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Sallicandro L, Gliozheni E, Feudi D, Sabbatini P, Pellegrino RM, Alabed HBR, Baldini D, Gerli S, Alviggi C, Cascardi E, Cicinelli E, Malvasi A, Fioretti B. Increased Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing IVF. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1331282. [PMID: 38774232 PMCID: PMC11106456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1331282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common multifactorial and polygenic disorder of the endocrine system, affecting up to 20% of women in reproductive age with a still unknown etiology. Follicular fluid (FF) represents an environment for the normal development of follicles rich in metabolites, hormones and neurotransmitters, but in some instances of PCOS the composition can be different. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an endogenous autonomic neuropeptide involved in follicular atresia, granulosa cell physiology and steroidogenesis. Methods ELISA assays were performed to measure VIP and estradiol levels in human follicular fluids, while AMH, FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone in the plasma were quantified by chemiluminescence. UHPLC/QTOF was used to perform the untargeted metabolomic analysis. Results Our ELISA and metabolomic results show: i) an increased concentration of VIP in follicular fluid of PCOS patients (n=9) of about 30% with respect to control group (n=10) (132 ± 28 pg/ml versus 103 ± 26 pg/ml, p=0,03) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), ii) a linear positive correlation (p=0.05, r=0.45) between VIP concentration and serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) concentration and iii) a linear negative correlation between VIP and noradrenaline metabolism. No correlation between VIP and estradiol (E2) concentration in follicular fluid was found. A negative correlation was found between VIP and noradrenaline metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPGAL) in follicular fluids. Conclusion VIP concentration in follicular fluids was increased in PCOS patients and a correlation was found with noradrenaline metabolism indicating a possible dysregulation of the sympathetic reflex in the ovarian follicles. The functional role of VIP as noradrenergic modulator in ovarian physiology and PCOS pathophysiology was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Sallicandro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elko Gliozheni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Feudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Husam B. R. Alabed
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico Baldini
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Center, Momo Fertilife, Bisceglie, Italy
| | - Sandro Gerli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Department of Clinical Gynecological Emergency, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliano Cascardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ettore Cicinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Malvasi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kouhetsani S, Khazali H, Rajabi-Maham H. Orexin antagonism and substance-P: Effects and interactions on polycystic ovary syndrome in the wistar rats. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37147728 PMCID: PMC10161431 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder without definitive treatments. Orexin and Substance-P (SP) neuropeptides can affect the ovarian steroidogenesis. Moreover, there are limited studies about the role of these neuropeptides in PCOS. We aimed here to clarify the effects of orexins and SP in PCOS as well as any possible interactions between them. METHODS For this purpose, the animals (n = five rats per group) received intraperitoneally a single dose of SB-334,867-A (orexin-1 receptor antagonist; OX1Ra), JNJ-10,397,049 (orexin-2 receptor antagonist; OX2Ra), and CP-96,345 (neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; NK1Ra), alone or in combination with each other after two months of PCOS induction. The blocking of orexin and SP receptors was studied in terms of ovarian histology, hormonal changes, and gene expression of ovarian steroidogenic enzymes. RESULTS The antagonists' treatment did not significantly affect the formation of ovarian cysts. In the PCOS groups, the co-administration of OX1Ra and OX2Ra as well as their simultaneous injections with NK1Ra significantly reversed testosterone levels and Cyp19a1 gene expression when compared to the PCOS control group. There were no significant interactions between the PCOS groups that received NK1Ra together with one or both OX1R- and OX2R-antagonists. CONCLUSION The blocking of the orexin receptors modulates abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis in the PCOS model of rats. This suggests that the binding of orexin-A and -B to their receptors reduces Cyp19a1 gene expression while increasing testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kouhetsani
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rajabi-Maham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Mohd Zahir I, Ogawa S, Dominic NA, Soga T, Parhar IS. Spexin and Galanin in Metabolic Functions and Social Behaviors With a Focus on Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:882772. [PMID: 35692389 PMCID: PMC9174643 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.882772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) and galanin (GAL) are two neuropeptides that are phylogenetically related and have descended from a common ancestral gene. Considerable attention has been given to these two multifunctional neuropeptides because they share GAL receptors 1,2, and 3. Since GAL and SPX-synthesizing neurons have been detected in several brain areas, therefore, it can be speculated that SPX and GAL are involved in various neurophysiological functions. Several studies have shown the functions of these two neuropeptides in energy regulation, reproduction, and response to stress. SPX acts as a satiety factor to suppress food intake, while GAL has the opposite effect as an orexigenic factor. There is evidence that SPX acts as an inhibitor of reproductive functions by suppressing gonadotropin release, while GAL modulates the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the brain and gonadotropic cells in the pituitary. SPX and GAL are responsive to stress. Furthermore, SPX can act as an anxiolytic factor, while GAL exerts anti-depressant and pro-depressive effects depending on the receptor it binds. This review describes evidence supporting the central roles of SPX and GAL neuropeptides in energy balance, reproduction, stress, and social behaviors, with a particular focus on non-mammalian vertebrate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzati Mohd Zahir
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S. Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Ishwar S. Parhar,
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Thoene M, Rytel L, Dzika E, Wojtkiewicz J. Increased PACAP- and DβH-Positive Hepatic Nerve Fibers after Bisphenol A Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050110. [PMID: 34070027 PMCID: PMC8158090 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC) that can be found nearly everywhere in our polluted world. BPA has been correlated with pathophysiologies that include psychological disorders, especially in children. This study used juvenile porcine models to investigate the effects of BPA on the liver of developing vertebrates in order to determine the effects of BPA on innervated hepatic samples with the use of double-labeled immunofluorescence. This study specifically investigated the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) colocalized with a specific neural marker (PACAP) that has previously been correlated with specific pathophysiologies in the literature. In the liver, it was observed that there were significantly increased nerve fibers in the SNS colocalized with the neural marker PACAP after exposure to BPA at concentrations considered to be “safe” with the same or more profound effects at higher exposure levels. The implications of childhood exposure to BPA are then discussed with regard to several correlation studies that have linked BPA exposure to behavioral/psychological disorders. It is possible that BPA exposure in childhood may upregulate the SNS and PACAP levels, thereby contributing to the correlations in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thoene
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 14C Str., 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-524-61-16
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str 15, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 14C Str., 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Cisint S, Crespo CA, Iruzubieta Villagra L, Fernández SN, Ramos I. Effect of nervous stimulation on ovarian steroid secretion in amphibians. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:681-691. [PMID: 33058568 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of nerve stimulation on the secretory activity of the ovary of adult females was analyzed for the first time in amphibians. Results revealed that in Rhinella arenarum the stimulation of nerves that supply the gonad induced an increase in estradiol and progesterone secretion, this response showing differences during the reproductive cycle of the species. During the postreproductive period, an increase in estradiol secretion was observed while, in the reproductive period, progesterone secretion increased. Our results suggest that the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible for this increase, taking into account that, under our experimental conditions, acetylcholine did not affect the endocrine activity of the gonad, while adrenaline (epinephrine) was effective in inducing steroid secretion an effect that could be due to interaction with β receptors. On the other hand, our data show that the association of adrenaline with follicle-stimulating hormone increased estradiol secretion during the postreproductive period, while the association of catecholamine with LH or hCG increased progesterone secretion during the reproductive period. Our results would suggest that nerve stimulation, mediated by the release of adrenaline, would act synergistically with gonadotrophins to stimulate steroid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cisint
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Claudia A Crespo
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina.,Higher Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Iruzubieta Villagra
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia N Fernández
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Inés Ramos
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina.,Higher Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
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Azin F, Khazali H. Neuropeptide galanin and its effects on metabolic and reproductive disturbances in female rats with estradiol valerate (EV) - Induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102026. [PMID: 32063381 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A functional role of the neuropeptide galanin, executed through the three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes GAL₁₋₃, has been demonstrated in many biological systems and under pathological circumstances. Galanin is involved in many central and peripheral actions, in particular associated with endocrine mechanisms such as anterior pituitary hormone regulation, reproduction, glucose metabolism and also inflammation. The role of galanin in the pathology of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and possible therapeutic effects are unknown. However, based on the well known neuroendocrine changes in PCOS patients, it may be assumed that galanin via effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretory neurons could play a significant role in the development of PCOS. The aim of this study was to examine possible therapeutic effects of galanin on hormonal, metabolic and molecular parameters in PCOS. Accordingly, intraperitoneal injection of galanin in a dose- dependent manner in female PCOS rats induced a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), an increase in FSH and a decrease in LH, insulin and testosterone (using ELISA kit) compared to the PCOS groups. Moreover, data from real-time quantitative PCR showed significantly ameliorated changes in the mRNA levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19). Taken together, galanin has neuroendocrine, anti- and pro-inflammatory and metabolic effects, and we therefore suggest that treatment with this peptide could represent new therapeutic approach for managing hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the PCOS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Azin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Bisphenol A Causes Liver Damage and Selectively Alters the Neurochemical Coding of Intrahepatic Parasympathetic Nerves in Juvenile Porcine Models under Physiological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122726. [PMID: 29244763 PMCID: PMC5751327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extremely common polymer that is used in typical everyday products throughout the world, especially in food and beverage containers. Within the last ten years, it has been found that the BPA monomer tends to leach into foodstuffs, and nanogram concentrations of it may cause a variety of deleterious health effects. These health problems are very evident in developing children and in young adults. The aim of this study was to expose developing pigs to dietary BPA at both legally acceptable and ten-fold higher levels. Livers that had been exposed to BPA showed vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, vascular congestion and glycogen depletion that increased with exposure levels. Furthermore, the livers of these models were then examined for irregularities and double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to check the innervated hepatic samples for varying neuronal expression of selected neuronal markers in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). It was found that both the PSNS and all of the neuronal markers showed increased expression, with some of them being significant even at recommended safe exposure levels. The implications are quite serious since these effects have been observed at recommended safe levels with expression increasing in-line with exposure levels. The increased neuronal markers studied here have been previously correlated with behavioral/psychological disorders of children and young adults, as well as with childhood obesity and diabetes. However, further research must be performed in order to develop a mechanism for the above-mentioned correlations.
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Deady LD, Sun J. A Follicle Rupture Assay Reveals an Essential Role for Follicular Adrenergic Signaling in Drosophila Ovulation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005604. [PMID: 26473732 PMCID: PMC4608792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation is essential for the propagation of the species and involves a proteolytic degradation of the follicle wall for the release of the fertilizable oocyte. However, the precise mechanisms for regulating these proteolytic events are largely unknown. Work from our lab and others have shown that there are several parallels between Drosophila and mammalian ovulation at both the cellular and molecular levels. During ovulation in Drosophila, posterior follicle cells surrounding a mature oocyte are selectively degraded and the residual follicle cells remain in the ovary to form a corpus luteum after follicle rupture. Like in mammals, this rupturing process also depends on matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) activity localized at the posterior end of mature follicles, where oocytes exit. In the present study, we show that Mmp2 activity is regulated by the octopaminergic signaling in mature follicle cells. Exogenous octopamine (OA; equivalent to norepinephrine, NE) is sufficient to induce follicle rupture when isolated mature follicles are cultured ex vivo, in the absence of the oviduct or ovarian muscle sheath. Knocking down the alpha-like adrenergic receptor Oamb (Octoampine receptor in mushroom bodies) in mature follicle cells prevents OA-induced follicle rupture ex vivo and ovulation in vivo. We also show that follicular OA-Oamb signaling induces Mmp2 enzymatic activation but not Mmp2 protein expression, likely via intracellular Ca2+ as the second messenger. Our work develops a novel ex vivo follicle rupture assay and demonstrates the role for follicular adrenergic signaling in Mmp2 activation and ovulation in Drosophila, which is likely conserved in other species. Ovulation is the process of releasing fertilizable oocytes from the ovary and is essential for metazoan reproduction. Our recent work has demonstrated principles governing ovulation process that are highly conserved across species, such that both mammals and Drosophila utilize matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) to degrade extracellular matrix and weaken the follicle wall for follicle rupture. However, a fundamental question remaining in the field is how Mmp activity is precisely regulated during ovulation. This paper reports that Drosophila octopamine (OA), the insect equivalent of norepinephrine (NE), is the signal to induce Mmp activity through activating its receptor Oamb on mature follicle cells and that this may induce ovulation. These findings allow us to develop the first ex vivo follicle rupture assay for Drosophila, which gives us unprecedented ability to characterize the entire follicle rupturing process ex vivo and to identify essential factors for ovulation. Furthermore, we show that NE partially fulfills OA’s role in inducing follicle rupture ex vivo, indicating that follicular adrenergic signal is a conserved signal to regulating Mmp activity and ovulation. Our work not only sheds light on the long-standing question of Mmp regulation, but also may lead to a better understanding of Mmp and NE linked pathological processes including cancer metastasis and polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lylah D. Deady
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fang P, He B, Shi M, Kong G, Dong X, Zhu Y, Bo P, Zhang Z. The regulative effect of galanin family members on link of energy metabolism and reproduction. Peptides 2015; 71:240-9. [PMID: 26188174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is essential for the species survival that an efficient coordination between energy storage and reproduction through endocrine regulation. The neuropeptide galanin, one of the endocrine hormones, can potently coordinate energy metabolism and the activities of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis to adjust synthesis and release of metabolic and reproductive hormones in animals and humans. However, few papers have summarized the regulative effect of the galanin family members on the link of energy storage and reproduction as yet. To address this issue, this review attempts to summarize the current information available about the regulative effect of galanin, galanin-like peptide and alarin on the metabolic and reproductive events, with special emphasis on the interactions between galanin and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary luteinizing hormone and ovarian hormones. This research line will further deepen our understanding of the physiological roles of the galanin family in regulating the link of energy metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou 225300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Biao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Guimei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ping Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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