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Duque-Díaz E, Coveñas R. Mapping of folic acid in the children brainstem. Anat Cell Biol 2021; 54:340-349. [PMID: 33967031 PMCID: PMC8493014 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using highly specific antisera, the neuroanatomical distribution of folic acid (FA) and retinoic acid (RA) has been studied for the first time in the children brainstem. Neither immunoreactive structures containing RA nor immunoreactive fibers containing FA were found. FA-immunoreactive perikarya (fusiform, small/medium in size, one short dendrite) were only found in the pons in three regions: central gray, reticular formation, and locus coeruleus. The number of cell bodies decreased with age. In the first case studied (2 years), a moderate density of cell bodies was observed in the central gray and reticular formation, whereas a low density was found in the locus coeruleus. In the second case (6 years), a low density of these perikarya was observed in the central gray, reticular formation, and locus coeruleus. In the third case (7 years), a low density of FA-immunoreactive cell bodies was found in the central gray and reticular formation, whereas in the locus coeruleus no immunoreactive cell bodies were observed. The distribution of FA in the central nervous system of humans and monkeys is different and, in addition, in these species the vitamin was located in different parts of the nerve cells. The restricted distribution of FA suggests that the vitamin is involved in specific physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewing Duque-Díaz
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Grupo GIR BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Marcos P, González-Fuentes J, Castro-Vázquez L, Lozano MV, Santander-Ortega MJ, Rodríguez-Robledo V, Villaseca-González N, Arroyo-Jiménez MM. Vitamin transporters in mice brain with aging. J Anat 2018; 232:699-715. [PMID: 29315537 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Its high metabolic rate and high polyunsaturated fatty acid content make the brain very sensitive to oxidative damage. In the brain, neuronal metabolism occurs at a very high rate and generates considerable amounts of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, which accumulate inside neurons, leading to altered cellular homeostasis and integrity and eventually irreversible damage and cell death. A misbalance in redox metabolism and the subsequent neurodegeneration increase throughout the course of normal aging, leading to several age-related changes in learning and memory as well as motor functions. The neuroprotective function of antioxidants is crucial to maintain good brain homeostasis and adequate neuronal functions. Vitamins E and C are two important antioxidants that are taken up by brain cells via the specific carriers αTTP and SVCT2, respectively. The aim of this study was to use immunohistochemistry to determine the distribution pattern of these vitamin transporters in the brain in a mouse model that shows fewer signs of brain aging and a higher resistance to oxidative damage. Both carriers were distributed widely throughout the entire brain in a pattern that remained similar in 4-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old mice. In general, αTTP and SVCT2 were located in the same regions, but they seemed to have complementary distribution patterns. Double-labeled cell bodies were detected only in the inferior colliculus, entorhinal cortex, dorsal subiculum, and several cortical areas. In addition, the presence of αTTP and SVCT2 in neurons was analyzed using double immunohistochemistry for NeuN and the results showed that αTTP but not SVCT2 was present in Bergmann's glia. The presence of these transporters in brain regions implicated in learning, memory and motor control provides an anatomical basis that may explain the higher resistance of this animal model to brain oxidative stress, which is associated with better motor performance and learning abilities in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marcos
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - J González-Fuentes
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - L Castro-Vázquez
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - M V Lozano
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - M J Santander-Ortega
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - V Rodríguez-Robledo
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - N Villaseca-González
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
| | - M M Arroyo-Jiménez
- Cellular Neuroanatomy and Molecular Chemistry of Central Nervous System, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas), Albacete, Spain
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Mangas A, Yajeya J, González N, Duleu S, Geffard M, Coveñas R. NO-tryptophan: a new small molecule located in the rat brain. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2692. [PMID: 27734994 PMCID: PMC5062636 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specific monoclonal antibody directed against nitric oxide-tryptophan (NO-W) with good affinity (10-9 M) and specificity was developed. In the rat brain, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, cell bodies containing NO-W were exclusively found in the intermediate and dorsal parts of the lateral septal nucleus. No immunoreactive fibres were found in the rat brain. This work reports the first visualization and the morphological characteristics of cell bodies containing NO-W in the mammalian brain. The restricted distribution of NO-W in the rat brain suggests that this molecule could be involved in specific physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mangas
- Gemacbio - Institute for the Development of Research in Human Pathology and Therapeutic (IDRPHT) -University of Salamanca.
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Coveñas R, González-Fuentes J, Rivas-Infante E, Lagartos-Donate M, Mangas A, Geffard M, Arroyo-Jiménez M, Cebada-Sánchez S, Insausti R, Marcos P. Developmental study of vitamin C distribution in children's brainstems by immunohistochemistry. Ann Anat 2015; 201:65-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Blaylock RL, Maroon J. Natural plant products and extracts that reduce immunoexcitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration and promote repair within the central nervous system. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3:19. [PMID: 22439110 PMCID: PMC3307240 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.92935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiological and biochemical basis of a number of neurological disorders has increased enormously over the last three decades. Parallel with this growth of knowledge has been a clearer understanding of the mechanism by which a number of naturally occurring plant extracts, as well as whole plants, can affect these mechanisms so as to offer protection against injury and promote healing of neurological tissues. Curcumin, quercetin, green tea catechins, balcalein, and luteolin have been extensively studied, and they demonstrate important effects on cell signaling that go far beyond their antioxidant effects. Of particular interest is the effect of these compounds on immunoexcitotoxicity, which, the authors suggest, is a common mechanism in a number of neurological disorders. By suppressing or affecting microglial activation states as well as the excitotoxic cascade and inflammatory mediators, these compounds dramatically affect the pathophysiology of central nervous system disorders and promote the release and generation of neurotrophic factors essential for central nervous system healing. We discuss the various aspects of these processes and suggest future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Blaylock
- Theoretical Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Belhaven University, Jackson, MS 39157, USA
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Duque E, Mangas A, Salinas P, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez JA, Coveñas R. Mapping of alpha-neo-endorphin- and neurokinin B-immunoreactivity in the human brainstem. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:131-49. [PMID: 22318412 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the distribution of alpha-neo-endorphin- or neurokinin B-immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies in the adult human brainstem with no prior history of neurological or psychiatric disease. A low density of alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive cell bodies was only observed in the medullary central gray matter and in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (gelatinosa part). Alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive fibres were moderately distributed throughout the human brainstem. A high density of alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive fibres was found only in the solitary nucleus (caudal part), in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (caudal part), and in the gelatinosa part of the latter nucleus. Neurokinin B-immunoreactive cell bodies (low density) were found in the periventricular central gray matter, the reticular formation of the pons and in the superior colliculus. The distribution of the neurokinin-immunoreactive fibres was restricted. In general, for both neuropeptides the density of the immunoreactive fibres was low. In the human brainstem, the proenkephalin system was more widely distributed than the prodynorphin system, and the preprotachykinin A system (neurokinin A) was more widely distributed than the preprotachykinin B system (neurokinin B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewing Duque
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (Lab. 143), Pontificia Bolivariana-Montería University, Montería, Colombia
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Mangas A, Bodet D, Duleu S, Yajeya J, Geffard M, Coveñas R. Direct visualization of retinoic acid in the rat hypothalamus: an immunohistochemical study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 509:64-8. [PMID: 22230896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase our knowledge about the distribution of vitamins in the mammalian brain, we have developed a highly specific antiserum directed against retinoic acid with good affinity (10(-8) M), as evaluated by ELISA tests. In the rat brain, no immunoreactive fibers containing retinoic acid were detected. Cell bodies containing retinoic acid were only found in the hypothalamus. This work reports the first visualization and the morphological characteristics of cell bodies containing retinoic acid in the mammalian paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and in the dorsal perifornical region, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The restricted distribution of retinoic acid in the rat brain suggests that this vitamin could be involved in very specific physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mangas
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory 14, Salamanca, Spain.
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