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Gupta S, Khan J, Ghosh S. Molecular mechanism of cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease: A stroke perspective. Life Sci 2024; 337:122358. [PMID: 38128756 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological illness that causes several motor and non-motor symptoms, most characteristically limb tremors and bradykinesia. PD is a slowly worsening disease that arises due to progressive neurodegeneration of specific areas of the brain, especially the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Even though PD has continuously been linked to a higher mortality risk in numerous epidemiologic studies, there have been significant discoveries regarding the connection between PD and stroke. The incidence of strokes such as cerebral infarction and hemorrhage is substantially associated with the development of PD. Moreover, cognitive impairments, primarily dementia, have been associated with stroke and PD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is still obscure. This concise review focuses on the relationship between stroke and PD, emphasizing the molecular mechanism of cognition deficit and memory loss evident in PD and stroke. Furthermore, we are also highlighting some potential drug molecules that can target both PD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Gupta
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India.
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Meerman JJ, Legler J, Piersma AH, Westerink RHS, Heusinkveld HJ. An adverse outcome pathway for chemical-induced Parkinson's disease: Calcium is key. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:226-243. [PMID: 37926220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, rodent-based risk assessment studies cannot adequately capture neurodegenerative effects of pesticides due to a lack of human-relevant endpoints targeted at neurodegeneration. Thus, there is a need for improvement of the risk assessment guidelines. Specifically, a mechanistic assessment strategy, based on human physiology and (patho)biology is needed, which can be applied in next generation risk assessment. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is particularly well-suited to provide the mechanistic basis for such a strategy. Here, we conducted a semi-systematic review in Embase and MEDLINE, focused on neurodegeneration and pesticides, to develop an AOP network for parkinsonian motor symptoms. Articles were labelled and included/excluded using the online platform Sysrev. Only primary articles, written in English, focused on effects of pesticides or PD model compounds in models for the brain were included. A total of 66 articles, out of the 1700 screened, was included. PD symptoms are caused by loss of function and ultimately death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Our literature review highlights that a unique feature of these cells that increases their vulnerability is their reliance on continuous low-level influx of calcium. As such, excess intracellular calcium was identified as a central early Key Event (KE). This KE can lead to death of dopaminergic neurons of the SN, and eventually parkinsonian motor symptoms, via four distinct pathways: 1) activation of calpains, 2) endoplasmic reticulum stress, 3) impairment of protein degradation, and 4) oxidative damage. Several receptors have been identified that may serve as molecular initiating events (MIEs) to trigger one or more of these pathways. The proposed AOP network provides the biological basis that can be used to develop a mechanistic testing strategy that captures neurodegenerative effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Meerman
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Viana HKMMC, da Silva Oliveira GL, Moreno LCGEAI, de Melo-Cavalcante AAC, de Moura do Amaral MP, Arcanjo DDR, Rolim HML. Involvement of the serotoninergic system in the anxiolytic action mechanism of a liposomal formulation containing nimodipine (NMD-Lipo). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173654. [PMID: 37802395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In the search for anxiolytic drugs with fewer adverse effects, calcium blockers were proposed as a benzodiazepines (BZDs) alternative. In this context, the anxiolytic effect of nimodipine has been demonstrated. However, its low bioavailability and solubility could be improved by using nanostructured drug delivery systems such as liposomes. In this way, liposomal formulation containing nimodipine (NMD-Lipo) was developed. The NMD-lipo is a formulation capable of improving the kinetic characteristics of the drug, as well as the anxiolytic effect of nimodipine. In this work, the serotonergic system participation in the anxiolytic mechanism of the liposomal formulation containing nimodipine (NMD-Lipo) was investigated. A possible 5-HT1A receptor mediation on the NMD-Lipo anxiolytic effect was demonstrated by using WAY 100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist) since the antagonist reversed the NMD-Lipo anxiolytic effect in the light/dark test and elevated plus maze test. The results demonstrated that the NMD-Lipo administration had anxiolytic activity through 5-HT1A receptors without causing sedation or compromising the motor coordination of the tested animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Kelen Maria Medeiros Coimbra Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems (NANOSFAR), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550,Brazil
| | - George Laylson da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry (LAPNEX), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550,Brazil
| | | | - Ana Amélia Carvalho de Melo-Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry (LAPNEX), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550,Brazil
| | - Maurício Pires de Moura do Amaral
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience and Toxicology Laboratory (LINT), PostgraduateProgram in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience and Toxicology Laboratory (LINT), PostgraduateProgram in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems (NANOSFAR), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64.049-550,Brazil.
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Ardizzone A, Bova V, Casili G, Filippone A, Lanza M, Repici A, Esposito E, Paterniti I. bFGF-like Activity Supported Tissue Regeneration, Modulated Neuroinflammation, and Rebalanced Ca 2+ Homeostasis following Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14654. [PMID: 37834102 PMCID: PMC10572408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is a well-defined debilitating traumatic event to the spinal cord that usually triggers permanent changes in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Injured tissue becomes susceptible to secondary mechanisms caused by SCIs, which include pro-inflammatory cytokine release, the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased neuronal sensibility. As a consequence, the production of factors such as GFAP, IBA-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and S100-β slow down or inhibit central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. In this regard, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms regulating the CNS, and specifically SCI, is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies. It has been demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was successful in the modulation of neurotrophic activity, also promoting neurite survival and tissue repair, thus resulting in the valuable care of CNS disorders. However, bFGF therapeutic use is limited due to the undesirable effects developed following its administration. Therefore, the synthetic compound mimetic of bFGF, SUN11602 (with chemical name 4-[[4-[[2-[(4-Amino-2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)amino]acetyl]methylamino]-1-piperidinyl]methyl]benzamide), has been reported to show neuroprotective activities similar to those of bFGF, also demonstrating a good pharmacokinetic profile. Here, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of this bFGF-like compound in modulating tissue regeneration, neuroinflammation, and Ca2+ overload by using a subacute mouse model of SCI. SUN11602 (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for 72 h daily following the in vivo model of SCI, which was generated by the extradural compression of the spinal cord. The data obtained demonstrated that SUN11602 treatment considerably decreased motor alteration and diminished the neuroinflammatory state through the regulation of glial activation, the NF-κB pathway, and kinases. Additionally, by controlling Ca2+-binding proteins and restoring neurotrophin expression, we showed that SUN11602 therapy restored the equilibrium of the neuronal circuit. Because of these findings, bFGF-like compounds may be an effective tool for reducing inflammation in SCI patients while enhancing their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (V.B.); (G.C.); (A.F.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (I.P.)
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Luo Y, Shan L, Xu L, Patnala S, Kanfer I, Li J, Yu P, Jun X. A network pharmacology-based approach to explore the therapeutic potential of Sceletium tortuosum in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273583. [PMID: 36006974 PMCID: PMC9409587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sceletium tortuosum (SCT) has been utilized medicinally by indigenous Koi-San people purportedly for mood elevation. SCT extracts are reported to be neuroprotective and have efficacy in improving cognition. However, it is still unclear which of the pharmacological mechanisms of SCT contribute to the therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, this study investigated two aspects–firstly, the abilities of neuroprotective sub-fractions from SCT on scavenging radicals, inhibiting some usual targets relevant to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), and secondly utilizing the network pharmacology related methods to search probable mechanisms using Surflex-Dock program to show the key targets and corresponding SCT constituents. The results indicated sub-fractions from SCT could scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR). Furthermore, the results of gene ontology and docking analyses indicated the key targets involved in the probable treatment of AD or PD might be AChE, MAO-B, NMDAR subunit2B (GluN2B-NMDAR), adenosine A2A receptor and cannabinoid receptor 2, and the corresponding constituents in Sceletium tortuosum might be N-trans-feruloyl-3-methyldopamine, dihydrojoubertiamine and other mesembrine type alkaloids. In summary, this study has provided new evidence for the therapeutic potential of SCT in the treatment of AD or PD, as well as the key targets and notable constituents in SCT. Therefore, we propose SCT could be a natural chemical resource for lead compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwen Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luchen Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipeng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Srinivas Patnala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Isadore Kanfer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jiahao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (JX)
| | - Xu Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (JX)
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Fieblinger T, Li C, Espa E, Cenci MA. Non-Apoptotic Caspase-3 Activation Mediates Early Synaptic Dysfunction of Indirect Pathway Neurons in the Parkinsonian Striatum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105470. [PMID: 35628278 PMCID: PMC9141690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic caspase-3 activation is critically involved in dendritic spine loss and synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. It is, however, not known whether caspase-3 plays similar roles in other pathologies. Using a mouse model of clinically manifest Parkinson’s disease, we provide the first evidence that caspase-3 is transiently activated in the striatum shortly after the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. This caspase-3 activation concurs with a rapid loss of dendritic spines and deficits in synaptic long-term depression (LTD) in striatal projection neurons forming the indirect pathway. Interestingly, systemic treatment with a caspase inhibitor prevents both the spine pruning and the deficit of indirect pathway LTD without interfering with the ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. Taken together, our data identify transient and non-apoptotic caspase activation as a critical event in the early plastic changes of indirect pathway neurons following dopamine denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Fieblinger
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Synaptic Physiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Chang Li
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - M. Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
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Ardizzone A, Bova V, Casili G, Filippone A, Campolo M, Lanza M, Esposito E, Paterniti I. SUN11602, a bFGF mimetic, modulated neuroinflammation, apoptosis and calcium-binding proteins in an in vivo model of MPTP-induced nigrostriatal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:107. [PMID: 35526035 PMCID: PMC9080217 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. PD etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and not yet fully known, however, the scientific world advised the establishment of neuroinflammation among the possible risk factors. In this field, basic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (bFGF/FGFR1) could be a promising way to treat CNS-mediated inflammation; unfortunately, the use of bFGF as therapeutic agent is limited by its side effects. The novel synthetic compound SUN11602 exhibited neuroprotective activities like bFGF. With this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of SUN11602 administration in a murine model of MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration. Methods Specifically, nigrostriatal degeneration was induced by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (80 mg/kg). SUN11602 (1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg) was administered daily by oral gavage starting from 24 h after the first administration of MPTP. Mice were killed 7 days after MPTP induction. Results The results obtained showed that SUN11602 administration significantly reduced the alteration of PD hallmarks, attenuating the neuroinflammatory state via modulation of glial activation, NF-κB pathway, and cytokine overexpression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SUN11602 treatment rebalanced Ca2+ overload in neurons by regulating Ca2+-binding proteins while inhibiting the apoptotic cascade. Conclusion Therefore, in the light of these findings, SUN11602 could be considered a valuable pharmacological strategy for PD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02457-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Bova
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Shared Molecular Targets in Parkinson’s Disease and Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030653. [PMID: 35327454 PMCID: PMC8945026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Parkinson’s disease and arterial hypertension are likely to coexist in the elderly, with possible bidirectional interactions. We aimed to assess the role of antihypertensive agents in PD emergence and/or progression. (2) We performed a systematic search on the PubMed database. Studies enrolling patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent treatment with drugs pertaining to one of the major antihypertensive drug classes (β-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium-channel blockers) prior to or after the diagnosis of parkinsonism were scrutinized. We divided the outcome into two categories: neuroprotective and disease-modifying effect. (3) We included 20 studies in the qualitative synthesis, out of which the majority were observational studies, with only one randomized controlled trial. There are conflicting results regarding the effect of antihypertensive drugs on Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, mainly because of heterogeneous protocols and population. (4) Conclusions: There is low quality evidence that antihypertensive agents might be potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson’s disease, but this hypothesis needs further testing.
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Little HJ. L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Approach to Drug Dependence. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:127-154. [PMID: 34663686 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes interactions between compounds, primarily dihydropyridines, that block L-type calcium channels and drugs that cause dependence, and the potential importance of these interactions. The main dependence-inducing drugs covered are alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids, and nicotine. In preclinical studies, L-type calcium channel blockers prevent or reduce important components of dependence on these drugs, particularly their reinforcing actions and the withdrawal syndromes. The channel blockers also reduce the development of tolerance and/or sensitization, and they have no intrinsic dependence liability. In some instances, their effects include reversal of brain changes established during drug dependence. Prolonged treatment with alcohol, opioids, psychostimulant drugs, or nicotine causes upregulation of dihydropyridine binding sites. Few clinical studies have been carried out so far, and reports are conflicting, although there is some evidence of effectiveness of L-channel blockers in opioid withdrawal. However, the doses of L-type channel blockers used clinically so far have necessarily been limited by potential cardiovascular problems and may not have provided sufficient central levels of the drugs to affect neuronal dihydropyridine binding sites. New L-type calcium channel blocking compounds are being developed with more selective actions on subtypes of L-channel. The preclinical evidence suggests that L-type calcium channels may play a crucial role in the development of dependence to different types of drugs. Mechanisms for this are proposed, including changes in the activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons, genomic effects, and alterations in synaptic plasticity. Newly developed, more selective L-type calcium channel blockers could be of considerable value in the treatment of drug dependence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dependence on drugs is a very serious health problem with little effective treatment. Preclinical evidence shows drugs that block particular calcium channels, the L-type, reduce dependence-related effects of alcohol, opioids, psychostimulants, and nicotine. Clinical studies have been restricted by potential cardiovascular side effects, but new, more selective L-channel blockers are becoming available. L-channel blockers have no intrinsic dependence liability, and laboratory evidence suggests they reverse previously developed effects of dependence-inducing drugs. They could provide a novel approach to addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Little
- Section of Alcohol Research, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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Ion Channels as New Attractive Targets to Improve Re-Myelination Processes in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147277. [PMID: 34298893 PMCID: PMC8305962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by neuroinflammation. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are cycling cells in the developing and adult CNS that, under demyelinating conditions, migrate to the site of lesions and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes to remyelinate damaged axons. However, this process fails during disease chronicization due to impaired OPC differentiation. Moreover, OPCs are crucial players in neuro-glial communication as they receive synaptic inputs from neurons and express ion channels and neurotransmitter/neuromodulator receptors that control their maturation. Ion channels are recognized as attractive therapeutic targets, and indeed ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels can both be found among the top five pharmaceutical target groups of FDA-approved agents. Their modulation ameliorates some of the symptoms of MS and improves the outcome of related animal models. However, the exact mechanism of action of ion-channel targeting compounds is often still unclear due to the wide expression of these channels on neurons, glia, and infiltrating immune cells. The present review summarizes recent findings in the field to get further insights into physio-pathophysiological processes and possible therapeutic mechanisms of drug actions.
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Kusakabe M, Hasegawa Y. Nimodipine promotes neurite outgrowth and protects against neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:51-57. [PMID: 33643570 PMCID: PMC7894639 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.48567.11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nimodipine is an L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) antagonist. However, the actions of nimodipine except calcium blocking are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nimodipine on neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS After PC12 cells were treated with different concentrations of nimodipine, neurite outgrowth was estimated using the ImageJ software. Neuroprotective effects of nimodipine against H2O2 and calcium ionophore-induced neurotoxicity were investigated using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway was investigated for clarifying the action mechanism of nimodipine. RESULTS Nimodipine treatment at doses of higher than 10 µM induced neurite outgrowth in the cells. Additionally, VDCC knockdown by siRNA significantly suppressed the nimodipine-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, suggesting that the drug promotes neurite outgrowth by binding to VDCC. H2O2 and calcium ionophore induce oxidative and calcium stress in PC12 cells. Nimodipine exhibited neuroprotective effects against H2O2- and calcium ionophore-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the mRNA expression levels of neurotrophic factors, calcium-binding proteins, and antioxidants that are transcribed by CREB activation. CONCLUSION This is the first report that nimodipine induces neurite outgrowth and exerts its neuroprotective activity through the ERK/CREB signaling pathway in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miduki Kusakabe
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hasegawa
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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Strategies for Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis and the Role of Calcium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051663. [PMID: 32121306 PMCID: PMC7084497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), as well as with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, the modulation of calcium influx into the cells and the targeting of calcium-mediated signaling pathways may present a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. This review provides an overview on calcium channels in neurons and glial cells. Special emphasis is put on MS, a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS. While the initial relapsing-remitting stage of MS can be treated effectively with immune modulatory and immunosuppressive drugs, the subsequent progressive stage has remained largely untreatable. Here we summarize several approaches that have been and are currently being tested for their neuroprotective capacities in MS and we discuss which role calcium could play in this regard.
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Singh A, Zhi L, Zhang H. LRRK2 and mitochondria: Recent advances and current views. Brain Res 2019; 1702:96-104. [PMID: 29894679 PMCID: PMC6281802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene account for most common causes of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and are one of the strongest genetic risk factors in sporadic PD. Pathways implicated in LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration include cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, mitochondria, and calcium homeostasis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Both genetic and environmental causes of PD have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondrial impairment has been observed in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients with LRRK2 mutations, and LRRK2 has been shown to localize to mitochondria and to regulate its function. In this review we discuss recent discoveries relating to LRRK2 mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.
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