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Goyal J, Jain P, Jain V, Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya R, Dey S, Sharma R, Rai N. Melamine Exacerbates Neurotoxicity in D-Galactose-Induced Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. J Aging Res 2023; 2023:6635370. [PMID: 38045533 PMCID: PMC10689074 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6635370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have depicted the role of diet and environmental toxins in aging. Melamine (Mel) is a globally known notorious food adulterant, and its toxicity has been shown in several organs including the brain. However, till now, there are no reports regarding Mel neurotoxicity in aging neurons. So, this study examined the in vitro neurotoxicity caused by Mel in the D-galactose (DG)-induced aging model of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. In the present study, the neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were treated with DG and Mel separately and in combination to assess the neurotoxicity potential using MTT assay and neurite length measurement. Further, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant activities were evaluated followed by the determination of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and caspase3 (Casp3) activity. The cotreatment of Mel and DG in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells showed maximum cell death than the cells treated with DG or Mel individually and untreated control cells. The neurite length shrinkage and ROS production were maximum in the DG and Mel cotreated cells showing exacerbated toxicity of Mel. The activity of SOD, CAT, and total antioxidants was also found to be lowered in the cotreatment group (Mel + DG) than in Mel- or DG-treated and untreated cells. Further, the combined toxicity of Mel and DG also elevated the Casp3 activity more than any other group. This is the first study showing the increased neurotoxic potential of Mel in an aging model of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells which implicates that Mel consumption by the elderly may lead to increased incidences of neurodegeneration like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Preet Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rambabu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, India
| | - Nitish Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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Habotta OA, Abdeen A, Roomi AB, Elgndy AI, Sorour SM, Morsi MH, Kamal KM, Ibrahim SF, Abdelrahaman D, Fericean L, Banatean-Dunea I, Ghamry HI, El-Nablaway M, Atawia RT, Abdelhady D. Nootkatone Mitigated Melamine-Evoked Hepatotoxicity by Featuring Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Interconnected Mechanisms: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches. TOXICS 2023; 11:784. [PMID: 37755794 PMCID: PMC10535958 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (ML) is a common environmental contaminant, commonly used in food fraud, representing a serious health hazard and jeopardizing human and animal health. Recently, nootkatone (NK), a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic advantages. We investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of NK against ML-induced liver injury in rats. Five groups were utilized: control, ML, NK10, ML-NK5, and ML-NK10. ML induced substantial hepatotoxicity, including considerable alterations in biochemical parameters and histology. The oxidative distress triggered by ML increased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In addition, decreased expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) expression levels were observed in hepatocytes, which indicated the occurrence of inflammatory changes following ML exposure. These alterations were alleviated by NK supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The data revealed that the favorable effects of NK were attributed, at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, our results were supported by molecular docking studies that revealed a good fit and interactions between NK and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the current study demonstrated that NK is a potential new food additive for the prevention or treatment of ML-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A. Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ali B. Roomi
- Department of Quality Assurance, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
| | - Afnan I. Elgndy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Safwa M. Sorour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Maha H. Morsi
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 3236101, Egypt
| | - Kamal M. Kamal
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Abdelrahaman
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Banatean-Dunea
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem T. Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Dania Abdelhady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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Habotta OA, Abdeen A, El-Hanafy AA, Yassin N, Elgameel D, Ibrahim SF, Abdelrahaman D, Hasan T, Imbrea F, Ghamry HI, Fericean L, Behairy A, Atwa AM, Abdelkader A, Mahdi MR, El-Mosallamy SA. Sesquiterpene nootkatone counteracted the melamine-induced neurotoxicity via repressing of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic trajectories. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115133. [PMID: 37454594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melamine (ML), a chemical substance of high nitrogen content, is used as a food adulterant. Former evidences implied that ML could induce a variety of toxic effects including neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to delineate the protective effect of the nootkatone (NK) against ML-induced neural adverse effects. Rats were orally pretreated with NK (5 and 10 mg/kg) prior to the oral administration of ML (700 mg/kg) for a period of 28 days. Our findings unveiled remarkable alleviating effect of NK on MK-induced neurobehavioral disturbance in open field test. Furthermore, NK lessened ML-caused increases in the acetylcholine esterase level in the brain tissue of exposed rats. NK also decreased the neural oxidative stress as represented by elevated levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH along with decreased MDA and NO levels. Upregulated mRNA expression levels of neural NRF-2 and HO-1 were noticed after NK administration. Remarkable anti-inflammatory impact was prominent by decreased neural IL-1β, and TNF-α along with downregulated NF-κB and TLR-4 gene expression levels in NK-treated rats. Noteworthily, pre-treatment with NK decreased the immune reaction of RAGE and HMGB-1 induced by oral ML exposure. Brain histological examination validated the obtained biochemical and molecular results. To sum up, these outcomes reveal that NK successfully alleviated the neural damage induced by ML via blocking of oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Consequently, our study may suggest NK as a new effective therapeutic supplement for treatment of ML-mediated neurotoxicity in rats via inhibition of HMGB-1-RAGE/TLR-4/NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt.
| | - Aya A El-Hanafy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Neimet Yassin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Dina Elgameel
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt.
| | - Samah F Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Doaa Abdelrahaman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tabinda Hasan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Florin Imbrea
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, 119, Calea Aradului, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Heba I Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Life Sciences "King Michael I" from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, Romania.
| | - Ali Behairy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Afaf Abdelkader
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed R Mahdi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban A El-Mosallamy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Sun W, Chen X, Mei Y, Li X, Yang Y, An L. Co-exposure of melamine and cyanuric acid as a risk factor for oxidative stress and energy metabolism: Adverse effects on hippocampal neuronal and synaptic function induced by excessive ROS production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114230. [PMID: 36306617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CA) alone have relatively low toxicity, but together they may cause serious damage to multiple organs, including the central nervous system, however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to determine and compare the neurotoxic effects of MEL (20 μg/mL), CA (20 μg/mL) and their combination (10 μg/mL MEL and 10 μg/mL CA) on cultured hippocampal neurons. The cell viability, apoptosis, anti-oxidative and energy metabolic indices were detected following 24 h of incubations. The miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 neurons were recorded. Moreover, ROS scavenger NAC was co-infused to investigate the potential mechanism. We found the complex of MEL and CA but not their alone caused severe cell death and disturbed energy production through activation caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Meanwhile, the combination significantly reduced the amplitude, decay time and frequency of mEPSCs but not mIPSCs, indicating the pre- and post-synaptic inhibitory actions on neuronal activity. Paired-pulsed ratio (PPR) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses were critically depressed. However, the co-application of NAC could effectively mitigate the cellular apoptosis, energy metabolism dysfunction and the impairments in neuronal and synaptic function. Our findings provide the first evidence that the combination of MEL and CA can exert more prominently neurotoxic effects than their alone and certify that one of the potential mechanisms for neuronal and synaptic dysfunction is the ROS-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yazi Mei
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Lei An
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan 250013, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
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5
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Wang G, Chen Z, Song Y, Wu H, Chen M, Lai S, Wu X. Xueshuantong injection alleviates cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion rats by suppressing inflammation via JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115592. [PMID: 35931304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the long history of traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng has been used as a key herb for the treatment of blood diseases. Brain microvessels support adequate blood circulation to maintain normal physiological function, therefore, brain microcirculation disorder is an important therapeutic target for various brain diseases. However, the role of Xueshuantong (XST) injection composed of saponins from P. Notoginseng (PNS) in the amelioration of cerebral microcirculation disorder is unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY Cerebral microcirculation disorder and inflammation play a vital role in stroke. Capillary endothelial cells and adjacent tight junctions are fundamental to the structure and function of cerebrovascule. XST injection has been used clinically in the treatment of stroke, but no studies have reported its indication in cerebral microcirculation disorder. This study is to explore the action and mechanism of XST injection in the alleviation of cerebral microcirculation disorder in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells were employed for the investigation of effect and mechanism of XST injection. Brain damages were evaluated by neurobehavioral assessment, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and Nissl staining. Morphology and density changes of cerebral microvessels were monitored by immunohistochemistry. Cell permeability was detected by measurement of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein (NaF) leakage. The mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in brain microvessels and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bEnd.3 cells were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS XST injection at 48 mg/kg significantly improved the neurological damage, inflammatory infiltration, and microvessel morphology, and increased microvessel density in brain of MCAO/R rats. The endothelial permeability was significantly mitigated by XST injection in LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, the tight junction proteins such as zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were elevated remarkably in brain microvessel of MCAO/R rats and LPS-induced bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloocygenases 2 (COX-2), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were inhibited by XST injection. In addition, XST injection suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, IκB, NF-κB and JNK, which could be abolished by anisomycin, the JNK agonist. CONCLUSION XST injection improved cerebral microvescular structure damage and dysfunction in MCAO/R rats through inhibiting inflammation activated by JNK mediated JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The novel findings may provide theoretical basis for the clinical application in the treatment of cerebral microcirculation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingying Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Shusheng Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Pseudo-ginseng, Wu Zhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Yang W, Liang C, Zhang X, Tian X, Ren C, Chen S, Wang J, Zhang J. Melamine induced changes in histopathology of the main organs and transcriptional levels of MAPK signaling genes in kidneys of female mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:585-592. [PMID: 34842327 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is an important chemical raw material used in industries, which has potential health risks to animals and humans. Current research mainly focuses on the toxic effects of high-dose melamine ingestion. However, there are few reports on whether melamine at the current limited standard dose has adverse effects on various tissues and organs, and whether there are sensitive target genes for risk evaluation. For this, 24 female Kunming mice were fed 0, 1.8-, 3.6-, and 7.2- mg/kg/d melamine via drinking water for consecutive 28 days, respectively. The morphological changes of the ovarian, hepatic, and renal tissues were firstly observed. The results demonstrated that the histopathology of ovary, liver, and especially in kidney had been altered by melamine intake in female. And then, the transcriptional levels of MAPK signaling genes including p38, ERK1, ERK2, JNK1, and JNK2 in kidneys were investigated by real-time PCR. The data showed that ERK1 and p38 mRNAs expressions were up-regulated significantly by melamine, suggesting that ERK1 and p38 transcriptional levels in the kidney might to be considered as candidate targets for lower-dose melamine toxicity. This study not only provides potential targets for the diagnosis and prevention of melamine damage, but also helps to assess the health risks of the current minimum allowable levels of melamine in food and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Ren
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
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Lee MW, Baek SK, Lee KH, Lee SC, Kim JY, Lee YH. Comparison of retinal layer thickness and microvasculature changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy treated with intravitreous bevacizumab vs panretinal photocoagulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1570. [PMID: 35091585 PMCID: PMC8799708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare changes in retinal layers and microvasculature in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients after bevacizumab therapy and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). This prospective study divided patients into two groups: patients treated with bevacizumab and those treated with PRP. Patients visited our retinal clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Retinal layer thickness and vessel density (VD) using optical coherence tomography angiography were analyzed. 37 eyes in the bevacizumab group and 36 eyes in the PRP group were enrolled. In the bevacizumab group, the parafoveal RNFL, GCL, and IPL thicknesses significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P = 0.013, and P = 0.017, respectively), whereas the thicknesses in the PRP group showed an increasing tendency over time (P = 0.087, P = 0.005, and P = 0.003, respectively). The VD of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in the bevacizumab group did not show significant changes, whereas the VD in the PRP group significantly increased over time (both P < 0.001). Additionally, RNFL (P = 0.001) and GCL thicknesses (P = 0.035) were significant factors affecting changes in BCVA, whereas the VDs of SCP and DCP did not. Patients who received bevacizumab therapy did not show a significant change in macular VD, whereas the VD of patients after PRP significantly increased after treatment. The increased macular VD in patients after PRP would be associated with the increased inner retinal layer thickness after treatment, which was significantly related to the impairment in visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, #158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kook-Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, #158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, #158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yeul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chugnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, #158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
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