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Pompeiano M, Colonnese MT. cFOS as a biomarker of activity maturation in the hippocampal formation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:929461. [PMID: 37521697 PMCID: PMC10374841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.929461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential for cFOS expression as a marker of functional development of "resting-state" waking activity in the extended network of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. We examined sleeping and awake mice at (P)ostnatal days 5, 9, 13, and 17 as well as in adulthood. We find that cFOS expression is state-dependent even at 5 days old, with reliable staining occurring only in the awake mice. Even during waking, cFOS expression was rare and weak at P5. The septal nuclei, entorhinal cortex layer (L)2, and anterodorsal thalamus were exceptional in that they had robust cFOS expression at P5 that was similar to or greater than in adulthood. Significant P5 expression was also observed in the dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex L6, postsubiculum L4-6, ventral subiculum, supramammillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. The expression in these regions grew stronger with age, and the expression in new regions was added progressively at P9 and P13 by which point the overall expression pattern in many regions was qualitatively similar to the adult. Six regions-CA1, dorsal subiculum, postsubiculum L2-3, reuniens nucleus, and perirhinal and postrhinal cortices-were very late developing, mostly achieving adult levels only after P17. Our findings support a number of developmental principles. First, early spontaneous activity patterns induced by muscle twitches during sleep do not induce robust cFOS expression in the extended hippocampal network. Second, the development of cFOS expression follows the progressive activation along the trisynaptic circuit, rather than birth date or cellular maturation. Third, we reveal components of the egocentric head-direction and theta-rhythm circuits as the earliest cFOS active circuits in the forebrain. Our results suggest that cFOS staining may provide a reliable and sensitive biomarker for hippocampal formation activity development, particularly in regard to the attainment of a normal waking state and synchronizing rhythms such as theta and gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pompeiano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew T. Colonnese
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Zeng J, Ji Y, Luan F, Hu J, Rui Y, Liu Y, Rao Z, Liu R, Zeng N. Xiaoyaosan ethyl acetate fraction alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis via modulating the IGF-1Rβ/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:115005. [PMID: 35051601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a representative and classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription with function of dispersing stagnated liver and strengthening spleen, has been used for thousands of years to treat depression. XYS' anti-depression effect has been demonstrated both clinically and experimentally; however, the material basis for this effect has yet to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the impact and underlying action mechanism of XYS' antidepressant active component (Xiaoyaosan ethyl acetate fraction, XYSEF) against chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behavior in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we established a behavioral despair depression mouse model to preliminarily determine the effective antidepressant dose of XYSEF. Then, we created a CUMS mouse model and used various classic behavioral tests, including SPT, ST, NFST, and TST, to assess XYSEF's antidepressant properties. IGF-1 levels in mouse serum and hippocampus were quantified using ELISA. The average optical density of Nissl bodies in the mouse hippocampal CA3 region was determined utilizing toluidine blue staining. Brdu and DCX expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was assayed using the immunofluorescence method. IGF-1Rβ, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-3 protein levels in the hippocampus were determined with Western blot. RESULTS The behavioral despair mouse model findings showed that 9.1 and 40 g/kg of XYSEF both significantly shortened the immobility time of mice, suggesting that the effective dose range was 9.1-40 g/kg. Compared to the CUMS mouse model, XYSEF at 20 and 40 g/kg markedly increased the sucrose preference percentage in the SPT and grooming time in the ST, shortened the immobility time in the TST and the feeding latency in the NSFT, and reversed the downregulated IGF-1 content in mouse serum and hippocampus. In addition, XYSEF amplified the average optical density of Nissl bodies in the hippocampal CA3 region, promoted Brdu and DCX expression in DG, and diminished IGF-1Rβ, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 protein levels in the hippocampi of CUMS mice. CONCLUSION XYSEF acted as an antidepressant in mice exhibiting CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors, possibly by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and inhibiting the over-activation of the IGF-1Rβ/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yafei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yixing Rui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zhili Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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