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Potts DS, Komar JK, Jacobson MA, Locht H, Flaherty DW. Consequences of Pore Polarity and Solvent Structure on Epoxide Ring-Opening in Lewis and Brønsted Acid Zeolites. JACS AU 2024; 4:3501-3518. [PMID: 39328744 PMCID: PMC11423312 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The structure of solvent molecules within zeolite pores influences the rates and selectivities of catalytic reactions by altering the free energies of reactive species. Here, we examine the consequences of these effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of 1,2-epoxybutane (C4H8O) ring-opening with methanol (CH3OH) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) cosolvent over Lewis acidic (Zr-BEA) and Brønsted acidic (Al-BEA) zeolites of varying (SiOH) x density. Despite ostensibly identical reaction mechanisms across materials, turnover rates depend differently on (SiOH) x density between acid types. (SiOH) x -rich Zr-BEA (Zr-BEA-OH) provides ∼10 times greater rates than a (SiOH) x -poor material (Zr-BEA-F), while Al-BEA-OH and Al-BEA-F give turnover rates within a factor of 2. Zr-BEA-OH shows more positive activation enthalpies and entropies than Zr-BEA-F across the range of [CH3OH], which reflect the displacement of solvent molecules and lead to greater rates in Zr-BEA-OH due to the dominant role of entropic gains. Measurements of the density and composition of solvent within the pores show that the (SiOH) x nests within Zr-BEA-OH promote hydrogen-bonded solvent structures distinct from Zr-BEA-F, while the Brønsted acid sites confer interactions similar to (SiOH) x nests and give solvent structures within Al-BEA-F that resemble those within Al-BEA-OH. Correlations between apparent activation enthalpies and C4H8O adsorption enthalpies show that interactions with solvent molecules give proportional changes to both C4H8O adsorption and ring-opening transition state formation. The differences in intrapore environment carry consequences for both rates and regioselectivities of epoxide ring-opening, as demonstrated by product regioselectivities that increase by a factor of 3 in response to changes in solvent composition and the type of acid site in the *BEA structure (i.e., Lewis or Brønsted). These results demonstrate the ability to control rates, regioselectivities, and adsorption thermodynamics relevant for industrially relevant liquid-phase reactions through the design of noncovalent interactions among solvating molecules, reactive species, and (SiOH) x functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jessica K Komar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew A Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huston Locht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Kwon O, Zeynep Ayla E, Potts DS, Flaherty DW. Influence of Ti-incorporated Zeolite Topology and Pore Condensation on Vapor Phase Propylene Epoxidation Kinetics with Gaseous H 2O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405950. [PMID: 38735848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Vapor-phase propylene (C3H6) epoxidation kinetics with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) strongly reflects the physical properties of Ti-incorporated zeolite catalysts and the presence of spectating molecules ("solvent") near active sites even without a bulk liquid phase. Steady-state turnover rates of C3H6 epoxidation and product selectivities vary by orders of magnitudes, depending on the zeolite silanol ((SiOH)x) density, pore topology (MFI, *BEA, FAU), and the quantity of condensed acetonitrile (CH3CN) molecules nearby active sites, under identical reaction mechanisms sharing activated H2O2 intermediates on Ti surfaces. Individual kinetic analyses for propylene oxide (PO) ring-opening, homogeneous diol oxidative cleavage, and homogeneous aldehyde oxidation reveal that secondary reaction kinetics following C3H6 epoxidation responds more sensitively to the changes in zeolite physical properties and pore condensation with CH3CN. Thus, higher PO selectivities achieved in hydrophilic Ti-MFI at steady-state reflect the preferential stabilization of transition states for C3H6 epoxidation (a primary reaction) relative to PO ring-opening and oxidative cleavage (secondary reactions) that solvation effects that reflect interactions among condensed CH3CN within pores and the extended pore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohsung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E Zeynep Ayla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David S Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Wang C, Chu Y, Lei Q, Hu M, Deng F, Xu J, Dai W. In Situ Observation of Solvent-Mediated Cyclic Intermediates during the Alkene Epoxidation/Hydration over a Ti-Beta/H 2O 2 System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404633. [PMID: 38509004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Solvent effects in catalytic reactions have received widespread attention as they can promote reaction rates and product selectivities by orders of magnitude. It is well accepted that the stable five-membered cyclic intermediates formed between the solvent molecules and Ti species are crucial to the alkene epoxidation in a heterogeneous Ti(IV)-H2O2 system. However, the direct spectroscopic evidence of these intermediates is still missing and the corresponding reaction pathway for the alkene epoxidation remains unclear. By combining in situ 13C MAS NMR, two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, the five-membered ring structures, where the protic solvents (ROH), and aprotic solvent (acetone), coordinate and stabilize the active Ti species, are identified for the first time over Ti-Beta/H2O2 system. Moreover, the role of these cyclic intermediates in the alkene epoxidation/hydration conversion is clarified. These results provide new insights into the solvent effect in liquid-phase epoxidation/hydration reactions over Ti(IV)-H2O2 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Chu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Min Hu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Weili Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Razdan NK, Lin TC, Bhan A. Concepts Relevant for the Kinetic Analysis of Reversible Reaction Systems. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2950-3006. [PMID: 36802557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The net rate of a reversible chemical reaction is the difference between unidirectional rates of traversal along forward and reverse reaction paths. In a multistep reaction sequence, the forward and reverse trajectories, in general, are not the microscopic reverse of one another; rather, each unidirectional route is comprised of distinct rate-controlling steps, intermediates, and transition states. Consequently, traditional descriptors of rate (e.g., reaction orders) do not reflect intrinsic kinetic information but instead conflate unidirectional contributions determined by (i) the microscopic occurrence of forward/reverse reactions (i.e., unidirectional kinetics) and (ii) the reversibility of reaction (i.e., nonequilibrium thermodynamics). This review aims to provide a comprehensive resource of analytical and conceptual tools which deconvolute the contributions of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics to disambiguate unidirectional reaction trajectories and precisely identify rate- and reversibility-controlling molecular species and steps in reversible reaction systems. The extrication of mechanistic and kinetic information from bidirectional reactions is accomplished through equation-based formalisms (e.g., De Donder relations) grounded in principles of thermodynamics and interpreted in the context of theories of chemical kinetics developed in the past 25 years. The aggregate of mathematical formalisms detailed herein is general to thermochemical and electrochemical reactions and encapsulates a diverse body of scientific literature encompassing chemical physics, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, catalysis, and kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Razdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ting C Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aditya Bhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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He Z, Lei Q, Dai W, Zhang H. Solvent Tunes the Selectivity of Alkenes Epoxidation over Ti-Beta Zeolite: A Systematic Kinetic Assessment on Elementary Steps, Kinetically Relevant and Reaction Barriers. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Suib SL, Přech J, Szaniawska E, Čejka J. Recent Advances in Tetra- (Ti, Sn, Zr, Hf) and Pentavalent (Nb, V, Ta) Metal-Substituted Molecular Sieve Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:877-917. [PMID: 36547404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metal substitution of molecular sieve systems is a major driving force in developing novel catalytic processes to meet current demands of green chemistry concepts and to achieve sustainability in the chemical industry and in other aspects of our everyday life. The advantages of metal-substituted molecular sieves include high surface areas, molecular sieving effects, confinement effects, and active site and morphology variability and stability. The present review aims to comprehensively and critically assess recent advances in the area of tetra- (Ti, Sn, Zr, Hf) and pentavalent (V, Nb, Ta) metal-substituted molecular sieves, which are mainly characterized for their Lewis acidic active sites. Metal oxide molecular sieve materials with properties similar to those of zeolites and siliceous molecular sieve systems are also discussed, in addition to relevant studies on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and some composite MOF systems. In particular, this review focuses on (i) synthesis aspects determining active site accessibility and local environment; (ii) advances in active site characterization and, importantly, quantification; (iii) selective redox and isomerization reaction applications; and (iv) photoelectrocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Suib
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Jan Přech
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewelina Szaniawska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Čejka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Yang RA, Sarazen ML. Mechanistic Impacts of Metal Site and Solvent Identities for Alkene Oxidation over Carboxylate Fe and Cr Metal–Organic Frameworks. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 41 Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States of America
| | - Michele L. Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 41 Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States of America
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Potts DS, Jeyaraj VS, Kwon O, Ghosh R, Mironenko AV, Flaherty DW. Effect of Interactions between Alkyl Chains and Solvent Structures on Lewis Acid Catalyzed Epoxidations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vijaya Sundar Jeyaraj
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ohsung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richa Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander V. Mironenko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David W. Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Zeynep Ayla E, Patel D, Harris A, Flaherty DW. Identity of the Metal Oxide Support Controls Outer Sphere Interactions that Change Rates and Barriers for Alkene Epoxidations at Isolated Ti Atoms. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Yun D, Zhang Z, Flaherty DW. Catalyst and reactor design considerations for selective production of acids by oxidative cleavage of alkenes and unsaturated fatty acids with H 2O 2. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic insight and measurements of apparent kinetics for productive and non-productive reaction pathways guide the development of semi-batch reactors and conditions for stable production of carboxylic acids and diacids over supported tungstate catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danim Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Zhongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - David W. Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
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