and that the validity of trends is not verified under operating conditions typically present in real devices. These together can lead to deficient conclusions, hampering the direct application of newly discovered systems in real devices. In this contribution, the stability of magnetron-sputtered bimetallic PtxRuy thin film electrocatalysts (0 at. % to 100 at. % Ru content) along with three commercially available carbon-supported counterparts (50-67 at. % Ru content) was mapped under electrocatalytic conditions in acidic electrolytes using online ICP-MS. We found several differences between the two systems in the amount of metals dissolved along with the development of the morphology and composition. While the Pt-rich PtxRuy compositions remained unchanged, 30-50 nm diameter surface pits were detected in the case of the Ru-rich sputtered thin films. Contrastingly, the surface of the carbon-supported NPs enriched in Pt accompanied by the leaching of a significant amount of Ru from the alloy structure was observed. Change in morphology was accompanied by a mass loss reaching around 1-2 wt % in the case of the sputtered samples and almost 10 wt % for the NPs. Since PtxRuy has prime importance in driving alcohol oxidation reactions, the stability of all investigated alloys was screened in the presence of isopropanol. While Pt dissolution was marginally affected by the presence of isopropanol, several times higher Ru dissolution was detected, especially in the case of the Ru-rich compositions. Our results underline that trends in terms of electrocatalytic activity and stability cannot always be transferred from model samples to systems that are closer to the ones applied in real devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormanyos
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi sq. 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Pascal Büttner
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bosch
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Minichova
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Körner
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ken J. Jenewein
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Kormányos A, Dong Q, Xiao B, Li T, Savan A, Jenewein K, Priamushko T, Körner A, Böhm T, Hutzler A, Hu L, Ludwig A, Cherevko S. Stability of high-entropy alloys under electrocatalytic conditions. iScience 2023; 26:107775. [PMID: 37736046 PMCID: PMC10509299 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-entropy alloys are claimed to possess superior stability due to thermodynamic contributions. However, this statement mostly lies on a hypothetical basis. In this study, we use on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to investigate the dissolution of five representative electrocatalysts in acidic and alkaline media and a wide potential window targeting the most important applications. To address both model and applied systems, we synthesized thin films and carbon-supported nanoparticles ranging from an elemental (Pt) sample to binary (PtRu), ternary (PtRuIr), quaternary (PtRuIrRh), and quinary (PtRuIrRhPd) alloy samples. For certain metals in the high-entropy alloy under alkaline conditions, lower dissolution was observed. Still, the improvement was not striking and can be rather explained by the lowered concentration of elements in the multinary alloys instead of the synergistic effects of thermodynamics. We postulate that this is because of dissolution kinetic effects, which are always present under electrocatalytic conditions, overcompensating thermodynamic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormányos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi sq. 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Bin Xiao
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tangyuan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Alan Savan
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ken Jenewein
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Priamushko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Körner
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Moriau L, Stojanovski K, Jovanovič P, Escalera-López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Towards electrochemical iridium recycling in acidic media: effect of the presence of organic molecules and chloride ions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7980-7987. [PMID: 36909751 PMCID: PMC9997448 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of iridium is expected to surge in the next few years, notably due to the rising implementation of water electrolyzer devices in the energy transition. However, the natural resources of this noble metal are extremely limited and thus its recycling will become of high importance. Unfortunately, iridium is also the most corrosion resistant platinum group metal, making its recovery from waste a difficult and energy-demanding process. Hereby, we study the impact of organics and chloride ions on the electrochemical dissolution of iridium in order to pave the way towards green recycling of this precious metal. We present a 40 times increased dissolution when cycling iridium in presence of HCl and 1 M ethanol compared to HClO4. Our results point towards the direction of destabilizing Ir at relatively mild conditions in acidic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - K Stojanovski
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - P Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - D Escalera-López
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - S Cherevko
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - N Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
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Minichová M, Van Pham C, Xiao B, Savan A, Hutzler A, Körner A, Khalakhan I, Rodríguez MG, Mangoufis-Giasin I, Briega-Martos V, Kormányos A, Katsounaros I, Mayrhofer KJ, Ludwig A, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Isopropanol Electro-Oxidation on Pt-Ru-Ir: A Journey from Model Thin-Film Libraries Towards Real Electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Ureta-Zañartu MS, Ilabaca J, Mascayano C. Influence of structure on the electrooxidation rate of six C-4 alcohols. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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