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Montelli S, Graïc JM, Ruiz JA, Stelletta C, Peruffo A. Neurochemical characterization of the hypothalamus of the early fetal and newborn alpaca Vicugna pacos. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2865-2877. [PMID: 31854109 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study we performed a neurochemical characterization of the hypothalamus in the developing alpaca (Vicugna pacos) with the aim of revealing the distributions of immunoreactive (-ir) cells containing parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), the somatostatin (SOM), the enzyme aromatase P450 (P450Arom), the estrogen receptor α (ER-α), and estrogen receptor β (ER-β) in embryonal stages, early fetal age, and in the newborn. This analysis has been carried out on embryos at 20, 30, 45 days, fetuses at 90 days, and newborn alpaca. Our immunohistochemical results revealed no cells-ir throughout the embryonic hypothalami of 20, 30, and 45 days. On the fetal stage of 90 days, SOM-ir cells were observed in the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial nuclei of the tuberal region. We checked for the presence of P450Arom-ir cells in the periventricular area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus of the tuberal region. In these fetal stages, no PV-ir, CB-ir, CR-ir or ERs-ir cells were identified. In the newborn, the PV-ir, CB-ir, CR-ir, and SOM-ir cells were detected in both the anterior and tuberal hypothalamic area. The P450Arom-ir cells the ER-α-ir and ER-β-ir cells were found in the anterior hypothalamus. Our results offer a contribution in the future purpose to obtain a time-expression pattern of the considered markers in alpaca during gestation and represents a foundation for future investigations on the alpaca brain to define the cross talk between PV, CB, CR, P450Arom, SOM, and ERs in the hypothalamus, the strategic region for the control of the reproductive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Montelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jaime Antonio Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologías Reproductivas, Facultad de Ciencias de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Calogero Stelletta
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Sánchez ML, de Souza E, Aguilar LA, Coveñas R. Distribution of alpha-neoendorphin, ACTH (18-39) and beta-endorphin (1-27) in the alpaca brainstem. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:481-492. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel L. Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
| | - Eliana de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
| | - Luis A. Aguilar
- Faculty of Health Sciences; San Ignacio de Loyola University (USIL); Lima Peru
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
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Eftekhari S, Gaspar RC, Roberts R, Chen TB, Zeng Z, Villarreal S, Edvinsson L, Salvatore CA. Localization of CGRP receptor components and receptor binding sites in rhesus monkey brainstem: A detailed study using in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:90-118. [PMID: 26105175 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging studies have revealed that certain brainstem areas are activated during migraine attacks. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is associated with activation of the trigeminovascular system and transmission of nociceptive information and plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology. Therefore, to elucidate the role of CGRP, it is critical to identify the regions within the brainstem that process CGRP signaling. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to detect mRNA expression and define cellular localization of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), respectively. To define CGRP receptor binding sites, in vitro autoradiography was performed with [(3)H]MK-3207 (a CGRP receptor antagonist). CLR and RAMP1 mRNA and protein expression were detected in the pineal gland, medial mammillary nucleus, median eminence, infundibular stem, periaqueductal gray, area postrema, pontine raphe nucleus, gracile nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and spinal cord. RAMP1 mRNA expression was also detected in the posterior hypothalamic area, trochlear nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, medial lemniscus, pontine nuclei, vagus nerve, inferior olive, abducens nucleus, and motor trigeminal nucleus; protein coexpression of CLR and RAMP1 was observed in these areas via immunofluorescence. [(3)H]MK-3207 showed high binding densities concordant with mRNA and protein expression. The present study suggests that several regions in the brainstem may be involved in CGRP signaling. Interestingly, we found receptor expression and antagonist binding in some areas that are not protected by the blood-brain barrier, which suggests that drugs inhibiting CGRP signaling may not be able to penetrate the central nervous system to antagonize receptors in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Renee C Gaspar
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Rhonda Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Tsing-Bau Chen
- Department of Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Zhizhen Zeng
- Department of Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Stephanie Villarreal
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Salvatore
- Department of Pain and Migraine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
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De Souza E, Sánchez ML, Aguilar LÁ, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez JÁ, Coveñas R. Mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca (Lama pacos) brainstem. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:363-74. [PMID: 25754727 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca brainstem. Immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the whole brainstem: 34 brainstem nuclei/regions showed a high or a moderate density of these fibers. Perikarya containing the peptide were widely distributed throughout the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata. Cell bodies containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) were observed in the lateral and medial divisions of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, reticular formation (mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata), inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, vestibular nucleus, motor dorsal nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, and in the substantia nigra. This widespread distribution indicates that somatostatin-28 (1-12) is involved in multiple physiological actions in the alpaca brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana De Souza
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Manso B, Sánchez M, Medina L, Aguilar L, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez J, Coveñas R. Immunohistochemical mapping of pro-opiomelanocortin- and pro-dynorphin-derived peptides in the alpaca (Lama pacos) diencephalon. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 59-60:36-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lisardo Sánchez M, Vecino E, Coveñas R. Distribution of CGRP in the minipig brainstem. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:374-84. [PMID: 24610802 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, an in-depth study has been made of the distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the minipig brainstem using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The animals studied were not treated with colchicine. Cell bodies containing CGRP were found in 20 nuclei/regions of the brainstem. These perikarya were located in somatomotor, brachiomotor and raphae nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, substantia nigra, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, nuclei olivaris inferior and superior, nuclei pontis, formatio reticularis, nucleus dorsalis tegmenti of Gudden, and in the nucleus reticularis lateralis. Fourteen of the 20 brainstem nuclei showed a high density of immunoreactive cell bodies. In comparison with other species, the minipig, together with the rat, show the most widespread distribution of cell bodies containing CGRP in the mammalian brainstem. Immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the brainstem. However, in the minipig brainstem the density of these fibers is low, as in many brainstem nuclei only single immunoreactive fibers were observed. A high density of immunoreactive fibers was only observed in the pars caudalis of the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini and in the nucleus ventralis tegmenti of Gudden. According to the observed anatomical distribution of the immunoreactive structures containing CGRP, the peptide could be involved in motor, somatosensory, gustative, and autonomic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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de Souza E, Aguilar LA, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez JA, Coveñas R. Mapping of neurotensin in the alpaca (Lama pacos) brainstem. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:245-56. [PMID: 23692174 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibres containing neurotensin (NT) in the brainstem of the alpaca using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoreactive fibres were widely distributed throughout the brainstem, whereas the distribution of cell bodies was less widespread. Immunoreactive perikarya were only found in the mesencephalic and bulbar reticular formation, periaqueductal grey, nucleus of the solitary tract, laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the inferior colliculus. A high density of fibres containing NT was found in the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, locus coeruleus, inferior colliculus, inter-peduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal grey, reticular formation of the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata, nucleus of the solitary tract, laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, inferior central nucleus and in the tegmental reticular nucleus. The widespread distribution indicates that NT might be involved in multiple physiological actions in the alpaca brainstem; this must be investigated in the future as alpacas lives from 0 m above sea level to altitudes of up 5000 m and hence the involvement of this neuropeptide in special and unique regulatory physiological mechanisms could be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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