1
|
Fermented Soy Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081606. [PMID: 36014024 PMCID: PMC9416513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the growing search for therapeutic strategies, there is an interest in foods containing natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds capable of preventing or reversing pathogenic processes associated with metabolic disease. Fermentation has been used as a potent way of improving the properties of soybean and their components. Microbial metabolism is responsible for producing the β-glucosidase enzyme that converts glycosidic isoflavones into aglycones with higher biological activity in fermented soy products, in addition to several end-metabolites associated with human health development, including peptides, phenolic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, minerals, and organic acids. Thus, several products have emerged from soybean fermentation by fungi, bacteria, or a combination of both. This review covers the key biological characteristics of soy and fermented soy products, including natto, miso, tofu, douchi, sufu, cheonggukjang, doenjang, kanjang, meju, tempeh, thua-nao, kinema, hawaijar, and tungrymbai. The inclusion of these foods in the diet has been associated with the reduction of chronic diseases, with potential anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. These biological activities and the recently studied potential of fermented soybean molecules against SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. Finally, a patent landscape is presented to provide the state-of-the-art of the transfer of knowledge from the scientific sphere to the industrial application.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nathan PJ, Millais SB, Godwood A, Dewit O, Cross DM, Liptrot J, Ruparelia B, Jones SP, Bakker G, Maruff PT, Light GA, Brown AJH, Weir MP, Congreve M, Tasker T. A phase 1b/2a multicenter study of the safety and preliminary pharmacodynamic effects of selective muscarinic M 1 receptor agonist HTL0018318 in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12273. [PMID: 35229025 PMCID: PMC8864442 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the safety and pharmacodynamic effects of selective muscarinic M1 receptor orthosteric agonist HTL0018318 in 60 patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) on background donepezil 10 mg/day. Methods A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled 4‐week safety study of HTL0018318 with up‐titration and maintenance phases, observing exploratory effects on electrophysiological biomarkers and cognition. Results Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild and less frequently reported during maintenance versus titration. Headache was most commonly reported (7–21%); 0 to 13% reported cholinergic TEAEs (abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea) and two patients discontinued due to TEAEs. At 1 to 2 hours post‐dose, HTL0018318‐related mean maximum elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 5 to 10 mmHg above placebo were observed during up‐titration but not maintenance. Postive effects of HTL0018318 were found on specific attention and memory endpoints. Discussion HTL0018318 was well tolerated in mild‐to‐moderate AD patients and showed positive effects on attention and episodic memory on top of therapeutic doses of donepezil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep J Nathan
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd Cambridge UK.,Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry University of San Diego San Diego California USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2250-2275. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Khosravi A, Razavi SH. Therapeutic effects of polyphenols in fermented soybean and black soybean products. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
5
|
Stolero N, Frenkel D. The dialog between neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease: The neurotransmitters view. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1412-1424. [PMID: 33314073 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Their continuous sensing of surrounding micro-environments is crucial for their activity. Cross talk between specific neurons and microglia might occur through specific neurotransmitter receptors on microglia. Impairment with this interaction might result in pathological activity of microglia against potential insults. The reason for this activity in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not known. However, several papers report of the effects of different neurotransmitter agonists on microglial cells function that relate to their activity in AD. This review aims to summarize those works and to raise potential fundamental questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Stolero
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yi JH, Whitcomb DJ, Park SJ, Martinez-Perez C, Barbati SA, Mitchell SJ, Cho K. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor dysfunction in moderate Alzheimer's disease pathology. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa058. [PMID: 32766549 PMCID: PMC7391992 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid beta and loss of cholinergic innervation in the brain are predominant components of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and likely underlie cognitive impairment. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are one of the few treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, where levels of available acetylcholine are enhanced to counteract the cholinergic loss. However, these inhibitors show limited clinical efficacy. One potential explanation for this is a concomitant dysregulation of cholinergic receptors themselves as a consequence of the amyloid beta pathology. We tested this hypothesis by examining levels of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the temporal cortex from seven Alzheimer’s disease and seven non-disease age-matched control brain tissue samples (control: 85 ± 2.63 years old, moderate Alzheimer’s disease: 84 ± 2.32 years old, P-value = 0.721; eight female and six male patients). The samples were categorized into two groups: ‘control’ (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis of ‘No Alzheimer’s disease’, and Braak staging pathology of I–II) and ‘moderate Alzheimer’s disease’ (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis of ‘possible/probable Alzheimer’s disease’, and Braak staging pathology of IV). We find that in comparison to age-matched controls, there is a loss of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in moderate Alzheimer’s disease tissue (control: 2.17 ± 0.27 arbitrary units, n = 7, Mod-AD: 0.83 ± 0.16 arbitrary units, n = 7, two-tailed t-test, t = 4.248, P = 0.00113). Using a functional rat cortical brain slice model, we find that postsynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function is dysregulated by aberrant amyloid beta-mediated activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Crucially, blocking metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 restores muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function and object recognition memory in 5XFAD transgenic mice. This indicates that the amyloid beta-mediated activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 negatively regulates muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and illustrates the importance of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as a potential disease-modifying target in the moderate pathological stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Celia Martinez-Perez
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Saviana A Barbati
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Scott J Mitchell
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kwangwook Cho
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibitory Effects of Raw-Extract Centella asiatica (RECA) on Acetylcholinesterase, Inflammations, and Oxidative Stress Activities via In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040892. [PMID: 32079355 PMCID: PMC7070982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) is one of the medicinal plants that has been reported to exert comprehensive neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. In view of this, the present study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of C. asiatica, designated as raw-extract of C. asiatica (RECA) in reducing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), inflammations, and oxidative stress activities via both in vitro (SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 cells) and in vivo (Sprague Dawley rats). Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis reveals that RECA contains a significantly high proportion of glycosides than the aglycones with madecassoside as the highest component, followed by asiaticoside. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with RECA significantly reduced the AChE activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 31.09 ± 10.07 µg/mL. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of RECA were evaluated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Our results elucidated that treatment with RECA significantly suppressed the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine/mediators and oxidative stress released in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, these patterns of inhibition were consistent as observed in the LPS-induced neuroinflammation Sprague Dawley rats’ model. The highest concentration used in the two models presented the most significant results. Herein, our findings strongly suggest that RECA may offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease through inhibiting the AChE, inflammation, and oxidative stress activities.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schramm S, Agnetta L, Bermudez M, Gerwe H, Irmen M, Holze J, Littmann T, Wolber G, Tränkle C, Decker M. Novel BQCA- and TBPB-Derived M 1 Receptor Hybrid Ligands: Orthosteric Carbachol Differentially Regulates Partial Agonism. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1349-1358. [PMID: 31166078 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations of the complex mechanisms of allostery have led to a deeper understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling processes. In this context, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly relevant due to their exemplary role in the study of allosteric modulation. In this work, we compare and discuss two sets of putatively dualsteric ligands, which were designed to connect carbachol to different types of allosteric ligands. We chose derivatives of TBPB [1-(1'-(2-tolyl)-1,4'-bipiperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one] as M1 -selective putative bitopic ligands, and derivatives of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) as an M1 positive allosteric modulator, varying the distance between the allosteric and orthosteric building blocks. Luciferase protein complementation assays demonstrated that linker length must be carefully chosen to yield either agonist or antagonist behavior. These findings may help to design biased signaling and/or different extents of efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Agnetta
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Irmen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tränkle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Broad LM, Sanger HE, Mogg AJ, Colvin EM, Zwart R, Evans DA, Pasqui F, Sher E, Wishart GN, Barth VN, Felder CC, Goldsmith PJ. Identification and pharmacological profile of SPP1, a potent, functionally selective and brain penetrant agonist at muscarinic M 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:110-126. [PMID: 30276808 PMCID: PMC6284335 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to identify and develop novel, selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonists as potential therapeutic agents for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We developed and utilized a novel M1 receptor occupancy assay to drive a structure activity relationship in a relevant brain region while simultaneously tracking drug levels in plasma and brain to optimize for central penetration. Functional activity was tracked in relevant native in vitro assays allowing translational (rat-human) benchmarking of structure-activity relationship molecules to clinical comparators. KEY RESULTS Using this paradigm, we identified a series of M1 receptor selective molecules displaying desirable in vitro and in vivo properties and optimized key features, such as central penetration while maintaining selectivity and a partial agonist profile. From these compounds, we selected spiropiperidine 1 (SPP1). In vitro, SPP1 is a potent, partial agonist of cortical and hippocampal M1 receptors with activity conserved across species. SPP1 displays high functional selectivity for M1 receptors over native M2 and M3 receptor anti-targets and over a panel of other targets. Assessment of central target engagement by receptor occupancy reveals SPP1 significantly and dose-dependently occupies rodent cortical M1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We report the discovery of SPP1, a novel, functionally selective, brain penetrant partial orthosteric agonist at M1 receptors, identified by a novel receptor occupancy assay. SPP1 is amenable to in vitro and in vivo study and provides a valuable research tool to further probe the role of M1 receptors in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Helen E Sanger
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Ellen M Colvin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Ruud Zwart
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - David A Evans
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | | | - Emanuele Sher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | | | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mogg AJ, Eessalu T, Johnson M, Wright R, Sanger HE, Xiao H, Crabtree MG, Smith A, Colvin EM, Schober D, Gehlert D, Jesudason C, Goldsmith PJ, Johnson MP, Felder CC, Barth VN, Broad LM. In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization and In Vivo Validation of LSN3172176 a Novel M1 Selective Muscarinic Receptor Agonist Tracer Molecule for Positron Emission Tomography. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:602-613. [PMID: 29643252 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for improved symptomatic treatment options for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptors (M1 mAChRs) have received significant attention. Drug development efforts have identified a number of novel ligands, some of which have advanced to the clinic. However, a significant issue for progressing these therapeutics is the lack of robust, translatable, and validated biomarkers. One valuable approach to assessing target engagement is to use positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. In this study we describe the pharmacological characterization of a selective M1 agonist amenable for in vivo tracer studies. We used a novel direct binding assay to identify nonradiolabeled ligands, including LSN3172176, with the favorable characteristics required for a PET tracer. In vitro functional and radioligand binding experiments revealed that LSN3172176 was a potent partial agonist (EC50 2.4-7.0 nM, Emax 43%-73%), displaying binding selectivity for M1 mAChRs (Kd = 1.5 nM) that was conserved across species (native tissue Kd = 1.02, 2.66, 8, and 1.03 at mouse, rat, monkey, and human, respectively). Overall selectivity of LSN3172176 appeared to be a product of potency and stabilization of the high-affinity state of the M1 receptor, relative to other mAChR subtypes (M1 > M2, M4, M5 > M3). In vivo, use of wild-type and mAChR knockout mice further supported the M1-preferring selectivity profile of LSN3172176 for the M1 receptor (78% reduction in cortical occupancy in M1 KO mice). These findings support the development of LSN3172176 as a potential PET tracer for assessment of M1 mAChR target engagement in the clinic and to further elucidate the function of M1 mAChRs in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Thomas Eessalu
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Megan Johnson
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Helen E Sanger
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Hongling Xiao
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Michael G Crabtree
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Alex Smith
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Ellen M Colvin
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Douglas Schober
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Donald Gehlert
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Cynthia Jesudason
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Paul J Goldsmith
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Michael P Johnson
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bohnen NI, Grothe MJ, Ray NJ, Müller ML, Teipel SJ. Recent advances in cholinergic imaging and cognitive decline-Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2018; 7:1-11. [PMID: 29503795 PMCID: PMC5831510 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-018-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia provided a successful paradigm for the development of new drugs for dementia, this hypothesis has waned in popularity. Cholinergic brain imaging may provide novel insights into the viability of this hypothesis. RECENT FINDINGS Cholinergic receptor and forebrain volumetric studies suggest an important role of the cholinergic system in maintaining brain network integrity that may deteriorate with cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) and Lewy body disorders (LBD). Bidirectional changes in regional receptor expression may suggest the presence of compensatory responses to neurodegenerative injury. Cholinergic system changes are more complex in LBD because of additional subcortical degenerations compared to AD. Cholinergic-dopaminergic interactions affect attentional, verbal learning and executive functions, and impairments in these two transmitter systems may jointly increase the risk of dementia in Parkinson disease. SUMMARY The cholinergic hypothesis is evolving from a primary focus on memory toward expanded cognitive functions modulated by regionally more complex and interactive brain networks. Cholinergic network adaptation may serve as a novel research target in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicola J. Ray
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn L.T.M. Müller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stefan J. Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Current status of muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors as drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:449-458. [PMID: 29374561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic signalling system has been an attractive pathway to seek targets for modulation of arousal, cognition, and attention which are compromised in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. The acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 subtypes which are highly expressed in the central nervous system, in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, key areas of cognitive and neuropsychiatric control, have received particular attention. Historical muscarinic drug development yielded first generation agonists with modest selectivity for these two receptor targets over M2 and M3 receptors, the major peripheral sub-types hypothesised to underlie the dose-limiting clinical side effects. More recent compound screening and medicinal chemistry optimization of orthosteric and allosteric agonists, and positive allosteric modulators binding to sites distinct from the highly homologous acetylcholine binding pocket have yielded a collection of highly selective tool compounds for preclinical validation studies. Several M1 selective ligands have progressed to early clinical development and in time will hopefully lead to useful therapeutics for treating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
Collapse
|
13
|
Muscarinic receptor subtype distribution in the central nervous system and relevance to aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:362-373. [PMID: 29138080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the metabotropic actions of acetylcholine (ACh). There are five subtypes of mAChR, M1 - M5, which are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) on numerous cell types and represent promising treatment targets for a number of different diseases, disorders, and conditions of the CNS. Although the present review will focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a number of conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, and others represent significant unmet medical needs for which selective muscarinic agents could offer therapeutic benefits. Numerous advances have been made regarding mAChR localization through the use of subtype-selective antibodies and radioligand binding studies and these efforts have helped propel a number of mAChR therapeutics into clinical trials. However, much of what we know about mAChR localization in the healthy and diseased brain has come from studies employing radioligand binding with relatively modest selectivity. The development of subtype-selective small molecule radioligands suitable for in vitro and in vivo use, as well as robust, commercially-available antibodies remains a critical need for the field. Additionally, novel genetic tools should be developed and leveraged to help move the field increasingly towards a systems-level understanding of mAChR subtype action. Finally, functional, proteomic, and genetic data from ongoing human studies hold great promise for optimizing the design and interpretation of studies examining receptor levels by enabling patient stratification. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng B, Li X, Xia J, Wu S. Discovery of novel isoflavone derivatives as AChE/BuChE dual-targeted inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:968-977. [PMID: 28718678 PMCID: PMC6446070 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1347163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AChE and BuChE are druggable targets for the discovery of anti-Alzheimer’s disease drugs, while dual-inhibition of these two targets seems to be more effective. In this study, we synthesised a series of novel isoflavone derivatives based on our hit compound G from in silico high-throughput screening and then tested their activities by in vitro AChE and BuChE bioassays. Most of the isoflavone derivatives displayed moderate inhibition against both AChE and BuChE. Among them, compound 16 was identified as a potent AChE/BuChE dual-targeted inhibitor (IC50: 4.60 μM for AChE; 5.92 μM for BuChE). Molecular modelling study indicated compound 16 may possess better pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. absorption, blood–brain barrier penetration and CYP2D6 binding. Taken together, our study has identified compound 16 as an excellent lead compound for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- b Food and Drug Administration of Beijing Yanqing District , Beijing 102100 , China
| | - Jie Xia
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Song Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Ota T, Javier Meana J, Callado LF, García-Sevilla JA. Functional activation of Gαq coupled to 5-HT2A receptor and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in postmortem human cortical membranes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1123-1133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Felder CC, Schober DA, Tu Y, Quets A, Xiao H, Watt M, Siuda E, Nisenbaum E, Xiang C, Heinz B, Prieto L, McKinzie DL, Monn JA. Translational Pharmacology of the Metabotropic Glutamate 2 Receptor–Preferring Agonist LY2812223 in the Animal and Human Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:190-197. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
17
|
Higher levels of different muscarinic receptors in the cortex and hippocampus from subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:273-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
18
|
Welt T, Kulic L, Hoey SE, McAfoose J, Späni C, Chadha AS, Fisher A, Nitsch RM. Acute Effects of Muscarinic M1 Receptor Modulation on AβPP Metabolism and Amyloid-β Levels in vivo: A Microdialysis Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:971-82. [PMID: 25881909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Indirect modulation of cholinergic activity by cholinesterase inhibition is currently a widely established symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selective activation of certain muscarinic receptor subtypes has emerged as an alternative cholinergic-based amyloid-lowering strategy for AD, as selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonists can reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) production by shifting endoproteolytic amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing toward non-amyloidogenic pathways. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that acute stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptors can inhibit Aβ production in awake and freely moving AβPP transgenic mice. By combining intracerebral microdialysis with retrodialysis, we determined hippocampal Aβ concentrations during simultaneous pharmacological modulation of brain M1 receptor function. Infusion with a M1 receptor agonist AF102B resulted in a rapid reduction of interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ levels while treatment with the M1 antagonist dicyclomine increased ISF Aβ levels reaching significance within 120 minutes of treatment. The reduction in Aβ levels was associated with PKCα and ERK activation resulting in increased levels of the α-secretase ADAM17 and a shift in AβPP processing toward the non-amyloidogenic processing pathway. In contrast, treatment with the M1 receptor antagonist dicyclomine caused a decrease in levels of phosphorylated ERK that was independent of PKCα, and led to an elevation of β-secretase levels associated with increased amyloidogenic AβPP processing. The results of this study demonstrate rapid effects of in vivo M1 receptor modulation on the ISF pool of Aβ and suggest that intracerebral microdialysis with retrodialysis is a useful technical approach for monitoring acute treatment effects of muscarinic receptor modulators on AβPP/Aβ metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Welt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Luka Kulic
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hoey
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jordan McAfoose
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Späni
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Abraham Fisher
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich Campus Schlieren, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colloby SJ, McKeith IG, Wyper DJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Regional covariance of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer's disease using (R, R) [(123)I]-QNB SPECT. J Neurol 2015; 262:2144-53. [PMID: 26122542 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and subsequent receptor changes. We investigated (123)I-iodo-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (QNB) SPECT images using spatial covariance analysis (SCA), to detect an M1/M4 receptor spatial covariance pattern (SCP) that distinguished AD from controls. Furthermore, a corresponding regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SCP was also derived. Thirty-nine subjects (15 AD and 24 healthy elderly controls) underwent (123)I-QNB and (99m)Tc-exametazime SPECT. Voxel SCA was simultaneously applied to the set of smoothed/registered scans, generating a series of eigenimages representing common intercorrelated voxels across subjects. Linear regression identified individual M1/M4 and rCBF SCPs that discriminated AD from controls. The M1/M4 SCP showed concomitant decreased uptake in medial temporal, inferior frontal, basal forebrain and cingulate relative to concomitant increased uptake in frontal poles, occipital, pre-post central and precuneus/superior parietal regions (F1,37 = 85.7, p < 0.001). A largely different perfusion SCP was obtained showing concomitant decreased rCBF in medial and superior temporal, precuneus, inferior parietal and cingulate relative to concomitant increased rCBF in cerebellum, pre-post central, putamen, fusiform and brain stem/midbrain regions (F1,37 = 77.5, p < 0.001). The M1/M4 SCP expression correlated with the duration of cognitive symptoms (r = 0.90, p < 0.001), whereas the rCBF SCP expression negatively correlated with MMSE, CAMCOG and CAMCOGmemory (r ≥ |0.63|, p ≤ 0.006). (123)I-QNB SPECT revealed an M1/M4 basocortical covariance pattern, distinct from rCBF, reflecting the duration of disease rather than current clinical symptoms. This approach could be more sensitive than univariate methods in characterising the cholinergic/rCBF changes that underpin the clinical phenotype of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - David J Wyper
- SINAPSE, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Level E4, Box 189, Cambridge, CB2 0QC, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahmad A, Ramasamy K, Jaafar SM, Majeed ABA, Mani V. Total isoflavones from soybean and tempeh reversed scopolamine-induced amnesia, improved cholinergic activities and reduced neuroinflammation in brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:120-8. [PMID: 24373829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to compare the neuroprotective effects between total isoflavones from soybean and tempeh against scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction. Total isoflavones (10, 20 and 40mg/kg) from soybean (SI) and tempeh (TI) were administered orally to different groups of rats (n=6) for 15days. Piracetam (400mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug while scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce amnesia in the animals. Radial arm and elevated plus mazes served as exteroceptive behavioural models to measure memory. Brain cholinergic activities (acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase) and neuroinflammatory activities (COX-1, COX-2, IL-1β and IL10) were also assessed. Treatment with SI and TI significantly reversed the scopolamine effect and improved memory with TI group at 40mg/kg, p.o. exhibiting the best improvement (p<0.001) in rats. The TI (10, 20 and 40mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased (p<0.001) acetylcholine and reduced acetylcholinesterase levels. Meanwhile, only a high dose (40mg/kg, p.o.) of SI showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in the cholinergic activities. Neuroinflammation study also showed that TI (40mg/kg, p.o.) was able to reduce inflammation better than SI. The TI ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory in rats through the cholinergic neuronal pathway and by prevention of neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Ahmad
- Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Campus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Campus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Murnirah Jaafar
- Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Campus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Campus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Campus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Davie BJ, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ. Development of M1 mAChR allosteric and bitopic ligands: prospective therapeutics for the treatment of cognitive deficits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1026-48. [PMID: 23659787 PMCID: PMC3715844 DOI: 10.1021/cn400086m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cholinergic hypothesis of memory dysfunction was first reported, extensive research efforts have focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which this intricate system contributes to the regulation of processes such as learning, memory, and higher executive function. Several cholinergic therapeutic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits, psychotic symptoms, and the underlying pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, have since emerged. Clinically approved drugs now exist for some of these targets; however, they all may be considered suboptimal therapeutics in that they produce undesirable off-target activity leading to side effects, fail to address the wide variety of symptoms and underlying pathophysiology that characterize these disorders, and/or afford little to no therapeutic effect in subsets of patient populations. A promising target for which there are presently no approved therapies is the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR). Despite avid investigation, development of agents that selectively activate this receptor via the orthosteric site has been hampered by the high sequence homology of the binding site between the five muscarinic receptor subtypes and the wide distribution of this receptor family in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Hence, a plethora of ligands targeting less structurally conserved allosteric sites of the M1 mAChR have been investigated. This Review aims to explain the rationale behind allosterically targeting the M1 mAChR, comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate the M1 mAChR allosteric ligand literature to date, highlight the challenges inherent in allosteric ligand investigation that are impeding their clinical advancement, and discuss potential methods for resolving these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana J. Davie
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal
Chemistry and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
The potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist GSK1034702 improves episodic memory in humans in the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:721-31. [PMID: 22932339 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are a core feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Muscarinic M(1) receptors play a critical role in modulating learning and memory and are highly expressed in the hippocampus. We examined the effect of GSK1034702, a potent M(1) receptor allosteric agonist, on cognitive function, and in particular episodic memory, in healthy smokers using the nicotine abstinence model of cognitive dysfunction. The study utilized a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in which 20 male nicotine abstained smokers were tested following single doses of placebo, 4 and 8 mg GSK1034702. Compared to the baseline (nicotine on-state), nicotine abstinence showed statistical significance in reducing immediate (p=0.019) and delayed (p=0.02) recall. GSK1034702 (8 mg) significantly attenuated (i.e. improved) immediate recall (p=0.014) but not delayed recall. None of the other cognitive domains was modulated by either nicotine abstinence or GSK1034702. These findings suggest that stimulating M(1) receptor mediated neurotransmission in humans with GSK1034702 improves memory encoding potentially by modulating hippocampal function. Hence, selective M(1) receptor allosteric agonists may have therapeutic benefits in disorders of impaired learning including Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mufson EJ, Binder L, Counts SE, DeKosky ST, de Toledo-Morrell L, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, Perez SE, Scheff SW. Mild cognitive impairment: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:13-30. [PMID: 22101321 PMCID: PMC3282485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is rapidly becoming one of the most common clinical manifestations affecting the elderly. The pathologic and molecular substrate of people diagnosed with MCI is not well established. Since MCI is a human specific disorder and neither the clinical nor the neuropathological course appears to follow a direct linear path, it is imperative to characterize neuropathology changes in the brains of people who came to autopsy with a well-characterized clinical diagnosis of MCI. Herein, we discuss findings derived from clinical pathologic studies of autopsy cases who died with a clinical diagnosis of MCI. The heterogeneity of clinical MCI imparts significant challenges to any review of this subject. The pathologic substrate of MCI is equally complex and must take into account not only conventional plaque and tangle pathology but also a wide range of cellular, biochemical and molecular deficits, many of which relate to cognitive decline as well as compensatory responses to the progressive disease process. The multifaceted nature of the neuronal disconnection syndrome associated with MCI suggests that there is no single event which precipitates this prodromal stage of AD. In fact, it can be argued that neuronal degeneration initiated at different levels of the central nervous system drives cognitive decline as a final common pathway at this stage of the dementing disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St., Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fisher A. Cholinergic modulation of amyloid precursor protein processing with emphasis on M1 muscarinic receptor: perspectives and challenges in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:22-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
26
|
Mani V, Ramasamy K, Ahmad A, Parle M, Shah SAA, Majeed ABA. Protective effects of total alkaloidal extract from Murraya koenigii leaves on experimentally induced dementia. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:1036-44. [PMID: 22142688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of gradual onset and continuous decline of higher cognitive functioning. It is a common disorder in older persons and has become more prevalent today. The fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii are often added to various dishes in Asian countries due to the delicious taste and flavor that they impart. These leaves have also been proven to have health benefits. In the present study, the effect of total alkaloidal extract from M. koenigii leaves (MKA) on cognitive functions and brain cholinesterase activity in mice were determined. In vitro β-secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory activity was also evaluated. The total alkaloidal extract was administered orally in three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for 15 days to different groups of young and aged mice. Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance apparatus served as the exteroceptive behavioral models for testing memory. Diazepam-, scopolamine-, and ageing-induced amnesia served as the interoceptive behavioral models. MKA (20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant improvement in memory scores of young and aged mice. Furthermore, the same doses of MKA reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Interestingly, the brain cholinesterase activity was also reduced significantly by total alkaloidal extract of M. koenigii leaves. The IC50 value of MKA against BACE1 was 1.7 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study indicates MKA to be a useful remedy in the management of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Mani
- Brain Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Potter PE, Rauschkolb PK, Pandya Y, Sue LI, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG, Beach TG. Pre- and post-synaptic cortical cholinergic deficits are proportional to amyloid plaque presence and density at preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:49-60. [PMID: 21533854 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid imaging has identified cognitively normal older people with plaques as a group possibly at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. It is important to begin to thoroughly characterize this group so that preventative therapies might be tested. Existing cholinotropic agents are a logical choice for preventative therapy as experimental evidence suggests that they are anti-amyloidogenic and clinical trials have shown that they delay progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. A detailed understanding of the status of the cortical cholinergic system in preclinical AD is still lacking, however. For more than 30 years, depletion of the cortical cholinergic system has been known to be one of the characteristic features of AD. Reports to date have suggested that some cholinergic markers are altered prior to cognitive impairment while others may show changes only at later stages of dementia. These studies have generally been limited by relatively small sample sizes, long postmortem intervals and insufficient definition of control and AD subjects by the defining histopathology. We, therefore, examined pre- and post-synaptic elements of the cortical cholinergic system in frontal and parietal cortex in 87 deceased subjects, including non-demented elderly with and without amyloid plaques as well as demented persons with neuropathologically confirmed AD. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was used as a presynaptic marker while displacement of (3)H-pirenzepine binding by oxotremorine-M in the presence and absence of GppNHp was used to assess postsynaptic M1 receptor coupling. The results indicate that cortical ChAT activity as well as M1 receptor coupling are both significantly decreased in non-demented elderly subjects with amyloid plaques and are more pronounced in subjects with AD and dementia. These findings confirm that cortical cholinergic dysfunction in AD begins at the preclinical stage of disease and suggest that cholinotropic agents currently used for AD treatment are a logical choice for preventative therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela E Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watt ML, Schober DA, Hitchcock S, Liu B, Chesterfield AK, McKinzie D, Felder CC. Pharmacological Characterization of LY593093, an M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Selective Partial Orthosteric Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:622-32. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.182063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
29
|
Scarr E. Muscarinic receptors: their roles in disorders of the central nervous system and potential as therapeutic targets. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 18:369-79. [PMID: 22070219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetically, acetylcholine is an ancient neurochemical. Therefore, it is not surprising that cholinergic neurons project extensively throughout the central nervous system, innervating a wide range of structures within the brain. In fact, acetylcholine is involved in processes that underpin some of our most basic central functions. Both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor families, which mediate cholinergic transmission, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders. The question that remains to be definitively answered is whether or not these receptors are viable targets for the development of future therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|