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Yang X, Zhang D, Liu R, Wang L, Liu JY, Wang Z. Rapid Thalidomide Racemization Is Related to Proton Tunneling Reactions via Water Bridges. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10592-10598. [PMID: 37976462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) can play an important role in light element-related chemical reactions; however, its influence on racemization is not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that the role of QMT is decisive for rapid racemization of the well-known thalidomide molecule in aqueous environments, increasing the reaction rate constants of the most likely racemization pathways by 87-149 times at approximately body temperature and achieving good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental observations. In addition, the kinetic isotope effect values fit well with those of previous experiments. These results are attributed to enhanced tunneling probability due to the alteration of potential barriers for proton transfer reactions via water bridges. This work highlights the significance of the QMT effect in racemization and its potential impact on drug safety, providing a fundamental perspective for understanding chirality-related issues in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Depeng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Normal School, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jing-Yao Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Abdelwahab NS, Ali NW, Zaki MM, Sharkawi SMZ, Abdelkawy MM. Simultaneous Determination of Thalidomide and Dexamethasone in Rat Plasma by Validated HPLC and HPTLC With Pharmacokinetic Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:130-138. [PMID: 30272138 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two validated chromatographic methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of thalidomide (THD) and dexamethasone (DEX) in rat plasma using paracetamol (PAR) as an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic analysis was achieved firstly by HPLC method on C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm2 i.d., 5 μm) and a mobile phase composed of ethanol:water (containing 0.1% acetic acid) (70:30, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1. The second method was HPTLC method which depended on using a developing system of methylene chloride:acetone:ethyl acetate (7:4:1, by volume). In both methods, PAR was used as an IS. The developed methods have been validated as per FDA guidelines. All parameters were tested using quality control samples (LQC, MQC and HQC). All the obtained parameters were within the acceptance criteria. In the same way, the two methods were successfully used to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of both THD and DEX after their intra-peritoneal administration. Moreover, results obtained after administration of each drug alone were compared to those obtained after their administration together. The drugs showed drug-drug interactions when administered in combination, meaning that monitoring of such combination is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Abdelwahab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Nouruddin W Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marco M Zaki
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Souty M Z Sharkawi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdelkawy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical science and Pharmaceutical industries, Future University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wilczewska K, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. LC-MS and LC-NMR as Complementary Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Dosage Formulations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.810459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Matsuzawa N, Nakamura K, Matsuda M, Ishida F, Ohmori S. Influence of cytochrome P450 2C19 gene variations on pharmacokinetic parameters of thalidomide in Japanese patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:317-20. [PMID: 22382316 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19 polymorphisms may partly explain the variability of thalidomide concentration and adverse drug effects by altering its metabolism. To compare the genetic and clinical factors responsible for the adverse effects and efficacy of thalidomide treatment, we investigated CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms in Japanese subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Variations in the CYP2C19 gene in 6 patients treated with thalidomide were analyzed. The dosage of thalidomide, concentrations of (R)- and (S)-thalidomide in whole blood, and clinical laboratory test results were used as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices. Using genomic DNA, CYP2C19*2 and *3 allele frequencies were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. RESULTS The frequencies of CYP2C19 PM and hetero EM (hetEM) genotypes in Japanese patients taking thalidomide were 2 (33.3%) and 4 (66.7%), respectively. The areas under the curve (AUC) of (R)-thalidomide were 3.42 and 5.33 μg·h/L, and those of (S)-thalidomide were 1.64 and 2.46 μg·h/L for hetEM and PM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provided new insights regarding the contribution of CYP2C19 gene variations to adverse responses to thalidomide. Genotyping of CYP2C19*2 and *3 can be considerably simplified by using KOD FX as a polymerase for prediction of adverse effects to thalidomide by the PCR-RFLP method. CYP2C19 PM patients tend to have high serum thalidomide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsuzawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
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Roche S, Sewell L, Meiller J, Pedersen K, Rajpal R, O'Gorman P, Clynes M, O'Connor R. Development, validation and application of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of thalidomide in human serum, cells and cell culture medium. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:16-26. [PMID: 22771235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, robust, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of thalidomide was developed and validated. The method was applied to thalidomide quantification in three different types of biological samples. Thalidomide was extracted from human serum (100 μL), cells (2.5 × 10(5)), or cell culture media (100 μL) by LLE and separated on a Prodigy C18 (150 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μm i.d.) column with isocratic elution using water/acetonitrile (70/30, v/v) 0.1% formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, with umbelliferone (600 ng/mL) as an internal standard. Thalidomide was quantified using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in multi-reaction-monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionisation. The method was validated in two separate thalidomide concentration ranges; human serum (0.05-20 μg/mL) and in vitro cells (0.78-50 ng) with an inter-day precision of 1.8% and 1.9% and average accuracy of 100% and 101% in serum and cells respectively. Despite the use of small sample volume, the limit of quantification for thalidomide in serum was determined to be 3 ng/mL. The method was successfully employed to measure levels of thalidomide in cancer patient serum and cell culture model systems. Although cellular levels were quantifiable, thalidomide was shown to be unstable under in vitro conditions with a half life of approximately 2 h. In patient samples, circulating serum levels showed a broad correlation with dose and uncovered some patient compliance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Roche
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Factors affecting the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:205-20. [PMID: 21083197 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in a biological matrix is a critical element to bioanalytical method validation. It is critical to understand the most common factors that affect the stability of such analytes in order to properly develop methods for their detection and measurement. The degradation of drugs and drug metabolites in samples can occur through either reversible or irreversible processes. Common factors that affect this stability include temperature, light, pH, oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Special considerations are also required when dealing with chiral molecules, deuterated internal standards and large biomolecules. Relevant examples of these degradation effects and approaches for dealing with them are presented is this review as taken from the fields of pharmaceutical testing, clinical research and forensic analysis. It is demonstrated through these examples how an understanding of the chemical and physical factors that affect sample stability can be used to avoid stability problems and to create robust and accurate methods for the analysis of drugs and related compounds.
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Li W, Zhang J, Tse FLS. Strategies in quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of unstable small molecules in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:258-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Murphy S, Boyle FM, Davey RA, Gu XQ, Mather LE. Enantioselectivity of thalidomide serum and tissue concentrations in a rat glioma model and effects of combination treatment with cisplatin and BCNU. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:105-14. [PMID: 17227627 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.1.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thalidomide is currently under evaluation as an anti-angiogenic agent in cancer treatment, alone and in combination with cytotoxic agents. Thalidomide is a racemate with known pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic enantioselectivity. In a previous study with thalidomide combination chemotherapy, we found evidence of anti-tumour synergy. In this study, we examined whether the synergy involved altered pharmacokinetics of thalidomide enantiomers. Adult female F344 rats were implanted with 9L gliosarcoma tumours intracranially, subcutaneously (flank), or both. Effectiveness of oral thalidomide alone, and with intraperitoneal BCNU or cisplatin combination chemotherapy, was assessed after several weeks treatment. Presumed pseudo steady-state serum, tumour and other tissues, collected after treatment, were assayed for R- and S-thalidomide by chiral HPLC. Both serum and tissue concentrations of R-thalidomide were 40–50% greater than those of S-thalidomide. Co-administration of BCNU or cisplatin with thalidomide did not alter the concentration enantioselectivity. Poor correlation of concentration with subcutaneous anti-tumour effect was found for individual treatments, and with all treatments for intracranial tumours. The consistency of the enantiomer concentration ratios across treatments strongly suggests that the favourable anti-tumour outcomes from interactions between thalidomide and the cytotoxic agents BCNU and cisplatin did not have altered enantioselectivity of thalidomide pharmacokinetics as their basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Murphy
- Bill Walsh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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Nováková L, Vlčková H. A review of current trends and advances in modern bio-analytical methods: Chromatography and sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 656:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Saccomanni G, Turini V, Manera C, Placanica G, Salè EO, Jemos C, Giorgi M, Macchia M. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of thalidomide in patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:447-51. [PMID: 18282676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study developed a validate and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of thalidomide (T) in plasma, to quantify T in patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma. Twelve male subjects aging from 62 to 82 years and weighting 66-88kg, were orally administered with single dose of T (200mg/BW). Two ml of stabilizer-solution (CH3OH/CH3CN, 1/1 (v/v)+CH3COOH 2%) were added to 1ml of human plasma and stoked to -80 degrees C until analyses. This moisture (1.38microl) was added with 20microl of CF3COOH and 100microl of phthalimide (IS) 1.75microg/ml, vortexed and centrifuged. Surnatant (800microl) was dried under vacuum at room temperature, added with 50microl of appropriate solution and injected onto HPLC. T and IS were detected at UV wavelength of 220nm with a run time of 10min. Mobile phase was 10mM pH 5.5NH4+CH3COO-/CH3CN, 75/25 (v/v) buffer at flow rate of 1.5ml/min. Inter-day and intra-day variation coefficient was <10% with an error of accuracy <10%. The present detection method was able to quantify T to every withdrawal time period (LOD 0.05microg/ml). The IS used in the present study had the same wavelength maximum absorption of T, differently from early UV detection methods reported in literature where phenacetin was used. Pharmacokinetic parameters belonging from the present study are not significantly different from those calculated in previously studies performed in human health subjects and patients affected by other pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Saccomanni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Sembongi K, Tanaka M, Sakurada K, Kobayashi M, Itagaki S, Hirano T, Iseki K. A New Method for Determination of Both Thalidomide Enantiomers Using HPLC Systems. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:497-500. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Sembongi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sapporo Japan Post Hospital
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Masanori Tanaka
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Sapporo Japan Post Hospital
| | - Keisuke Sakurada
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Sapporo Japan Post Hospital
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Shirou Itagaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Takeshi Hirano
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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Felix G, Berthod A. Commercial Chiral Stationary Phases for the Separations of Clinical Racemic Drugs. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110701826997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AJR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Recent advances in analytical determination of thalidomide and its metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:9-17. [PMID: 18023317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide, a racemate, is coming into clinical use as immuno-modulating and anti-inflammatory drug. Thalidomide was approved by the FDA in July 1998 for the treatment of erythema nodusum leprosum associated with leprosy. Recently, thalidomide is proving to be a promising drug in the treatment of a number of cancers and inflammatory diseases, such as multiple myeloma, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease), HIV and cancer associated cachexia. These effects may chiefly be exerted by S-thalidomide, but the enantiomers are inter-converted in vivo. Thalidomide is given orally, although parenteral administration would be desirable in some clinical situations. Thalidomide has been determined in formulations and, principally in biological fluids by a variety of methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The overview includes the most relevant analytical methodologies used in its determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Murphy S, Davey RA, Gu XQ, Haywood MC, McCann LA, Mather LE, Boyle FM. Enhancement of cisplatin efficacy by thalidomide in a 9L rat gliosarcoma model. J Neurooncol 2007; 85:181-9. [PMID: 17534579 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of improving the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, we investigated the potential of thalidomide to enhance the effectiveness of cisplatin chemotherapy in a rat glioma model. Female F344 rats were implanted with 9L gliosarcoma tumors either intracranially or subcutaneously and treated with 1 mg/kg cisplatin injected i.p. or with 1% thalidomide in the food or with these treatments combined. Cisplatin in combination with thalidomide significantly reduced both the subcutaneous tumor volume at 30 days to 22 +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.001) and the intracranial tumor volume at 18 days to 44 +/- 15% (P < 0.05) of that with cisplatin alone. Thalidomide selectively increased the cisplatin concentration 10-fold in intracranial tumors (P < 0.05) and 2-fold in the subcutaneous tumors (P < 0.05) without increasing its concentration in major organs including brain and kidney. Cisplatin combined with thalidomide caused a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels by 73% in intracranial tumors (P < 0.05) and by 50% in subcutaneous tumors (P < 0.05) and caused the level of active hepatic growth factor (a-HGF) to double in both the subcutaneous and intracranial tumors (P < 0.05), suggesting this treatment altered the vasculature in these tumors. We conclude the increased efficacy of cisplatin in the presence of thalidomide was due to the selective increase in cisplatin concentration within the tumors and speculate that this is the result of thalidomide or the cisplatin/thalidomide combination, selectively altering the tumor vasculature. Based on the selective effects of thalidomide on tumor cisplatin concentrations and the resulting increase in efficacy, thalidomide may also increase the efficacy of other drugs that are presently considered ineffective against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Murphy
- Bill Walsh Cancer Research Laboratories, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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