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Reynolds BB, By S, Weinberg QR, Witt AA, Newton AT, Feiler HR, Ramkorun B, Clayton DB, Couture P, Martus JE, Adams M, Wellons JC, Smith SA, Bhatia A. Quantification of DTI in the Pediatric Spinal Cord: Application to Clinical Evaluation in a Healthy Patient Population. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1236-1241. [PMID: 31196859 PMCID: PMC7048550 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to characterize diffusion tensor imaging indices in the developing spinal cord, evaluating differences based on age and cord region. Describing the progression of DTI indices in the pediatric cord increases our understanding of spinal cord development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on DTI acquired in 121 pediatric patients (mean, 8.6 years; range, 0.3-18.0 years) at Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt from 2017 to 2018. Diffusion-weighted images (15 directions; b = 750 s/mm2; slice thickness, 5 mm; in-plane resolution, 1.0 × 1.0 mm2) were acquired on a 3T scanner in the cervicothoracic and/or thoracolumbar cord. Manual whole-cord segmentation was performed. Images were masked and further segmented into cervical, upper thoracic, thoracolumbar, and conus regions. Analyses of covariance were performed for each DTI-derived index to investigate how age affects diffusion across cord regions, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated across age for each derived index and region. Post hoc testing was performed to analyze regional differences. RESULTS Analyses of covariance revealed significant correlations of age with axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (all, P < .001). There were also significant differences among cord regions for axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (all, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that diffusion evolves in the pediatric spinal cord during development, dependent on both cord region and the diffusion index of interest. Future research could investigate how diffusion may be affected by common pediatric spinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Reynolds
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S By
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Q R Weinberg
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A A Witt
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A T Newton
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Pediatrics (A.T.N.).,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H R Feiler
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - B Ramkorun
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - P Couture
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.)
| | - J E Martus
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics (J.E.M.), Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - J C Wellons
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Department of Ophthalmology (S.A.S., J.C.W. III), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S A Smith
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.A.S.).,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Ophthalmology (S.A.S., J.C.W. III), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Bhatia
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.) .,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Chen MQ, Xia ZY. Effect of Concentration on Median Effective Dose (ED50) for Motor Block of Intrathecal Plain Bupivacaine in Elderly Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2588-94. [PMID: 26327527 PMCID: PMC4562610 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to determine the median effective dose (ED50) for motor block of various concentrations of intrathecally administered plain bupivacaine. Material/Methods Between 2011 and 2013, 64 patients aged ≥70 years, undergoing transurethral, or lower limb surgery with combined spinal and epidural anesthesia in a single hospital were enrolled. The patients were randomized into 3 groups to receive intrathecal 0.75% bupivacaine (Group 1), 0.375% bupivacaine (Group 2) or 0.25% bupivacaine (Group 3). Spinal anesthesia was achieved using injections of up-and-down doses of 0.75%, 0.375%, or 0.25% plain bupivacaine. The first patient in each group received 7.5 mg bupivacaine, and the testing interval was set at 0.75 mg. The efficacy of motor block in both legs was determined using a modified Bromage and a hip motor function scale. The ED50 for motor block was estimated according to the Dixon’s up-and-down method. Results The ED50 for motor block of bupivacaine was 6.10 (95% CI 5.58–6.66) mg in Group 1, 6.04 (95% CI 5.82–6.28) mg in Group 2, and 5.43 (95% CI 5.19–5.67) mg in Group 3. There were significant differences in the ED50 for motor block among the groups (P=0.008). Conclusions The ED50 doses for motor block with 3 bupivacaine concentrations were significantly different in elderly patients; the ED50 dose of 0.75% bupivacaine being significantly higher than that of 0.25% bupivacaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-quan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhong-yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Laing AC, Brenneman EC, Yung A, liu J, Kozlowski P, Oxland T. The Effects of Age on the Morphometry of the Cervical Spinal Cord and Spinal Column in Adult Rats: An MRI-Based Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1885-95. [PMID: 25044631 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Laing
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Elora C. Brenneman
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Jie liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Thomas Oxland
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering; University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
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Portiansky EL, Nishida F, Barbeito CG, Gimeno EJ, Goya RG. Increased number of neurons in the cervical spinal cord of aged female rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22537. [PMID: 21799890 PMCID: PMC3140527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, specific signaling pathways localized in highly organized regions called niches allow the persistence of a pool of stem and progenitor cells that generate new neurons in adulthood. Much less is known about the spinal cord where a sustained adult neurogenesis is not observed. Moreover, there is scarce information concerning cell proliferation in the adult mammalian spinal cord and virtually none in aging animals or humans. We performed a comparative morphometric and immunofluorescence study of the entire cervical region (C1-C8) in young (5 mo.) and aged (30 mo.) female rats. Serum prolactin (PRL), a neurogenic hormone, was also measured. Gross anatomy showed a significant age-related increase in size of all of the cervical segments. Morphometric analysis of cresyl violet stained segments also showed a significant increase in the area occupied by the gray matter of some cervical segments of aged rats. The most interesting finding was that both the total area occupied by neurons and the number of neurons increased significantly with age, the latter increase ranging from 16% (C6) to 34% (C2). Taking the total number of cervical neurons the age-related increase ranged from 19% (C6) to 51% (C3), C3 being the segment that grew most in length in the aged animals. Some bromodeoxyuridine positive-neuron specific enolase negative (BrdU(+)-NSE(-)) cells were observed and, occasionally, double positive (BrdU(+)-NSE(+)) cells were detected in some cervical segments of both young and aged rats groups. As expected, serum PRL increased markedly with age. We propose that in the cervical spinal cord of female rats, both maturation of pre-existing neuroblasts and/or possible neurogenesis occur during the entire life span, in a process in which PRL may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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